英語(yǔ)文章課外閱讀
英語(yǔ)文章課外閱讀
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英語(yǔ)課外閱讀1
Until very recently, Michelle Ginder, a transportation planner in Seattle, forced herself tofinish every book she cracked open. An avid reader, she says she felt 'like a quitter' for givingup a novel halfway. Then, while plodding through John Sayles's 2011 'A Moment in the Sun'and 'still not knowing what it was about,' she made a conscious decision to put down thebook. She moved on to something more gripping, reading the 'Game of Thrones' series.
直到最近，西雅圖的交通運(yùn)輸規(guī)劃師米歇爾・金德(Michelle Ginder)都是強(qiáng)迫自己讀完已經(jīng)開(kāi)讀的每一本書(shū)。身為一個(gè)書(shū)迷，她說(shuō)讀一本小說(shuō)時(shí)半途而廢的話，她會(huì)感覺(jué)自己“像是一個(gè)輕言放棄的人”。后來(lái)，在苦讀了約翰・塞爾斯(John Sayles)2011年出版的《陽(yáng)光下的一刻》(A Moment in the Sun)半天卻“依然不知所云”之后，她做了一個(gè)清醒的決定，把書(shū)放下，轉(zhuǎn)而去讀更吸引她的東西，開(kāi)始讀《權(quán)力的游戲》(Game ofThrones)系列。
'It felt so good,' Ms. Ginder, 39, says. 'There was so much guilt associated with quitting, butwhen I finally did it, it was liberating.'
39歲的金德說(shuō)：“這種感覺(jué)太好了。以前半途而廢讓我產(chǎn)生了那么多的內(nèi)疚感，但是當(dāng)我最終這么做了的時(shí)候，那是一種解脫。”
In the age of the e-reader, dropping a book has never been easier: It doesn't even requiregetting up to grab another off the shelf. But choosing to terminate a relationship with a bookprematurely remains strangely agonizing, a decision fraught with guilt.
在電子書(shū)的時(shí)代，放棄一本書(shū)是再容易不過(guò)的事情了：它甚至不需要你起身到書(shū)架上去取另一本書(shū)。但是選擇與一本書(shū)斷絕關(guān)系仍然讓人感到莫名的痛苦，那是一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)愧疚感的決定。
'It goes against how we're built,' says Matthew Wilhelm, a clinical psychologist with KaiserPermanente in Union City, Calif. 'There is a tendency for us to perceive objects as 'finished' or'whole' even though they may not be. This motivation is very powerful and helps to explainanxiety around unfinished activities.'
加利福尼亞州聯(lián)合市(Union City)凱薩醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)(Kaiser Permanente)的臨床心理學(xué)家馬修・威廉(MatthewWilhelm)說(shuō)：“這么做是與我們的心理結(jié)構(gòu)相悖的。我們有一種把事物視為‘完成了’或‘完整’的傾向，哪怕它們可能并非如此。這個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī)非常強(qiáng)大，可以幫助解釋為何活動(dòng)未完成時(shí)人會(huì)產(chǎn)生焦慮。”
The idea of stopping midway is stressful, but still, we do it. And even brag about it. Goodreads, an online community of readers that was recently bought by Amazon.com Inc., allows its 18 million members to rank the most initiated but unfinished books of all time; 7,300 members have voted. Top of the list: 'Catch 22,' Joseph Heller's American classic. Booksin the 'Lord of the Rings' series finished a close second.
想著要中途放棄可能會(huì)讓自己感覺(jué)很有壓力，但我們?nèi)匀粫?huì)這么做，有時(shí)甚至還會(huì)宣揚(yáng)出來(lái)。亞馬遜公司(Amazon.com Inc.)最近收購(gòu)的讀者社區(qū)網(wǎng)站Goodreads讓它的1,800萬(wàn)會(huì)員選出自己有生以來(lái)極為熟知的卻沒(méi)有讀完的書(shū)，7,300名會(huì)員參加了投票。名列榜首的是約瑟夫・海勒(Joseph Heller)所著的美國(guó)文學(xué)經(jīng)典《第22條軍規(guī)》(Catch 22)，《指環(huán)王》(Lord of the Rings)系列則緊隨其后。
Readers age 16 and older average 17 books a year, according to Pew Research Center data, withthe median around 8. Ms. Ginder used to read an average amount. But using her newapproach to reading, she says she is up to 31 books a year. She has about 10 books ready tobegin on her shelf or Kindle at any time. When she drops one, she simply pulls up another inseconds.
根據(jù)皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的數(shù)據(jù)，16歲及16歲以上的讀者一年平均讀17本書(shū)，中位數(shù)在八本左右。金德過(guò)去的閱讀量處于平均水平，但是在使用新方法讀書(shū)之后，她說(shuō)她一年讀書(shū)的數(shù)量增加到了31本。她的書(shū)架上和Kindle電子書(shū)閱覽器里還有大約10本書(shū)，隨時(shí)可以開(kāi)讀。在她停止閱讀一本書(shū)后，很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)又會(huì)拿起另一本書(shū)。
Kindle readers abandon books frequently, according to Ms. Ginder and other readers. SaraNelson, editorial director of books and Kindle at Amazon.com, says she believes that e-readershave given voracious consumers not so much license to stop, but the ability to dip in and outof books, depending on their mood. 'So while you might stop midstream, you can also veryeasily go back to the book later,' she says. She herself gives a book about 25 pages to enthrallher before putting it back on the digital shelf.
金德和其他閱讀者說(shuō)，用Kindle電子書(shū)閱讀的人經(jīng)常棄讀。亞馬遜公司的紙質(zhì)圖書(shū)和Kindle電子書(shū)編輯部主任薩拉・納爾遜(Sara Nelson)說(shuō)，她認(rèn)為電子書(shū)給予如饑似渴的讀者的并不是太多的棄讀許可權(quán)，而是根據(jù)心情點(diǎn)進(jìn)點(diǎn)出圖書(shū)的能力。她說(shuō)：“因此，雖然你可能半途中止閱讀，但也可以在今后輕松回來(lái)重拾那本書(shū)。”她自己把一本書(shū)放回?cái)?shù)字書(shū)架之前先要讀25頁(yè)左右，看看這本書(shū)是否能吸引她。
Leigh Haber, books editor at O, the Oprah Magazine, who suggests candidates to Oprah Winfreyfor her consideration for the popular Oprah Book Club, says that while the obvious reasonsfor abandoning books are distraction and boredom, she attributes much of the behavior to abacklash against writing in which technique trumps storytelling.
《奧普拉雜志》(O, the Oprah Magazine)的圖書(shū)編輯利・哈伯(Leigh Haber)向奧普拉・溫弗瑞(OprahWinfrey)推薦參加熱門(mén)節(jié)目奧普拉讀書(shū)俱樂(lè)部(Oprah Book Club)的候選人。她說(shuō)雖然棄讀圖書(shū)的明顯原因是無(wú)法集中注意力和感覺(jué)枯燥乏味，但是她認(rèn)為這種行為很大程度上歸因于對(duì)那種重技巧而非故事情節(jié)的寫(xiě)法的抵觸。
Certain types of people are more likely to push through a book. Dr. Wilhelm theorizes thatpeople with competitive, Type-A personalities might be more likely to abandon a bookbecause they tend to be motivated by reward and punishment, and 'if there are noconsequences or public recognition, why finish?'
某些類(lèi)型的人看書(shū)時(shí)更容易將其讀完。威廉博士提出的理論認(rèn)為，A型性格的人爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝，讀書(shū)更容易半途而廢，因?yàn)樗麄冏鍪峦枰锚?jiǎng)勵(lì)和處罰來(lái)激勵(lì)，他們會(huì)想：“如果事情沒(méi)有結(jié)果，或者得不到公眾的認(rèn)可，干嘛還要做完呢?”
Conversely, he says more laid-back, Type-B personalities may never start a book they know theywon't finish. The more important motivator of finishing a book, says Dr. Wilhelm, is socialpressure, which is why book clubs are so good at getting readers to the epilogue.
相反，他說(shuō)B型性格的人慵懶閑散，他們可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)翻開(kāi)一本自知無(wú)法讀完的書(shū)。威廉博士說(shuō)，促使人把書(shū)讀完的一個(gè)更重要的因素是社會(huì)壓力，這就是為何讀書(shū)俱樂(lè)部那么有能耐讓讀者讀到尾聲的原因。
Librarians like Mary Wilkes Towner, an adjunct lecturer at the Graduate School of Library andInformation Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, always gives readerspermission to stop whenever they want, to disentangle the act from childhood associations ofreading as a task. 'I have found that people in their 30s, they feel guilted into finishing─just thesame way that they were told to eat everything on their plate,' she says. 'If you want to beculturally literate, skim. But we all have to give ourselves permission to quit.'
像瑪麗・威爾克斯・湯納(Mary Wilkes Towner)這樣的圖書(shū)管理員一直都同意讀者想打住時(shí)就打住，不要再像兒時(shí)那種把讀書(shū)當(dāng)做是一種任務(wù)。湯納是伊利諾伊大學(xué)厄巴納-香檳分校(University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)圖書(shū)館與信息科學(xué)研究生院的兼任講師，她說(shuō)：“我發(fā)現(xiàn)30多歲的人不把書(shū)讀完會(huì)有一種負(fù)疚感──就像他們過(guò)去被人要求吃光盤(pán)子里的所有東西一樣。如果你想成為有文化素養(yǎng)的人，那就多閱讀。不過(guò)我們所有人都要給自己棄讀的權(quán)利。”
Choosing the right books lets people dramatically increase the number of books they can read ina lifetime, she says.
湯納說(shuō)，選書(shū)得當(dāng)可以大大增加人們一生中可以閱讀的圖書(shū)數(shù)量。
Some psychologists look at bailing on books on the spectrum of task persistence. MeenaDasari, a clinical assistant professor at New York University School of Medicine, works mostlywith children in her private practice. She says that the ability to maintain a task even as anyrewards and discontent fluctuate depends on what we attribute those feelings to. 'If you say, 'I'm not smart enough,' then you're likely to give up,' she says. 'But if you say, 'This is just adifficult book,' you're more likely to complete it.' Additionally, if your peer group or book clubhas finished the book, those outside forces can be powerful. 'The time I finished the most bookswas when I was in a book club,' Dr. Dasari says.
一些心理學(xué)家從做事毅力的角度來(lái)看待讀書(shū)半途而廢的問(wèn)題。紐約大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院(New York University Schoolof Medicine)的臨床助理教授米納・達(dá)薩里(Meena Dasari)在她的私人診所大多是與孩子打交道。她說(shuō)，即便獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與不滿(mǎn)情緒出現(xiàn)波動(dòng)，我們也可能會(huì)堅(jiān)持完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，能否做到取決于我們對(duì)其有何種感受。她說(shuō)：“如果你說(shuō)：‘我不夠聰明’，那么你很可能會(huì)放棄。但是如果你說(shuō)：‘這只是一本有點(diǎn)難讀的書(shū)’，你把它讀完的可能性就更大。”此外，如果你的同齡群體或者讀者俱樂(lè)部的人已經(jīng)讀完一本書(shū)，來(lái)自外部的這些壓力會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大作用。達(dá)薩里說(shuō)：“我完整讀完書(shū)最多的時(shí)候是我參加了一家讀者俱樂(lè)部的那段時(shí)間。”
That said, some books, notes Ms. Haber at the Oprah magazine, are insurmountably difficult.
話雖這么講，《奧普拉雜志》的哈伯說(shuō)，有些書(shū)讀起來(lái)難于上青天。
'If you come to a book at the wrong time, it won't connect,' she says. She started and stoppedJonathan Franzen's 'The Corrections' a few times before getting completely engrossed by it, and attributes her ability to finally finish the novel to trying it while on vacation. Reading itoutside of her regular life, she says, gave the book new meaning.
哈伯說(shuō)：“如果你在錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)間開(kāi)讀一本書(shū)，那是讀不進(jìn)去的。”她在專(zhuān)心致志讀喬納森・弗蘭岑(JonathanFranzen)的《糾正》(The Corrections)之前讀讀停停了好幾次，她認(rèn)為最終能把這本小說(shuō)讀完的原因是她是在度假期間再?lài)L試的。她說(shuō)，在日常生活之外閱讀賦予了這本書(shū)新的意義。
'But there are also those magical books that you read differently at different points in yourlife,' she says, adding that a young woman might be swept away by the passion of 'AnnaKarenina.' A mother later in life might view the protagonist as selfish and irresponsible.
哈伯說(shuō)：“但是也有一些書(shū)充滿(mǎn)魔力，你會(huì)在人生的不同時(shí)間讀出不同的感受。”她指出一位年輕女子可能會(huì)被《安娜・卡列尼娜》(Anna Karenina)的激情深深打動(dòng)，而在日后成為母親之后也許會(huì)認(rèn)為主人公是一個(gè)自私和不負(fù)責(zé)任的人。
Publishers, says Ms. Haber, want readers to complete books so that they get hooked on theauthor and buy more of his work. But as a former book editor, she also understands thepressures on those inside the book industry to meet deadlines, and admits that many booksneed 'more time in the nurturing process' of editing. When she gets to page 25 of a poorlyedited book, Ms. Haber admits, even she will put it down. Like most of her friends andcolleagues, she says she still feels guilty about it.
哈伯說(shuō)，出版商希望讀者能把書(shū)讀完，這樣他們就會(huì)喜歡上作者，買(mǎi)下他的更多作品。但是曾經(jīng)身為圖書(shū)編輯的她也理解圖書(shū)出版業(yè)里那些趕工期的人所承受的壓力，她承認(rèn)很多圖書(shū)在編輯時(shí)需要“更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的培育過(guò)程”。哈伯承認(rèn)，當(dāng)她翻開(kāi)一本編輯質(zhì)量很次的書(shū)時(shí)，讀到25頁(yè)時(shí)，甚至連她都會(huì)把書(shū)放下。她說(shuō)，像她的多數(shù)朋友和同事一樣，她還是會(huì)感覺(jué)到很愧疚。
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