最全英語翻譯方法大全(3)
最全英語翻譯方法大全
從以上例子中可以看到中英文表達(dá)思想順序的不同。如果一個(gè)句子里既有敘事部分,又有表態(tài)部分,在漢語里往往是敘事在前,表態(tài)在后。敘事部分比較長,表態(tài)部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英語中則往往相反,表態(tài)在前,敘事在后。所以譯文中要增補(bǔ)it作先行主語,以便把較短的表態(tài)部分放在前面。
下面兩個(gè)例句中it起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。
•我們費(fèi)了很大力氣才解決了那些問題。
It was with great effort that we solved those problems.
•我們這樣做都是為了你好。
It was for your benefit that we did all that.
3) 增補(bǔ)作賓語的代詞或先行賓語it
在漢語中,只要從上下文能正確理解,賓語常常可以省略,但在英語中凡及物動(dòng)詞都得有賓語,因此在英譯時(shí)經(jīng)常要增補(bǔ)賓語。如:
•交出翻譯之前,必須讀幾遍,看看有沒有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.
•他越是要掩蓋他的爛瘡疤,就越是會(huì)暴露。
The more he tried to hide his warts,the more he revealed them.
•我們認(rèn)為理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合是十分重要的。
We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice.
4) 增補(bǔ)物主代詞
在漢語中,物主代詞??墒÷?,但在英語中,凡是說到一個(gè)人的器官和歸他所有的或與他有關(guān)的事物時(shí),經(jīng)常要在前面加上物主代詞。如:
•別把手?jǐn)R在口袋里。
Don’t put your hands in your pockets.
•他走進(jìn)屋來,大衣上盡是雪,鼻子凍得通紅。
He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.
5) 增補(bǔ)并列連詞
漢語語言精練,很少使用并列連詞,但譯為英語時(shí),需要增補(bǔ)并列連詞。
•男女老少都參加了戰(zhàn)斗。
Men and women,old and young,all joined in the battle.
•你干嗎不去問他?
Why don’t you go and ask him about it?
•最好把毛衣穿上,外面相當(dāng)冷。
You’d better put on your sweater,for it’s rather cold outside.
•跑了和尚,跑不了廟。
The monk may run away,but the temple cannot run away with him.
6) 增補(bǔ)從屬連詞或關(guān)系代詞等
漢語在表達(dá)上,從屬關(guān)系是寓在句子里的,譯為英語時(shí)必須明確表達(dá)出來。而關(guān)系代詞則是漢語中沒有的英語表達(dá)法,必須在翻譯時(shí)增補(bǔ)上。
•“你不為自己著想,也得為我想想。”
“Think of me,if you won’t think of yourself.”
•我吃了飯?jiān)偃ァ?/p>
I’ll go when (after) I have had my dinner.
•不努力,不會(huì)成功。
One will not succeed unless one works hard.
•凡是在科學(xué)技術(shù)上有建樹者,都是工作最勤奮,并且勇于創(chuàng)新的人。
Those who have made original contributions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground.
7) 增補(bǔ)連系動(dòng)詞
在漢語中,形容詞可以直接作謂語,但在英語中卻需要用系動(dòng)詞與形容詞連用,構(gòu)成謂語。
•昨天元旦,人人都很高興。
It was New Year’s Day yesterday,and everybody felt very happy.
•我們應(yīng)當(dāng)虛心。
We should always be modest.
8) 增補(bǔ)介詞
漢語中不需要用介詞的地方,譯成英語時(shí)常常需要增補(bǔ)介詞。因此在漢譯英時(shí),增補(bǔ)介詞的情況是屢見不鮮的。例如:
•公共場所不準(zhǔn)吸煙。
Smoking is prohibited in public places.
•你是白天工作還是夜間工作?
Do you work in the daytime or at night?
•你經(jīng)常想到幫助別人是很好的。
It is good of you to be always thinking of helping others.
9) 增補(bǔ)冠詞
漢語里沒有冠詞,因此,漢譯英時(shí)往往需要增補(bǔ)必要的冠詞。
•月亮慢慢從海上升起。
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
•我們對(duì)問題要做全面的分析,才能將問題解決得妥當(dāng)。
We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.
(二)為了明確表達(dá)原文的含義而增詞
1) 增補(bǔ)在漢語中不言而喻的詞語
•A班學(xué)習(xí)成績很好。
The students in Class A have won a brilliant academic record.
“A班學(xué)習(xí)成績”是指“A班學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績”,故英譯時(shí)增補(bǔ)students。
•誰都知道朝鮮戰(zhàn)場是相當(dāng)艱苦的。
Every one knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard.
“艱苦”顯然指戰(zhàn)場上的“生活”,故譯文中增補(bǔ)life。
2) 為了使上下文銜接,增補(bǔ)連接詞語
•努力學(xué)習(xí)吧,努力學(xué)習(xí)三年五載,你就會(huì)精通英語了。
Study hard! Study hard for three to five years! By that time you will be proficient in English.
•李先生病了,我們得找個(gè)人代替他。
Mr.Li fell ill, thus making it necessary for us to find a substitute for him.
(三)為了適應(yīng)英語句子的邏輯要求而增詞
英語句子各部分邏輯關(guān)系比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),在形式上主次分明,而漢語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)較為自由,如果把漢語直譯成英語,不增加在英語中必須要有的詞,就會(huì)使句意不清。因而,為了將原文的意思傳達(dá)清楚,必須加詞。
•我們的革命和建設(shè),成績是主要的,缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤也有。
In our revolution and construction, the achievements are primary,though there are shortcomings and mistakes.
譯文增加了一個(gè)though (雖然),既表達(dá)了原文的語氣,也符合英語的習(xí)慣要求。
•其實(shí)地上本沒有路,走的人多了,也便成了路。(魯迅:《故鄉(xiāng)》)
For actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way, a road is made.