雙語閱讀：樂觀還是悲觀基因說了算

　　摘要：人們?cè)絹碓桨l(fā)現(xiàn)基因——特別是與血清素相關(guān)的基因很可能對(duì)人們形成“世界觀”有作用。所以來自英國(guó)埃塞克斯大學(xué)(University of Essex) 的Elaine Fox 和她的同事想知道基因是否在對(duì)積極或者消極事件的選擇性注意上起一定的作用，從而影響“世界觀”。

　　FOR some people in this world, the glass alwaysseems to be half-full. For others it is half-empty. Buthow someone comes to have a sunny disposition inthe first place is an interesting question.

　　在這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)于一些人來說，玻璃杯里的水似乎總是半滿。對(duì)于另外一些人來說，玻璃杯里的水總是半空。但是樂觀者是如何首先獲得這種積極向上的天性的呢?這是個(gè)很有趣的問題。

　　It has been known for a long time that optimists seethe world selectively, mentally processing positivethings while ignoring negative ones, and that this outlook helps determine their health andwell-being. In recent years, it has also become clear that carriers of a particular version of aparticular gene are at higher risk than others of depression and attempted suicide when theyface traumatic events. The gene in question lies in a region of the genome that promotes theactivity of a second gene, which encodes a protein called the serotonin transporter. Serotoninis a messenger molecule that carries signals between nerve cells, and it is known to modulatemany aspects of human behaviour, although the details are complex and controversial. Thetransporter protein recycles serotonin back into the cell that produced it, making it availablefor reuse, but also reducing the amount in the junctions between cells and thus, it ispresumed, the strength of the signal.

　　長(zhǎng)久以來人們知道，樂觀者們選擇性地看待這個(gè)世界，他們的心理處理那些積極的事情但是忽略那些消極的事情，人們還知道這種心態(tài)有利于樂觀者們的健康和幸福。最近人們還清楚地發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于有些攜帶某種特別形式的某種特別基因的人，他們?cè)诿鎸?duì)創(chuàng)傷性事件面前更加容易患上抑郁癥，也更容易嘗試自殺。這種特別的基因位于人類基因組的某個(gè)區(qū)域，這個(gè)區(qū)域激活第二種基因，而這第二種基因?qū)λ^的血清素傳輸子進(jìn)行蛋白質(zhì)編碼。血清素是一種信使分子，它傳輸神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間的信號(hào)。人們還知道血清素調(diào)節(jié)人類行為的許多方面，盡管其中的細(xì)節(jié)很復(fù)雜而且對(duì)其解釋也有爭(zhēng)議。傳輸?shù)鞍装蜒逅?ldquo;回收”到產(chǎn)生它的細(xì)胞，使其能重復(fù)利用，但是這也減少了細(xì)胞間的節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量，因此人們也認(rèn)為減少了信號(hào)的強(qiáng)度。

　　It has looked increasingly likely, therefore, that genes—particularly those connected withserotonin—have a role to play in shaping a person’s outlook. So Elaine Fox and her colleaguesat the University of Essex, in Britain, wondered whether genes play a part in the selectiveattention to positive or negative material, with consequent effects on outlook.

　　因此，人們?cè)絹碓桨l(fā)現(xiàn)基因——特別是與血清素相關(guān)的基因很可能對(duì)人們形成“世界觀”有作用。所以來自英國(guó)埃塞克斯大學(xué)(University of Essex) 的Elaine Fox 和她的同事想知道基因是否在對(duì)積極或者消極事件的選擇性注意上起一定的作用，從而影響“世界觀”。

　　To find out, they took samples of DNA from about 100 people and then subjected these peopleto what is known as the dot-probe paradigm test to see how they reacted to different stimuli.In this test participants are briefly shown photographs that may be positive, negative orneutral in tone. They then have to press a keypad to indicate when a dot has appeared onthe screen. It has been found by experience that the more distracting an image is, the longer aperson takes to respond when the dot appears. That allowed Dr Fox and her team to discoverhow distracting particular people found particular images.

　　為了找出答案，他們采集了大約100人的DNA樣品，然后對(duì)這些人進(jìn)行所謂的點(diǎn)探測(cè)任務(wù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，以便觀察他們對(duì)不同刺激的反應(yīng)。在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者們短暫地看一些照片，這些照片的“格調(diào)”可能是積極的、消極的或者中性的。然后當(dāng)這些實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者們?cè)谄聊簧峡吹揭粋€(gè)點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)后，必須按一下鍵盤。經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)照片越是分散人的注意力，那么當(dāng)點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在屏幕上后，人們就需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間做出反應(yīng)。這就讓Fox博士和她的研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)特定的人對(duì)特定的照片是如何被吸引的。

　　In a paper just published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B they report that, sureenough, gene-related variation caused a bias in attention towards positive and negativematerial. Some people had two “long” versions of the promoter gene (one inherited from eachparent), a combination that reduces the amount of serotonin in the junctions between nervecells. These individuals were biased towards positive images and away from negative ones. Bycontrast, those who had either a long and a short version of the gene, or two short versions(and thus, presumably, more serotonin in the junctions), did not have such protective biases.In other words, the optimists really did see the world differently.

　　在剛剛發(fā)表于《皇家學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)報(bào)B》(Proceedings of the Royal Society B)的文章中，他們報(bào)道說，與基因相關(guān)的變化肯定導(dǎo)致了人們對(duì)積極和消極事物注意力的偏愛。有些人具有兩個(gè)“長(zhǎng)”版本的啟動(dòng)子基因(遺傳自雙親)，這種組合減少了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞節(jié)中血清素的含量。這些人偏愛積極的照片，而不喜歡消極的照片。相反，那些帶有一長(zhǎng)一短，或者兩短“版本”啟動(dòng)子基因的人就沒有這種保護(hù)性的偏愛，而這種基因組合可能使得神經(jīng)節(jié)中的血清素含量更高。換句話說，樂觀者們真地是以不同的方式看世界的。

　　Rose-tinted spectacles may be good for one’s health, as these results fit in with wider ideasabout how a tendency to look on the bright side of life is part of being resilient to stress.Those with short variants of this gene are expected to have an increased susceptibility tomood disorders following such stress. It is not all good news, though, for optimists. Becausethese results suggest that a person’s attitude to life is inherited, they serve as a stark warningto all buoyant optimists that trying to cheer the rest of the world up with nothing more than asmile and an effortlessly sunny disposition is doomed to failure.

　　積極的眼光可能對(duì)人的健康有好處，這些結(jié)果也和大眾的觀點(diǎn)相吻合， 那就是經(jīng)?？吹缴铌柟獾囊幻鏁?huì)有助于應(yīng)付壓力。而那些“短”版基因的人在這樣的壓力下可能更易受到情緒混亂的影響。然而，對(duì)于樂觀者們來說，并非一切都是好消息。因?yàn)檫@些研究結(jié)果暗示一個(gè)人對(duì)待生活的態(tài)度可能來自于遺傳，這對(duì)所有的樂觀者們提供了一個(gè)嚴(yán)厲的警告：想僅僅依靠微笑和天生的積極性格讓整個(gè)世界都高興起來是注定不可行的。

　　做一個(gè)樂觀的自己

　　拒絕心情不快，時(shí)刻神采飛揚(yáng)。別讓問題堆積如山，一個(gè)一個(gè)著手解決。做時(shí)間的主人，以自己喜歡的方式簡(jiǎn)單地生活。

　　不要沉湎于錯(cuò)誤和失望中難以自拔，有時(shí)它們是生活不可或缺的組成部分，學(xué)會(huì)從中吸取教訓(xùn)，下次做得更好。

　　Hi, welcome to our latest i ssue at Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax, I’m Faith. I thank you fordropping by today, and I hope that you're able to find something here that's interesting, useful,and informative! Today, I would like to share with you the motto for a positive outlook. Takegood care, and enjoy this i ssue!

　　Refuse to be unhappy, be cheerful instead. Refuse to let your troubles multiply, just takethem one by one. Organize your time, keep your life simple and exactly the way you want it.

　　Refuse to complain about things, learn to improve your surroundings and create your worldthe way you believe it should be.

　　Refuse to dwell on the mistakes or disappointments that are sometimes a part of life, insteadlearn how you can make things better.

　　Be optimistic. Be energetic and positive about the things you do, and always hope for thebest.

　　You’re listening to Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax, I’m Faith. Believe in yourself at all timesand in all aspects of your life. Before you know it, those wonderful dreams you have believed inall your life will come true, and your life will be the happy and successful life that it was meant tobe.

　　大家好，歡迎收聽Faith輕松電臺(tái)的最新一期節(jié)目，我是Faith。首先謝謝大家今天的到訪，希望你們覺得我們的節(jié)目有意義，有價(jià)值，有知識(shí)性!今天，我想和大家一起分享一些積極人生座右銘, 希望你們喜歡!

　　拒絕心情不快，時(shí)刻神采飛揚(yáng)。別讓問題堆積如山，一個(gè)一個(gè)著手解決。做時(shí)間的主人，以自己喜歡的方式簡(jiǎn)單地生活。

　　不要抱怨，學(xué)習(xí)如何改善環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造你的理想世界。

　　不要沉湎于錯(cuò)誤和失望中難以自拔，有時(shí)它們是生活不可或缺的組成部分，學(xué)會(huì)從中吸取教訓(xùn)，下次做得更好。

　　保持樂觀。保持旺盛精力和積極心態(tài)，追求完美。

　　您正在收聽的是Faith輕松電臺(tái)，我是Faith。相信自己，時(shí)時(shí)刻刻，事事處處。等你明白這一切，生命中的美好愿望都將實(shí)現(xiàn)。生活將如你所愿，快樂幸福并且成功。