每個國家都有它的銀行體系，你知道英國的銀行體系是怎樣的嗎?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的英國的銀行體系，以供大家學(xué)習(xí)參考。

　　The Banking System in the United Kingdom英國的銀行體系

　　In the United Kingdom, financial institutions are categorized into two ma]or groups: the Recognized Banks and the Licensed Deposit Institutions. The criteria for each category are determined by the Bank of England~——the Central Bank. The Bank of England will consider the size of the institution, its management and also the number of participants who effectively direct the business, before decisions are made on the status of the financial institutions who apply for bank licenses in the United Kingdom.

　　Let us look at the Recognized Banks.

　　These banks provide a wide range of highly specialized banking services. According to the Banking Act 1979. "Recognized Banks" must satisfy the Bank of England of their high reputation and of their integrity, management and financial prudence. The wide range of services include: i. the acceptance of sight and time deposits); ii. loan and overdraft facilities; iii. foreign currency exchange and documentary credits and collections~; iv. financial advice for corporations and individuals; v. investment management and arrangements for the purchase and sale of securities.

　　As for Licensed Deposits institutions, they only provide a limited range of services. The prime services are still based on the acceptance of deposits from the public although they are not required to satisfy the rules laid down for Recognized Banks. To obtain a license, the institution must satisfy the Bank of England's requirement that all directors, controllers or managers of the institution must be an appropriate and proper person to hold that position and to conduce banking business in a proper manner.

　　Let us now look at the major types of financial intermediaries~ in the United Kingdom.

　　To begin with, we shall examine the role of the Clearing Banks. These are the dominating financial intermediaries in retail banking business~ in the United Kingdom. They handle the clearing functions of banks, and are responsible for most of the country' s cash distribution and money transfer functions, which include cheque payment services and also electronic fund transfers, etc.; The retail branch network of these banks is extensive with over 10,000 branches all over the country.

　　Another type of financial intermediaries in the United Kingdom are discount houses. Discount houses provide a primary channel through which the Bank of England operates in the discount market to implement its monetary policy. Because of their easy access to the money market, discount houses act as market-maker in bills since they are the major underwriters of the weekly issuers of the Treasury bills of the Bank of England. Therefore, discount houses not only provide short-term funds for the government, they provide a channel for banks to adjust their portfolio holdings, i.e., their liquidity positions.

　　The third type of financial intermediaries in the UK are the merchant banks~ and acceptance houses. Originally developed to handle businesses connection with trade, these merchant banks later expanded into foreign trade, foreign exchange and also bullion dealers. Many of the merchant banks are also acceptance houses. Indeed, their functions have now expanded considerably into major overseas operations, specializing in company financial advice, takeovers and mergers, underwritings which include the provision of additional capital through share floatation.

　　Finally, we should look at foreign banks in England. As a major international financial centre, London has acted as a magnet to over 450 foreign banks, which have set up representative offices, branches, or subsidiary companies. Business focus on these foreign banks cover foreign currency dealings, international finance deals to foreign companies and governments, trade finance services to business.

　　Notes

　　1.The Recognized Banks 認(rèn)可銀行，在英國特指可以全面經(jīng)營銀行業(yè)務(wù)的銀行。認(rèn)可銀行要受到很嚴(yán)格的要求，凡達不到認(rèn)可標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機構(gòu)均不得使用銀行名稱或字樣，包括不得使用“投資銀行”等字樣。

　　2.The Licensed Deposit Banks 持牌存款銀行，在英國特指一些業(yè)務(wù)范圍受到一定限制，規(guī)模較小的銀行機構(gòu)。

　　3.The Bank of England 英格蘭銀行，英國的中央銀行，創(chuàng)立于1694年，公認(rèn)為全世界中央銀行的鼻祖。

　　4.Sight and time deposits 活期和定期存款(參見Section 3)。

　　5.overdraft 透支，指銀行客戶在一定條件下和一定范圍內(nèi)可以超過自己帳戶存款的余額用款，實為銀行對客戶的一種信貸便利。

　　6.collections 托收，指債權(quán)人委托銀行向債務(wù)人收款的一種結(jié)算方式(參見Section 6)。

　　7.financial intermediaries 金融中介(機構(gòu))，指作為放款者與借款者中間人的金融機構(gòu)。金融中介的作用在于促進信貸活動，有利于評估借款者的信譽，以減少放款風(fēng)險，降低資金成本。金融中介可分為存款性和非存款性兩類。

　　8.the Clearing Banks 清算銀行，在英國是零售銀行的主要組成部分，包括倫敦清算銀行、蘇格蘭清算銀行和北愛爾蘭銀行。清算，是指銀行間為結(jié)清債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系而進行的一系列活動。

　　9.retail banking business 零售銀行業(yè)務(wù)(與批發(fā)銀行業(yè)務(wù)相對應(yīng))，主要指對單獨的客戶的業(yè)務(wù)，如存款、放款、結(jié)算等。

　　10.discount houses 貼現(xiàn)商號，是英國金融制度中的獨特事物。貼現(xiàn)行在英格蘭銀行與清算銀行之間處于中心地位，主要通過貼現(xiàn)與再貼現(xiàn)傳導(dǎo)英格蘭的貨幣政策及英格蘭銀行對銀行的管制。

　　11.discount market 貼現(xiàn)市場，在英國由貼現(xiàn)行作為市場主體，是英格蘭銀行實施貨幣政策的主要場所之一。

　　12.Discount houses provide a primary channel through which the Bank of England operates in the discount market to implement its monetary policy 貼現(xiàn)行為英格蘭銀行提供了一個在貼現(xiàn)市場上進行操作，實施貨幣政策的渠道。

　　13.market—maker 市場制造者，指一家金融機構(gòu)或一個經(jīng)紀(jì)人就一種貨幣或證券進行又買又賣的交易活動，保證其它交易者時刻都能找到交易對手。l羞南8

　　14.Merchant banks 商人銀行，指經(jīng)營部分銀行業(yè)務(wù)的金融機構(gòu)，主要辦理承兌和經(jīng)營一般業(yè)務(wù)，對國夕L的工程項目提供長期信貸和發(fā)放國外貸款。在60年代以后，還辦理外匯交易，為客戶保管證券，替一些基金會從事投資等。商人銀行大部分存在于倫敦及一些英聯(lián)邦國家。

　　15.cceptance houses 票據(jù)承兌銀行，指專門從事承兌匯票業(yè)務(wù)或在其他人的票據(jù)上背 書業(yè)務(wù)的一種金融機構(gòu)。

　　16.underwriting (證券)承銷，指承銷商從發(fā)行公司或政府實體買下新發(fā)行的債券，再 把這些債券直接或通過交易商售給公眾，即實際承擔(dān)了發(fā)行風(fēng)險。這一過程中，承銷商賺的 支付給發(fā)行者的價格和公眾發(fā)售價格之間的價差，即承銷價差。

　　參考資料