人們常說(shuō)寫(xiě)作文要有“鳳頭豹尾”，就是說(shuō)作文的開(kāi)頭要寫(xiě)得像鳳凰的頭一樣引人注目，而結(jié)尾要像豹尾那樣剛勁有力、戛然而止。那么，怎樣讓自己的作文具有“鳳頭豹尾”呢?下面筆者針對(duì)不同的文體和題材對(duì)英語(yǔ)作文的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)作方法進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié)。

　　一、怎樣寫(xiě)好文章的開(kāi)頭

　　開(kāi)頭是作文在閱卷老師面前的第一次亮相，它將決定你所寫(xiě)的文章在閱卷老師心中所留下的第一印象。如果第一印象好，就意味著有了良好的開(kāi)端，也就成功了一半。Good beginning is half done，我們?cè)撛鯓右惶崞鸸P就讓自己成功一半呢?

　　(一)“開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山”式開(kāi)頭

　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，文章的開(kāi)頭應(yīng)盡量做到“開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山”，即要用簡(jiǎn)單明了的語(yǔ)言引出文章的話題，使人一開(kāi)始就能了解文章要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容。

　　1. 對(duì)于敘事類的文章，可以在開(kāi)頭把人物、時(shí)間、事件和環(huán)境交代清楚。如“A Trip to Huangshan(黃山之旅)”的開(kāi)頭可以是：Last month, my family went to Huangshan by train. It took us ten hours to get there. What a long and tiring journey! We were tired but the beautiful scenery excited us.

　　2. 對(duì)于論述性的文章，可以在開(kāi)頭處先闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)，接著展開(kāi)進(jìn)一步的論述。如“The Time and the Money(時(shí)間和金錢(qián))” 的開(kāi)頭可以是：Most people say that money is more important than time. But I don’t think so. First, when money is used up, you can earn it back， but……

　　(二)回憶性開(kāi)頭

　　在描述事件或游記類的文章中，采用回憶性的開(kāi)頭往往更能吸引人的眼球。這種類型的開(kāi)頭中通常含有描述自己心情或情緒的詞匯，如never forget (永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法忘記), remember (記得)，unforgettable (難以忘懷的), exciting(令人激動(dòng)的)，surprising(令人驚訝的), sad (難過(guò)的)……如“A Trip to Huangshan(黃山之旅)”的開(kāi)頭還以這樣寫(xiě)：I will never forget my first trip to Huangshan. 或It was really an unforgettable experience I had.

　　(三)疑問(wèn)性開(kāi)頭

　　在敘事類或論述性的文章中，都可采用疑問(wèn)型開(kāi)頭，這樣既可以吸引閱卷者的注意又容易抓住中心。如“Planting Trees(種樹(shù))”的開(kāi)頭可以是：Have you ever planted trees? Don’t you think planting trees is ……

　　再如“Traveling Abroad(出國(guó)之旅)”的開(kāi)頭可以是：If you have an opportunity to travel abroad, why not consider Singapore?

　　(四)倒敘式開(kāi)頭

　　在有的文章，特別是敘事類的文章中，可以采用倒敘的寫(xiě)作手法，先寫(xiě)出事件的結(jié)果，再陳述過(guò)程。如“Catching Thieves (捉賊)”的開(kāi)頭可以這樣寫(xiě)：I lay in bed in the hospital. I smiled at my friends even though my legs hurt. Do you want to know what happened to me? Let me tell you. It’s a … story.

　　二、怎樣寫(xiě)好文章的結(jié)尾

　　文章的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有固定的模式，同學(xué)們可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般情況下，記敘文和說(shuō)明文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法;但夾敘夾議和發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)類的文章則往往有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，以使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。文章結(jié)尾的形式也因文章類別和開(kāi)頭的風(fēng)格而靈活多變。

　　(一)自然結(jié)尾，點(diǎn)明主題

　　隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Helping the Policeman(幫助警察)”的結(jié)尾可以是：The two children were praised by the police and they felt happy.

　　再如“The Tortoise and the Hare(龜兔賽跑)” 的結(jié)尾可以是：When the hare got to the tree, the tortoise had already been there。

　　(二)首尾呼應(yīng)，升華主題

　　在文章的結(jié)尾可以用含義較深的話點(diǎn)明主題，深化主題，起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的效果。如“I Love My Hometown(我愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng))”的結(jié)尾可以是：I love my hometown, and I am proud of it.

　　(三)反問(wèn)結(jié)尾，引起深思

　　這種方式的結(jié)尾雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，而且具有一定的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，可引起他人的深思。如 “Learning English can Give us a Lot of Pleasure (學(xué)英語(yǔ)能為我們帶來(lái)許多樂(lè)趣)” 的結(jié)尾可以是：If we learn English well, we can …Don’t you think learning English is great fun?

　　(四)表達(dá)祝愿，闡述愿望

　　這種方式的結(jié)尾常出現(xiàn)在書(shū)信或演講稿的文體中，表示對(duì)他人的祝?；?qū)?lái)的展望等。如“A Letter to the Farmers(給農(nóng)民們的一封信)”的結(jié)尾可以是：I hope the farmers’ life will be better and better.

　　另外，書(shū)信的結(jié)尾常有以下形式的祝福語(yǔ)：Best wishes;I wish you a merry Christmas and a happy new year;I wish you have a good time等。

　　金題精練

　　當(dāng)我們坐在又大又漂亮的教室里學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候，我們可曾想過(guò)那些貧困、沒(méi)有學(xué)上的孩子?當(dāng)我們隨手丟棄多余的書(shū)本時(shí)，為什么不把他們捐給希望工程呢?請(qǐng)根據(jù)此文所講開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)法以及以上提示寫(xiě)一篇演講稿，講講你是如何捐助希望工程的，并鼓勵(lì)大家做些力所能及的事情幫助那些貧困家庭的孩子。要求：思路清晰，語(yǔ)意連貫。字?jǐn)?shù)在80~100詞。

　　佳作展示

　　Hello，everyone. Today my topic is about Project Hope. What a sad and serious topic it is!

　　First I want to ask you some questions. When you sit in the big and beautiful classroom, have you ever thought of the poor children who dropped out of school? When you throw away your useless books, why not give them to the poor children in the countryside?

　　Maybe your answer is “Sorry, I’ve never thought of that.” To tell you the truth, I didn’t know anything about the poor children until my teacher told me last week. I was shocked when I heard of that. I realized that we should try to help them. So I went to the post office and gave away all my pocket money to Project Hope.

　　So my dear friends and classmates, let’s do something to help them. Then the world will be nicer and nicer.

　　That’s all for today. Thank you!