英語國家概況英國的歷史起源(2)
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵)
IV.Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵
1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of Englandfrom the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especiallybetween 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianityin 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to theSaxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元867年時的__中心。到9世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。
2.King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
艾爾弗雷德國王(849-899)和他所做出的貢獻
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement withthem in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He alsoconverted some leading Danes into Christians.
He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy".
He ②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient.
He ③translated a Latin book into English.
He also ④established schools and
?、輋ormulated a legal system. All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great."
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部(丹麥法區(qū))，而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為__徒。
他因為建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”(撒克遜軍隊)，使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王?！钡姆Q號。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(諾曼征服)
V.The Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服
1.Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.
威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan choseHarold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during theimportant battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day,William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
據(jù)說，愛德華國王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死。在圣誕節(jié)加冕，成為英國國王，從此開始了諾曼征服。
2.The Norman Conquest and its consequences
諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps
①the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror
?、赾onfiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weakSaxon rule with
③a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
?、躌elations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce wereextended.
⑤Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.
?、轙he Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts wereseparated from the civil courts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進了諾曼—法蘭西文化、語言、行為規(guī)范和建筑藝術(shù)。教會與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會法庭與民事法庭分離。
3.The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many Englishpeople were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-Frenchorigin.
英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。
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