醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)文章
醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)文章
健康應(yīng)該是人類(lèi)一生追求的目標(biāo),身體健康素質(zhì)的構(gòu)成因素與健康有密切的關(guān)系。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來(lái)的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)文章，歡迎閱讀!
醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)文章1
精神身體醫(yī)學(xué) 好好反省一下吧
Science and technology
科學(xué)技術(shù)
Psychosomatic medicine
精神身體醫(yī)學(xué)
Think yourself well
好好反省一下吧
You can. But it helps to think well of yourself in the first place
你可以的。只是它會(huì)首先幫你好好反省一下自己。
THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearingridicule, dare not tread.
大腦與身體之間存在著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系，但是，因?yàn)榕卤怀靶?，很多醫(yī)學(xué)研究人員不敢涉足這塊領(lǐng)域。
But perhaps more should do so.
但是，可能應(yīng)該有更多人來(lái)研究它。
For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion oftreatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.
數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，醫(yī)生們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到了安慰劑的效力，其實(shí)是一種錯(cuò)覺(jué)治療達(dá)到了真正的藥物效應(yīng)，比如沒(méi)有實(shí)際療效的藥丸等。
More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequently experiencepositive emotions live longer and healthier lives.
最近以來(lái)，相當(dāng)受重視的研究表明， 那些經(jīng)常以積極的態(tài)度生活的人活得更長(zhǎng)久，而且更健康。
They have fewer heart attacks, for example, and fewer colds too.
比如，他們幾乎不會(huì)有心臟病，而且也很少感冒。
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.
只是這種現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)在還無(wú)法解釋。
What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in which suchemotions alter an individual's biology.
我們需要的是做一個(gè)試驗(yàn)，指明具體的，可衡量以情緒改變?nèi)梭w生物機(jī)理的方式。
And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok at theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.
位于查珀?duì)栂柕谋笨_萊納州大學(xué)的巴巴拉弗雷德里克松和伯斯尼考克最近進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究，發(fā)表在心理科學(xué)雜志，他們的研究正體現(xiàn)了這點(diǎn)。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve.
弗雷德里克松教授和考克教授集中于研究迷走神經(jīng)。
This nerve starts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic andabdominal organs including the heart.
這種神經(jīng)起始端在大腦，通過(guò)眾多的分支與幾大胸部和腹部器官，包括心臟相連。
Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm andsafety.
它的一項(xiàng)職能就是，發(fā)出信號(hào)告訴這些器官，在人體處于平靜和安全的時(shí)候減緩工作步伐。
How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone's heart rateas he breathes in and out.
你可以通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)一個(gè)人呼吸時(shí)的心率來(lái)有效地追蹤迷走神經(jīng)的工作過(guò)程。
Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and asubtle decrease while breathing out.
如果迷走神經(jīng)工作正常的話，你可以從人體吸進(jìn)空氣時(shí)心率的不明顯增加上看出來(lái)，同樣，當(dāng)人體呼出空氣時(shí)心率也會(huì)有微弱的減少。
The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to beconnected with health.
如果迷走神經(jīng)處于不健康狀態(tài)時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的迷走張力指數(shù)。
Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.
眾所周知，這個(gè)指數(shù)值與健康密切相關(guān)。比如，指數(shù)值低的話，就可能說(shuō)明有炎癥，及心臟病了。
What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showed somethingelse about the vagal-tone index:
特別有趣的是，弗雷德里克松教授和考克教授最近研究也顯示了與迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)有關(guān)的其它東西。
people with high tone are better than those with low at stopping bad feelings gettingoverblown.
在避免讓不良情緒擴(kuò)大方面，指數(shù)高的人這方面的能力明顯優(yōu)于指數(shù)低的人。
They also show more positive emotions in general.
這些人平時(shí)也會(huì)表現(xiàn)出更樂(lè)觀積極的情緒。
This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.
這可能也彌補(bǔ)了在情感福祉與身體健康之間缺失的一環(huán)。
In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in 2010,that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period of time goup.
特別是，兩位研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，在他們2011年的初期實(shí)驗(yàn)中，那些一直保持積極樂(lè)觀情緒的人的迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)也上升了。
This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in avirtuous spiral.
這個(gè)現(xiàn)象讓他們想知道，積極情緒和張力指數(shù)之間的良性循環(huán)，究竟哪個(gè)才是真正的驅(qū)動(dòng)呢?
They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university's staff, to try to find out.
因此，他們對(duì)65所大學(xué)中的人員進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)，想找出真相。
They measured all of their volunteers' vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and atits conclusion nine weeks later.
他們測(cè)得了剛開(kāi)始試驗(yàn)時(shí)，試驗(yàn)志愿者的張力指數(shù)及九周后的張力指數(shù)。
In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designed forthe purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.
在試驗(yàn)期間，志愿者們被要求每晚去一家指定的，特別為這個(gè)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站，并且為他們每天最強(qiáng)烈的情感體驗(yàn)打分。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such ashope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.
弗雷德里克松教授和考克教授要求志愿者們想著積極的情緒，比如希望，喜悅和愛(ài)，還有11種消極的情緒，包括憤怒，厭倦和厭惡。
They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whether—and how strongly—they had felt eachemotion.
志愿者們打分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為五級(jí)，他們是否感覺(jué)到了要求的情緒，有多強(qiáng)烈等。
One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.
一級(jí)意味著沒(méi)什么;五級(jí)意味著極其。
In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshops runby a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender in themeditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.
另外，以隨機(jī)的方式抽取了一半的參與者，被邀請(qǐng)參加一系列由特許理療師主持的研討會(huì)，學(xué)習(xí)冥想技巧，以達(dá)到成為一名對(duì)自己或者他人心懷善意的禪定者。
This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.
研究人員鼓勵(lì)這些人每天都冥想，并且要匯報(bào)他們花了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做這件事。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people whomeditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.
弗雷德里克松教授和考克教授發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人的每天冥想，使得他們的張力指數(shù)明顯上升，而那些沒(méi)有參與冥想學(xué)習(xí)的人幾乎沒(méi)什么變化。
Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scoresreported the biggest increases in positive emotions.
在這些冥想者中，那些試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始時(shí)迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)最高的人，在他們身上最大的變化就是保持積極情緒的時(shí)間更大長(zhǎng)了。
Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.
而開(kāi)始試驗(yàn)時(shí)張力指數(shù)特別低的冥想者，他們的變化就沒(méi)有前者那么大。
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generate positiveemotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.
總體來(lái)說(shuō)，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，在張力指數(shù)高的情況下更容易產(chǎn)生積極的情緒，而反過(guò)來(lái)，積極的情緒又會(huì)讓指數(shù)變得更高。
That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.
而這種現(xiàn)象無(wú)論是從字面上還是從修辭上，都稱(chēng)為正面的回饋循環(huán)。
Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for itimplies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.
這些對(duì)擁有積極情緒的人是個(gè)好消息，而對(duì)總是彌漫著消極情緒的人可是個(gè)壞消息，因?yàn)樗凳?，那些最需要身心健康的人是無(wú)法自己達(dá)成這個(gè)目的的。
A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up all hope.
但考克博士進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)更深度的試驗(yàn)，認(rèn)為那些郁郁寡歡的人也不要完全放棄希望。
A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day's socialconnections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.
一個(gè)比冥想更簡(jiǎn)單的，在當(dāng)天晚上即反映其一天社會(huì)關(guān)系的方式，似乎對(duì)這些人的張力指數(shù)有些提高作用。
This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to a mentalstate from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique of meditation.
這可能讓那些擁有消極人生觀的人通過(guò)他們自己的方式，引導(dǎo)自身進(jìn)入一種讓他們可以擁有更強(qiáng)大冥想技巧的精神狀態(tài)。
Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok havediscovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.
除了改善一般健康，弗雷德里克松教授和考克教授發(fā)現(xiàn)的生理機(jī)制也在某種程度上說(shuō)明了，安慰劑的效果仍有待研究。
But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the fact ofbeing treated.
但是，也許安慰劑真的是作用的，因?yàn)樗鼈兊牟糠中Ч坪醍a(chǎn)生了良好的幸福感，這是基于病人認(rèn)為他們正在接受治療這個(gè)事實(shí)。
More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.
更普遍的是，古時(shí)的醫(yī)生都會(huì)說(shuō)這樣一句話：健康的心態(tài)，健康的身體。
This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthymind for a healthy body.
上述研究表明，雖然這種諺語(yǔ)是正確的，可能這種描述會(huì)更好些，為了健康的身體，你必須保持健康的心態(tài)。
醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)文章2
醫(yī)學(xué)界致力于開(kāi)發(fā)對(duì)藥品可受益人群的檢測(cè)
New drugs that boost the immune system’s ability to fight tumors may be one of the greatestmedical advances in years, cancer doctors say, pulling some patients from death’s door andkeeping them in remission for years.
增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)抗癌細(xì)胞能力的新型藥物有可能是近年來(lái)最大的醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步之一，癌癥醫(yī)生說(shuō)，它能將病人從鬼門(mén)關(guān)上拉回來(lái)，延長(zhǎng)數(shù)年的壽命。
But the truth is that this happens for only a minority of patients. Now, doctors say, there is anew imperative to develop a test that will identify in advance which patients will benefit,sparing others the cost and possible side effects.
但事實(shí)是，這種情況只會(huì)發(fā)生在一小部分病人身上。現(xiàn)在，醫(yī)生說(shuō)，開(kāi)發(fā)一項(xiàng)能提前鑒定出哪些病人能受益的檢測(cè)是當(dāng)務(wù)之急，它能省去其他病人大筆的費(fèi)用和可能出現(xiàn)的副作用。
The drugs currently cost about 0,000 a year per patient — even more for higher doses usedin some cases — and the health system is eventually expected to spend billions or even tensof billions of dollars on the drugs each year.
目前，這種藥物每個(gè)病人每年要花費(fèi)約15萬(wàn)美元——在一些需要更大劑量的病例中甚至更多——預(yù)計(jì)醫(yī)療體系最終每年將在這種藥物上投入數(shù)十億、甚至是上百億美元資金。
“We don’t want to give these to 100 percent of the patients if only 59 percent or 20 percent willbenefit,” said Dr. David R. Gandara, a professor and lung cancer specialist at the University ofCalifornia, Davis. Being able to test for a biomarker that could predict the drugs’ efficacy“would make this new class of drugs easier on the wallet, the national health wallet,” he said.
“如果只有59%或者20%的病人能從中受益，我們不希望將這種藥物開(kāi)給100%的病人，”加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校的教授、肺癌專(zhuān)家大衛(wèi)·R·甘德拉醫(yī)生(Dr. David R. Gandara)說(shuō)。如果有一項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以通過(guò)檢測(cè)生物標(biāo)志物來(lái)展示藥物有效與否，“將使這種新型藥物對(duì)錢(qián)包造成的壓力減小，我說(shuō)的是國(guó)家醫(yī)療體系的錢(qián)包。”他說(shuō)。
But developing such a test has proved tricky so far, for ethical as well as scientific reasons.Some doctors said it would be unfair to withhold the new drugs from patients based on a testif there was still even a slight chance that the drugs would help.
但迄今為止，出于道德倫理和科學(xué)技術(shù)的原因，對(duì)這樣一種檢測(cè)手段的開(kāi)發(fā)一直步履維艱。一些醫(yī)生認(rèn)為，哪怕只存在一絲這種藥物發(fā)揮作用的機(jī)會(huì)，僅因?yàn)橐豁?xiàng)檢測(cè)就不把藥物給予病人都是不公平的。
“We don’t want to be wrong, because these medicines have an effect that, in some cases, isdurable for years,” said Dr. Jedd D. Wolchok, chief of the melanoma and immunotherapeuticsservice at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. “We don’t want to have an imperfectbiomarker.”
“我們不想犯錯(cuò)，因?yàn)檫@些藥物在某些病例中，藥效會(huì)持續(xù)數(shù)年，”紀(jì)念斯隆-凱特琳癌癥中心(Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center)黑色素瘤和免疫療法服務(wù)部(melanoma and immunotherapeutics service)負(fù)責(zé)人杰德·D·沃夏克博士(Dr.Jedd D. Wolchok)說(shuō)。“我們不希望有一個(gè)不完美的生物標(biāo)志物。”
The need for such biomarkers is illustrated in a study led by Dr. Wolchok that is to bepresented on Sunday in Chicago at the annual meeting of the American Society of ClinicalOncology. The study is being published online by the New England Journal of Medicine.
沃夏克領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項(xiàng)研究說(shuō)明了對(duì)于這樣的生物標(biāo)志物的需求，研究將在芝加哥周日的美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)(American Society of Clinical Oncology)年度會(huì)議上獲得展示。《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊》(New EnglandJournal of Medicine)也將在其網(wǎng)站上發(fā)表這項(xiàng)研究。
The 945-patient study shows that the combination of two immune-boosting drugs fromBristol-Myers Squibb — Opdivo and Yervoy — is more effective than either drug alone intreating advanced melanoma. Patients treated with both drugs went a median of 11.5 monthsbefore their disease worsened, a longer reprieve than the 6.9 months for those who receivedonly Opdivo and 2.9 months for those who took Yervoy.
這項(xiàng)覆蓋945名病人的研究表明，兩種來(lái)自百時(shí)美施貴寶(Bristol-Myers Squibb)的提高免疫力的藥物——納武單抗(Opdivo)和伊匹單抗(Yervoy)——搭配在一起，在治療晚期黑色素瘤中比任意一種更有效。同時(shí)使用這兩種藥物的病人在病情惡化前有平均11.5個(gè)月的時(shí)間，相較只使用納武單抗的6.9個(gè)月和只使用伊匹單抗的2.9個(gè)月，病人獲得了更長(zhǎng)的壽命。
But the combination also caused serious side effects like diarrhea and colitis in 55 percent ofpatients, compared with only 16.3 percent for Opdivo alone and 27.3 percent for Yervoy alone.
但藥物搭配在一起也導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的副作用，如55%的病人出現(xiàn)腹瀉和結(jié)腸炎，而只使用納武單抗的病人中這一比例只有16.3%，只使用伊匹單抗的病人中這一比例只有27.3%。
Dr. Antoni Ribas, a melanoma specialist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasnot involved in the study, said Opdivo alone might be just as good as the combination formany patients, with far fewer side effects, but that a biomarker test was needed.
加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的黑色素瘤專(zhuān)家安東尼·瑞巴斯醫(yī)生(Dr. Antoni Ribas)沒(méi)有參與到這項(xiàng)研究當(dāng)中，他說(shuō)，對(duì)于許多病人來(lái)說(shuō)，只使用納武單抗的療效也許和藥物組合一樣好，它遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有那么多副作用，只是需要一項(xiàng)生物標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)。
“The combination is outstanding, but we have to figure out who needs the combination asopposed to the single agent,” he said.
“藥物組合很出色，但我們必須搞清楚哪些病人需要它們，而不是只需要某一種藥物。”他說(shuō)。
The main test being explored is for PD-L1, a protein produced by cancer cells that, in effect,orders the immune system to stand down and not attack.
現(xiàn)在正在研發(fā)的主要檢測(cè)針對(duì)的是PD-L1，一種由癌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的蛋白質(zhì)，它能使免疫系統(tǒng)“解除戒備”、不攻擊癌細(xì)胞。
The Merck drug Keytruda, Opdivo and other similar treatments work by keeping this “standdown” order from being received by the immune cells. So it makes sense that the drugs workbest against tumors that are issuing such an order and that they may not work at all againsttumors that are not issuing the order.
納武單抗和默克(Merck)的Keytruda等類(lèi)似藥物，通過(guò)阻止免疫細(xì)胞接收到“解除戒備”的命令來(lái)發(fā)揮作用。因此一種合情合理的想法是，這類(lèi)藥品最擅長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗發(fā)布這類(lèi)指令的腫瘤，而不是那些不會(huì)發(fā)出相關(guān)指令的腫瘤。
Studies by Bristol-Myers and Merck as well as Roche, which is also developing such a drug, haveshown that there was a much greater success rate using the drugs to treat tumors that werepositive for PD-L1.
百時(shí)美施貴寶、默克與羅氏(Roche)等研發(fā)此類(lèi)藥物的公司的研究顯示，此類(lèi)藥物在治療PD-L1呈陽(yáng)性的腫瘤時(shí)有著大得多的成功率。
Still, at least a small number of patients whose tumors do not produce meaningful amounts ofPD-L1 also seem to benefit from these drugs. So some doctors say it is wrong to withholdthe drugs from patients whose tumors test negative for PD-L1.
然而，仍有少數(shù)體內(nèi)腫瘤甚少釋放PD-L1的患者可以受益于此類(lèi)藥物，因此一些醫(yī)生表示，不應(yīng)拒絕給出這些藥物，不讓PD-L1呈陰性反應(yīng)的患者用藥。
In the melanoma study, patients whose tumors were positive for PD-L1 did as well on Opdivoalone as with the combination, as measured by the delay before their cancer worsened. Oneimplication might be that those patients should get only Opdivo, while others should get thecombination.
針對(duì)黑色素瘤的研究中，就延遲癌癥惡化時(shí)間這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而言，PD-L1呈陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)的病患在只服用納武單抗時(shí)，與服用藥物組合效果相同。這可能顯示這些病患應(yīng)當(dāng)單獨(dú)使用納武單抗治療，其他病患則服用藥物組合。
But Dr. Michael B. Atkins, deputy director of the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive CancerCenter in Washington, said that even for PD-L1-positive tumors, the combination was betterat shrinking the abnormalities.
但喬治城大學(xué)隆巴底綜合癌癥中心(Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center)的副主任邁可‧B‧埃特金斯博士(Dr. Michael B. Atkins)表示，即便是PD-L1呈陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)的腫瘤，藥物組合在縮小腫瘤上的表現(xiàn)仍然更佳。
“The biomarker isn’t good enough to make any decisions on it,” said Dr. Atkins, who was notinvolved in the study.
“這個(gè)生物標(biāo)志物不足以成為治療決策的根據(jù)，”未參與研究的埃特金斯博士表示。
PD-L1 is not the only possible biomarker. Scientists are finding that the drugs work bestagainst tumors with lots of mutations. Researchers reported on Friday that a genetic signaturecould identify a small subset of patients with colorectal and other types of cancer who would belikely to benefit from Keytruda.
PD-L1不是唯一可能帶來(lái)幫助的生物標(biāo)志物?？茖W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些藥物在對(duì)抗有著多種突變的腫瘤時(shí)效果最好。研究者周五公布，一種標(biāo)記基因可以指認(rèn)出一小部分結(jié)腸癌及可能會(huì)受益于藥物Keytruda的其他癌癥類(lèi)型。
Dr. Ribas and colleagues suggest examining tumor samples to see if immune cells are present.The drugs appear to work best when immune cells are already in or near the tumor, ready toattack when the “stand down” order is lifted by a drug. If the immune cells are not present,then merely lifting the order may not be enough.
瑞巴斯博士及同僚指出，需要檢驗(yàn)?zāi)[瘤樣本中是否存有免疫細(xì)胞。如果免疫細(xì)胞已經(jīng)位于腫瘤內(nèi)或鄰近部位，可以在“解除戒備”的指令被移除時(shí)進(jìn)行攻擊，這些藥物就能達(dá)到最佳效果。倘若免疫細(xì)胞不存在，那移除指令也很難產(chǎn)生效果。
Merck is working with a diagnostic company, NanoString Technologies, to develop a test thatmeasures activity levels in genes associated with immune response.
默克正在與診斷技術(shù)公司“奈米序列科技(NanoString Technologies)合作，研發(fā)一種測(cè)試，用以測(cè)量與免疫反應(yīng)相關(guān)的基因的活躍程度。
A downside for drug companies is that a test can narrow the market for a drug.
對(duì)制藥公司不利的是，測(cè)試會(huì)縮減一種藥物的市場(chǎng)。
Shares of Bristol-Myers fell nearly 7 percent on Friday based on what would seem to be positiveclinical trial results showing that Opdivo could prolong the lives of patients with the mostcommon form of lung cancer.
百時(shí)美施貴寶的股票在周五下跌了近百分之七，盡管一項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果似乎帶來(lái)了好消息，顯示納武單抗可以延長(zhǎng)罹患主要類(lèi)型肺癌的病患的生命。
But there was a big survival difference in patients with PD-L1-positive tumors and patientswhose tumors test negative for the protein. For those with PD-L1-negative tumors, therewas no real difference between Opdivo and the generic chemotherapy drug docetaxel. Thisinformation dashed investors’ hopes that Opdivo might be used by all patients with that form oflung cancer.
但PD-L1這種蛋白質(zhì)呈陽(yáng)性與否意味著患者存活時(shí)間上的很大差異。對(duì)于PD-L1呈陰性的腫瘤患者而言，納武單抗與化療仿制藥多西他賽(docetaxel)的效果無(wú)異。投資者曾希望此類(lèi)肺癌的所有病患都會(huì)使用納武單抗，但這個(gè)消息讓他們希望破滅。
Opdivo did cause fewer side effects than docetaxel, but insurers might not be willing to pay somuch more for that reason alone.
納武單抗的副作用仍比多西他賽要少，但保險(xiǎn)業(yè)者并不愿意僅為這個(gè)理由支付其高額費(fèi)用。
Docetaxel costs ,000 for six cycles of treatment; Opdivo used for the same length of timecosts about ,000, said Dr. Patrick W. Cobb, an oncologist in Billings, Mont.
蒙大拿州比靈斯的腫瘤科醫(yī)生派崔克‧W‧柯布(Partrick W. Cobb)表示，多西他賽六次療程要價(jià)6千美元(約合3萬(wàn)7千人民幣)，同樣時(shí)長(zhǎng)療程的納武單抗則需6萬(wàn)美元。
“The cost of treating these patients will be far higher than in the past,” Dr. Cobb said on awebinar sponsored by Kantar Health, a consulting firm. “We really need a way of determiningwhich patients are likely to benefit from these agents.”
“治療這些病患的支出會(huì)遠(yuǎn)超以往，”柯布醫(yī)生在由咨詢(xún)公司坎達(dá)健康(Kantar Health)贊助的網(wǎng)絡(luò)研討會(huì)中表示。“我們真的需要找到一個(gè)方法，來(lái)分辨哪些病患可能從這些藥物獲得益處。”
醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)文章3
身心醫(yī)學(xué) 要相信你的身體很棒
Science and technology - Psychosomatic medicine
科學(xué)技術(shù)
Psychosomatic medicine
身心醫(yī)學(xué)
Think yourself well
要相信，你的身體很棒
You can. But it helps to think well of yourself in the first place
你可以擁有很好的體魄。但首先，你要自我感覺(jué)好，這會(huì)有幫助的。
THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearingridicule, dare not tread.
許多醫(yī)學(xué)研究者都不敢探究軀體和心理的關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗麄兒ε?，踏進(jìn)這一領(lǐng)域會(huì)受人嘲笑。
But perhaps more should do so.
但也許，研究這方面的人應(yīng)該多一些才好。
For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion of treatment,such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.
幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，醫(yī)生已逐漸認(rèn)可了安慰劑效應(yīng)。因?yàn)榛颊邥?huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)，認(rèn)為自己在接受治療。比如，服用無(wú)活性成分的藥片也能產(chǎn)生實(shí)際療效。
More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequently experiencepositive emotions live longer and healthier lives.
根據(jù)最近的可靠的研究表明，平時(shí)積極樂(lè)觀的人會(huì)活得更長(zhǎng)久、更健康。
They have fewer heart attacks, forexample, and fewer colds too.
比如，他們心臟病發(fā)作的次數(shù)更少，也很少感冒。
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.
然而，人們才開(kāi)始慢慢了解這種情況發(fā)生的原因。
What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in which suchemotions alter an individual's biology.
人們需要的是做一場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，明確這樣的情緒是通過(guò)怎樣具體的、可測(cè)量的方式來(lái)改變?nèi)说纳頎顩r。
And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok at theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.
北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)教堂山分校的芭芭拉·弗雷德里克松和貝瑟尼·可可就是按照這個(gè)思路做了一項(xiàng)研究，并在《心理科學(xué)》上發(fā)表了相關(guān)論文。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nerve startsin the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominal organsincluding the heart.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神經(jīng)上。這對(duì)神經(jīng)起于顱腔，通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)分支與胸腔、腹腔的幾個(gè)臟器相連。
Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm andsafety.
它的其中一項(xiàng)工作就是為器官發(fā)送信號(hào)，讓它們?cè)谲|體平靜、安寧的狀態(tài)下放緩節(jié)奏。
How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone's heart rateas he breathes in and out.
他們通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)一個(gè)人吸氣、呼氣時(shí)的心率，追蹤記錄迷走神經(jīng)如何有效地工作。
Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and asubtle decrease while breathing out.
如果吸氣時(shí)心率略微增加，呼氣時(shí)略微下降，則說(shuō)明迷走神經(jīng)工作正常。
The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to beconnected with health.
兩次心率之差構(gòu)成迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)。人們都知道該指數(shù)與健康程度有關(guān)。
Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.
例如，低指數(shù)就與炎癥、心臟病發(fā)作幾率有聯(lián)系。
What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showed somethingelse about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those with low atstopping bad feelings getting overblown.
讓弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特別感興趣的是最近的研究，因?yàn)樗@示了迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)的另一個(gè)性質(zhì)：與張力指數(shù)低的人相比，指數(shù)高的人能更好地防止不良情緒失控。
They also show more positive emotions in general.
研究也顯示，指數(shù)高的人大體上情緒更樂(lè)觀。
This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.
這也許彌補(bǔ)了心理健康與生理健康之間缺失的環(huán)節(jié)。
In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in 2010,that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period of time goup.
尤其值得注意的是，兩位研究人員在2010年的初步探究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們?nèi)绻w驗(yàn)一段時(shí)間的積極情緒，迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)會(huì)就增加。
This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in avirtuous spiral.
這為他們留下了疑念，積極情緒與迷走神經(jīng)張力是否處于一個(gè)良性循環(huán)之中，互相促進(jìn)?
They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university's staff, to try to find out.
因此，他們對(duì)本校的65名員工展開(kāi)實(shí)驗(yàn)，一探究竟。
They measured all of their volunteers' vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and atits conclusion nine weeks later.
他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始時(shí)測(cè)量了所有志愿者的迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)，九周后實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)又再次測(cè)量。
In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designed forthe purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.
在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間，他們要求志愿者每天晚上登錄一家專(zhuān)門(mén)為此設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站，為當(dāng)天所經(jīng)歷的各種最強(qiáng)烈情緒評(píng)定等級(jí)。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such ashope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士為志愿者提供了九種可供考慮的積極情緒選項(xiàng)，如期待、開(kāi)心、熱愛(ài)，還有十一種消極情緒，包括憤怒、疲倦、厭惡。
They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whether—and how strongly—they had felt eachemotion.
兩位博士要求他們以五分制一一打分：是否有這樣的情緒、情緒有多強(qiáng)烈。
One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.
1分代表完全沒(méi)有，5分代表非常強(qiáng)烈。
In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshops runby a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender in themeditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.
此外，他們還隨機(jī)邀請(qǐng)了一半志愿者到一個(gè)注冊(cè)治療師開(kāi)的一系列工作坊中，學(xué)習(xí)冥想的技巧，旨在讓冥想者產(chǎn)生一種善待自己、善待他人的情緒。
This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.
他們鼓勵(lì)這組人每天冥想，并向他們報(bào)告冥想用的時(shí)間。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people whomeditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發(fā)現(xiàn)，冥想的人的迷走神經(jīng)張力顯著增加，而那些不冥想的人幾乎沒(méi)有任何變化。
Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scoresreported the biggest increases in positive emotions.
在眾多冥想者之中，那些實(shí)驗(yàn)一開(kāi)始就擁有最高指數(shù)的人，積極情緒增加的幅度最大;
Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.
而一開(kāi)始指數(shù)就很低的人，幾乎沒(méi)有這樣的奇效。
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generate positiveemotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.
作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)看，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著，這迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)越高，越容易產(chǎn)生積極情緒;反過(guò)來(lái)，積極情緒又能促進(jìn)指數(shù)的提升。
That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.
無(wú)論是從直觀還是隱含的角度看，這都是一個(gè)正反饋循環(huán)。
Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for itimplies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.
對(duì)于情緒樂(lè)觀的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這是個(gè)好消息;但對(duì)于消極的人來(lái)說(shuō)，情況正好相反，因?yàn)樗馕吨?，那些最需要振作精神的人卻往往無(wú)法產(chǎn)生積極情緒。
A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up all hope.
然而可可博士的進(jìn)一步研究表明，脾氣不好的人也尚存希望。
A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day's socialconnections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.
有一種比冥想簡(jiǎn)單的方法，即每天晚上對(duì)白天的社交活動(dòng)進(jìn)行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)。
This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to a mentalstate from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique of meditation.
就算是對(duì)生活不抱希望的人，也可能通過(guò)這種方式自我解脫，達(dá)到另一種精神狀態(tài)，然后他們可以進(jìn)一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。
Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok havediscovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.
除了提高綜合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)制是否有助于解釋安慰劑效應(yīng)，還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the fact ofbeing treated.
但這的確有可能，因?yàn)榘参縿┬?yīng)就包括實(shí)驗(yàn)中因治療產(chǎn)生的良好情緒。
More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.
更為普遍的是，古代的醫(yī)生就有個(gè)說(shuō)法：身體好，精氣兒足。
This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthymind for a healthy body.
而這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)則啟發(fā)人們，盡管諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)得有理，但精氣兒足，身體好可能才更準(zhǔn)確。