寫作的重要性 6分最低限，只要結(jié)構(gòu)不出錯，得分應該為9分。
評判作文
四級考試作文主要看內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、語言三個方面。
內(nèi)容不跑題即可，注意：1.不要妄圖以情動人；2.不要妄圖在構(gòu)思上出奇制勝。
結(jié)構(gòu)上牢記總分總：先寫主題句(Topic Sentence)，再寫分論點，最后寫總結(jié)句(Conclusion)。
語言最重要，往往使評分產(chǎn)生重大差異，語言要模仿和包裝。
基本表達
人們認為：it is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that
越來越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of
萬能理由（Omnipotence）
1. 方便：convenient/ convenience
2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency
3. 節(jié)省和浪費：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift
waste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish
4. 人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,
considerate, confident, creative, sociable,
perseverance; selfish, isolated, conserative
5. 人的身體健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic
6. 娛樂：colorful, pleasure,joy, recreation, entertainmentm, relax
tired, boring, lonely
7. 環(huán)境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty
8. 安全和危險：safe, danger, risk
9. 經(jīng)驗：experience, social experience, enter the society
10. 人際：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely
寫完之后修改注意：（內(nèi)容方面盡量不要修改）
1、字母大小寫
2、怪符號
3、單詞拼寫
4、主謂一致
5、動詞時態(tài)
6、名詞單復數(shù)
實例一
題目：Bicycles――An Important Means of Transport in China提綱：（1）為什么自行車在中國這樣普及（2）和汽車的比較（3）自行車在中國的前途
Score: 8
Bicycle is an important means of transport in China. The important reason of it is the economy of Chinese. The use of bicycle in China is widely because people in China have not high wage. They can only afford a bicycle, and they have no money to buy a car which is too expensive. So Chinese usually buy a bicycle, and use it to go to work, or go to travel and so on. The other reason is the large population of China. All these made the bicycle become the important means of transport.
The bicycle, compared to the car, is not too expensive and it is easy to learn and to use and it can save the surface of putting it. It doesn’t ask to build the garage like car. This point is very important to China, because of the lack of land. It isn’t too expensive, so Chinese can afford it. It doesn’t need any oil, and it can’t cause the polusion. All of these are the good needs compared to the car.
In the future, bicycle will be widely used. And it will be in good demand. People will produce much more modern bicycles.
Score: 14
Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people -- man and woman, old and young -- ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.
注：1. 第一句總寫，第二句和第三句分寫，最后總寫。
2. During the rush hour 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)開頭。
3. 破折號內(nèi)容為同位語,句式多變化。
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents.
注：1. Compared with cars 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)開頭。
2. be superior to/ be inferior to 優(yōu)于/ 低于
3. thirst, second, third 英語語言有層次感，信號詞
4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive
5. be good for health 對健康有好處（萬能理由）
6. Moreover 表示遞進
In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time.
注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man
Score: 11
There millions of bicycles in today’s China. Bicycles are very important means of transport in people’s daily lives. Because to ride a bicycle is very simple, to buy a bicycle will not cost so much money, to park a bicycle needs just a small room and to ride a bicycle does not need oil but the rider’s strength, bicycles are popular all over the world, especially in China.
注：第一句應該用there be結(jié)構(gòu)
Compared with a car, a bicycle is much cheaper. It is more suitable for China as a developing country. And a bicycle has almost caused no pollution but a car has. On the contrary, a bicycle is too slow, it costs more times than a car.
I think the population of China’s bicycle will be kept for the long run. Because it will be replaced by a car, a bus and so on in some developed areas in China, and it will be made a wide use in the developing areas in China, the number of bicycles in China will be the same as today but I believe that it’s quality will be improved.
I、對比觀點選擇題：1.有人認為……； 2.另外一些人認為……； 3.談?wù)勀愕挠^點和看法。（最好寫成4段）
實例二 99年6月真題
Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
Outline: 1. 有人認為讀書要有選擇2. 有人認為應當博覽群書 3. 我的想法
How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.
Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.
But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.
Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.
典型的對比觀點選擇題的文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：
（啟）Paragraph I：（1）引出將要評論的事物或者是觀點； （2）簡明扼要的提出人們在這個問題上的兩種不同看法。
Score: 14分
How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（啟）
注：第一句提出問題，第二句提出兩種見解
典型的對比觀點選擇題的文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：
（承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一種觀點或優(yōu)點；（2）本段的支持性分論點；（3）本段總結(jié)（可以省略）。

Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）
注：1. 本段總分總結(jié)構(gòu)
2. they argue that = they think that
3. with the development of... 隨著……的發(fā)展
4. what's more 遞進關(guān)系，moreover
5. bad = pornographic 色情的 & violent 暴力的
典型的對比觀點選擇題的文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：（轉(zhuǎn)）Paragraph III：（1）承上啟下的過渡句； （2）提出另一種觀點或缺點；（3）本段的支持性分論點（4）本段總（可以省略）。
But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（轉(zhuǎn)）
注：1. But 轉(zhuǎn)折詞（信號詞）
2. they emphasize that = they think that
3. today's society is not what it was 現(xiàn)代社會今昔非比
4. 許多知識 a wide range of knowledge/ a large scope of knowledge/ much knowledge；
獲取知識 acquire/ get knowledge
5. knows nothing→little；he may be useless→he may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉
典型的對比觀點選擇題的文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡兩種看法；（2）給出自己的觀點。

Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合）
Score: 11分
When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.
注：結(jié)構(gòu)非常好，可以套用。
Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.
注：1.“people, who...,”應去掉逗號，改為限制性定語從句。
2. as many as bad books 改為 as many as bad ones
3. lead us to the wrong way 改為 lead sb. astray
4. they suggest that = they think that
5. touch 碰（閃光點詞匯：如教材P7：shouldering the responsibility of doing sth. 肩負起責任）
But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.
注：1. hold 認為 同樣表示“think”的詞還有argue, emphasize, believe, suggest, claim, insist, maintain, agree, hold
2. the best book 在西方國家是“圣經(jīng)”的意思
3. to know more, to read more 錯誤，中式英語
To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
范文22. Is Television a Blessing or a Curse?
Now, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in people’s lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to whether television is a blessing or a curse.
注：it is generally accepted that 人們通常認為

As is often pointed out by some people, television keeps one better informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries, the strangest customs and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into one’s room.
注：1. As is often pointed out by some people = Some people think that
2. “使……”不用make，而用keep, allow, offer

However, other people insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. They argue that it has brought about many serious problems. The major one is its effects on young people. They are now so used to getting their information, education and entertainment from television that their literacy as well as physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, vulgar commercials and indecent programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a degree that their minds might be corrupted.
In summary, television has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society.
范文5. Travelling
People who like travelling have their reasons. They maintain that travelling can help them expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possible have.
注：geographical and historical 押尾韻，如：押頭韻 clear & clean
Those who dislike travelling have their reasons. They would argue that travelling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.
In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some travelling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and love.
注：1. in practice = I think 2. does more good than harm 好處比壞處多，其他表達方法：be superior to/ inferior to 比如：the advantages are superior to the disadvantages 3. enable 使
范文1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top students who excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.
使句子具有表現(xiàn)力的手段：1、用形容詞修飾名詞；2、副詞修飾動詞、副詞修飾形容詞
On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden. Moreover, some students may take the shortcut by focusing on several guessed questions according to the fixed format of the test, hoping for a coincidence to bring them good luck.
In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.
范文21. Should smoking be banned?
Should smoking be banned? Answers to this question vary greatly. Some people are in favor of the idea of smoking. They always say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed. And they also say that giving and being given cigarettes is a sign of friendship. Therefore, they carry cigarettes with them wherever they go.
注：1. vary greatly 許多種2. be in favor of = agree/ be of the opinion that
3. get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed 使人神清氣爽
4. Giving and being given 給與被給。主、被動關(guān)系在英文中用現(xiàn)在、過去分詞表達。
But other people consider it very harmful to people’s health. They have heard the official reports that one person in the world dies from smoking every second. And they have heard the doctor’s warning that smokers are more likely to have lung cancer and to increase their chances of having heart attack. In addition, smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents. Thus it has become a major threat to people’s life and property.
注：1.They have heard the official reports that ... 官方報告表明.. 2. be more likely to 更有可能，更容易3. chance 可能
There is some truth in both arguments, but human’s life and property outweighs anything else. If smoking brings us illness and death, why not have it banned by the government? Without cigarettes, can’t we come up with better ways to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?注：1. outweigh 比……重要，同樣的表達：be superior to/ be inferior to。overweight 超重2. 最后用兩句反問句結(jié)尾，非常精妙。
課后作業(yè) Private Cars
寫成4段的首段寫法：
In recent years, with fast economic growth, private cars have appeared in many families in China. People's attitude toward private cars varies widely.
② With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a private car. Yet, people's opinions of private cars vary from person to person/ public attitude toward it varies greatly/ widely./ is quite of the contrary./ differs sharply.
③ In recent few years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of owning a private car has been brought to public attention/ in the limelight. People's views on/ opinions of owing a private car vary widely.
寫成3段的首段寫法：
With the development of modern society/ science and technology, / With the improvement of people's living standard,
more and more people can own private cars.
cars are entering ordinary families.
the growing number of people/ people in ever increasing numbers can have access to private cars.(此句是引言)
支持段的主題句：
Some people claim that/ As is pointed out that/ It is generally believed that/ It is widely accepted that, there are some advantages of owning a private car.
There is no doubt that private cars benefit people hugely.
支持段的分論點：
① 方便 First, private cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation.
② 舒適 Second, it is comfortable for people to travel in, especially in changeable weather/ raining days/ sand storm.
③ 炫耀 Third, only a private car can show a person's social status/ achievement/ success/ prosperity in his or her career.
否定段的主題句：① However (Nonetheless/ Nevertheless/ But), there are some disadvantages of owing a private car/ Every coin has two sides.
② While enjoying the convenience that private cars bring us, we should not ignore the problem they create/ produce/ introduce/ make.
③ Despite/ In spite of/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative effects
④ Like anything else, private cars also have their own weakness/ limits.
⑤ However, private cars are not without shortcomings/ faults.
⑥ Yet other speak of the problems private cars have brought. They complain that......
⑦ However, private cars may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.
⑧ Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by private cars, the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.
否定段的分論點：
① 占有空間 On the one hand, private cars take up/ occupy too much space.
② 交通事故 On the other hand, a driver should be careful/ cautious while driving, otherwise, car accidents are more likely to happen.
③ 污染環(huán)境 What's more/In addition, private cars give off/ discharge/ release CO which pollute the environment/ air.
注意：所謂上義詞是指抽象、概括和籠統(tǒng)的，就是比較superordinate的詞；而下義詞就是具體的東西，即subordinate的東西。
第四段（總結(jié)段）的寫法：
① Despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, I still think that the advantages outweigh/ are greater than the disadvantages. As for the above problem, I'm sure they will be settled by the scientists in the future/ It is only a matter of time for the problems to be solved.
② Unquestionably, the challenge of private cars means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they will not control us.
③ Whether the private cars are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be elminated.
④ Anyway/ Anyhow/ In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: private cars have changed and will continue to change the way of our transportation, our leisure and our life.
選擇題型變體邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)（My View on Sth.）
選擇性觀點的變體的文章寫作邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：
Paragraph I:（1）引出將要評論的事物或者是觀點； （2）簡明扼要的提出人們在這個問題上的兩種不同看法。
Paragraph II:（1）提出作者觀點（本文主題句）；
（2）舉例加以論證。
Paragraph III:（1）總結(jié)全文（再次強調(diào)作者觀點）
范文17. My View on Fate
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of fate. Some people believe that everyone is born to a certain that he can not change, while some other people think that every man is the master of his own life.
注：1. consensus 相同意見
2. 第一句話可以套用，如范文18：There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of wealth.
3. while 輕微轉(zhuǎn)折和對比，強轉(zhuǎn)折用詞but, however 4. master 主人
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. There is a saying, “Everyone is the architect of his own future.” Which means one’s fate is decided in his own hands. In fact, no one is destined to a certain fate in his or her life. Those who claim that they were born to fail or be unlucky just can’t realize how much inner strength and ability they have. We must depend on ourselves to changes our lives and make us successful and happy.
注：1. 第一句as far as與I agree重復，把后半句改為the latter opinion seems more reasonable。
2. architect 建筑師，archor 弓箭手
3. In fact 前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，之前從正面闡述，之后從反面闡述
范文17. My View on Fate （續(xù)）
Let’s take Helen Keller, an extraordinary American woman, for example. When she was only 19 months old, she became blind and deaf. Instead of accepting her misfortune helplessly, she showed great courage and unconquerable spirit in fighting against her destined fate and was awarded the President’s Medal of Freedom in 1964 because of the achievements she had made for helping the blind, the deaf and the speechless. This story tells us that a wise man is always creating his own fate rather than waiting for good luck.
注：1. 本段開始舉例
2. Let's take……for example 中間是插入語，表示強調(diào)，舉例不宜太長。
In conclusion, I believe that everyone is born equal and is the builder of his own fate We can have good fortune only if we take pains and work hard. We should bear the following saying in mind, “Every man is the master of his own fate.”
注：bear sth. in mind：把……牢記在心
范文13. The Way to Success
第二段：Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was such a man. Many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Diligence means steadiness in one’s work and study. Su Qin stabbed himself in order to keep attentive to studies. Marx often worked 15 hours a day. Life is short and we have many things to do. Without diligence no one can achieve anything.
II、社會熱點話題寫作邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)
Paragraph 1: (1) 概括性的引出要評論的事物或觀點（general）；
(2) 具體描述這個事物或者觀點（或者是我對這個現(xiàn)象/ 事物的基本看法specific）。
Paragraph 2: (1) 作者對該現(xiàn)象貨問題的基本看法，即文章的論點句；
(2) 支持性的細節(jié)分論點（至少兩點）；
(3) 本段總結(jié)（可以省略）。
Paragraph 3: (1) 總結(jié)全文，定下結(jié)論（通常為我的對策或看法）。
四級作文試題2000年1月
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance my College Education. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 上大學的費用（tuition and fees）可以通過多多種途徑解決。
2. 哪種途徑適合我（說明理由）。
How I Finance My College Education
How I Finance My College Education

第一段：首先，應該是用一種描述性的語言引出討論的重點：
Nowadays/ At present/ Currently/ These days/ Today, tuitions and fees for college students are 【more expensive】 much higher than ever before. How to finance my college education has become a matter of concern.
第二段：有多種的方法，例如：1.向父母; 2.銀行貸款 3.打工掙錢
第二段主題句：There are many ways to support my college education financially./ Ways to support my university study financially vary greatly/ are various.
第二段分寫：
In the first place, I can get/ gain/ obtain all the money from my parents.
In the second place, I can apply for/ ask for a bank loan, especially set up/ established for college students/ undergraduates.
What’s more, I can find a part time job to earn enough money.
第三段：我所贊同的方法（闡述原因，為何不選其他的方法）。
Personally/ As far as I’m concerned/ In my opinion/ From my point of view/ To my way of thinking/ As I see it, I prefer the bank loan for the following reasons.
For one thing, my parents are not rich enough to afford me.
For another, I will not have enough time and energy to study after finishing my part-time/ temporary/ odd jobs.
In addition, I believe I can hunt a rewarding/ dream job after graduation, and then I will be able to pay off/ pay back/ return/ give back.
Therefore /So /Hence,.....
使文章富有表現(xiàn)力的手段：
1、使用有難度的詞匯；
2、使用形容詞修飾名詞，用副詞修飾動詞或整個句子；
3、使用被動語態(tài)；
4、使用倒裝句；(not only... but also...；only...)
5、盡可能地使用名詞，而不是習慣中的動詞和形容詞。
綠化我們的城市
第一段：
近年來，隨著工商業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，許多大城市中樹木的數(shù)量大幅度降低。人們作出各種努力防止樹木被砍伐，但是，認識到綠化城市也同樣重要。
普通版
Recently, with the development of businesses and industries, more and more trees have disappeared in big cities. We have tried our best to prevent people from cutting trees. But, it is important to realize to make our cities green.
潤色版
In contemporary society, while our industries and businesses have experienced a(n) rapid/ fast/ amazing/ marked/ fantastic development, the number of trees in many large cities has declined/ decreased/ reduced sharply/ dramatically. Although remarkable efforts have been exerted to prevent more trees from being cut, the realization of making cities greener is still of great importance.
注：區(qū)分industry 和 industrial
綠化我們的城市（續(xù)）
第二段：
綠化城市會帶來很多好處。其一，綠化城市能夠凈化空氣?？茖W研究已經(jīng)證明樹木通過吸收作用可以降低大氣中碳化合物的含量。其二，它能夠美化城市。到處是花草樹木，我們會欣然地感到自己置身于美麗的花園中。最后，綠化城市能夠帶來大量木材，這是解決自然資源短缺的有效辦法。
普通版
There are many advantages in making cities greener. First, it makes our air clean. Scientific research has proved that trees can reduce a great amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through absorption. Second, it adds to the beauty of our cities. With trees and flowers everywhere, there is a pleasant feeling that we live in a beautiful garden and are closer to nature. Finally, it will bring us a lot of timber. And this is an effective way to solve the problem of lack of natural resources.
潤色版
What benefits can the program of making cities greener bring to us? First, the air will be cleaner. Scientific experiments have already proved that trees can reduce air pollution by producing a lot of oxygen. This will improve the quality of the urban environment. Second, our cities will look more beautiful. Just imagine the city which is full of trees and flowers. What an attractive garden it is! What’s more, by making cities greener, we can provide our industry with timber the precious natural resources.
綠化我們的城市（續(xù)）
第三段：
綠化城市需要全國人民共同努力，人們不僅要廣泛認識到城市綠化對城市環(huán)境的貢獻，還應該同心協(xié)力栽植更多的樹木并保護它們不受商業(yè)使用的侵犯。
普通版
Making cities greener requires people’s efforts all over the country. And people should not only realize that it is important to make cities greener for its contribution to urban environment, but also plant trees and protect them from being used in business.
潤色版
Making cities greener requires more than widespread awareness; it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers.
(Making cities greener requires the whole nation’s efforts. And not only should most people gain the awareness of the significant contribution of making cities greener to urban environment, but also make a commitment to the protection of more trees against business.)
句型變化
A. (1) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees along the streets. (3) There is a clean river in the city. (4) There are many fishes in the river. (5) There are willow trees on the one side. (6) There are some pieces of grassland on the other side. (7) There are many flowers on them.
B. (1) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we have made our cities greener. (2) Green trees line the streets. (3) A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. (4) On the one side stand rows of willow trees. (5) On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.
1. There be...
1) a. There are fewer and fewer citizens who like to see films.
b. Films are now losing their appeal for many citizens.
2) a. There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages.
b. Housing shortages become the source of great complaint.
2. If
1) a. If you compare the two methods carefully, you will find the difference.
b. Careful comparison of the two methods will show you the difference.
2) a. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good result.
b. The application of book knowledge alone will not bring you good result.
3) a. If there is no pollution, man can certainly survive.
b. Man can certainly survive in the world where there is no pollution.
3. In order to
1) a. In order to prevent the problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an immediate step.
b. An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve.
2) a. In order to build a stable and prosperous nation, people should make new efforts.
b. New efforts will bring ...
4. More and more
1) a. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV.
b. People in ever increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV.
2) a. More and more people who become more and more rich can afford a motorcycle.
b. The growing number of people who become increasingly rich can now afford a motorcycle.
3) a. More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.
b. Teenage smoking is on the rise/ increase/ decrease/ decline in recent years.
4) a. More and more teachers are needed with the development of economy.
b. There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy.
5) a. More and more trees have disappeared in the city.
b. There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city.
社會熱點話題
寫作練習：Jobs for Graduates
1)大學生難找工作
2)原因很多
3)解決的辦法
With the fantastic development of modern society, people in ever increasing numbers have access to tertiary education （高等教育）. As a result, job-hunting is now becoming headache for most graduates.
范文23：Nowadays, college graduates come to realize that it is not easy to get a rewarding job. Most/ Many of them can not get a job right after graduation.
The job market for college students/ graduates is getting tighter and tighter. According to a survey, only 80% of college graduates of the class of 2002 found jobs the year they graduated, compared with 95% in 2000. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get jobs?
第二段細節(jié)論證
分析原因：
1、Among the most convincing/ important reasons given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for this problem/ phenomenon, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned...
2、One may regard/ see/ view/ think of the trend/ increase/ phenomenon as a sign of/ result of/ response to/ reaction to ...
3、The increase/ change/ failure/ success in ... mainly/ largely/ partly results from/ arises from is due to/ owing to/ attributable to the fact that/ several factors ...
Several years ago, many students were enrolled in/ admitted to/ taken in/ matriculated popular major, so that the supply is superior to/ outweigh/ exceeds the demand. Many graduates are reluctant to work in the remote areas/ western provinces/ developing areas/ less developed country. Graduates without working experiences are now losing their appeal for many international cooperations, such as ...
國家制定法律法規(guī)
個人接受教育
III、圖表題（table, bar graph, pie chart, line graph）
圖表題的寫作邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：
Paragraph I:（1）概括描述圖表：趨勢描寫；
（2）具體描述圖表：必要數(shù)據(jù)支持（細節(jié)性）。
Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和觀點（本段主題句）；
（2）細節(jié)性分論點（主要是原因，用于支持自己的觀點，至少兩點）。
Paragraph III:（1）預測未來和提出解決方法；
（2）總結(jié)全文和表達作者自己觀點
【標題】Changes in People’s Diet
Directions: Write a three-paragraph composition to:
1. State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years.
2. Give possible reasons for the changes.
3. Draw your own conclusion.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
【短文】Changes in People’s Diet
In the past five years there have been many changes in people’s diet. Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role, while the proportion of some high-energy foods, such as milk and meat, has increased.
What has caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First, people now have more money. The price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain, so in the old days people couldn’t afford them. Now they have enough money to buy both meat and milk. Second, people nowadays pay more attention to the elements of their diet. They look for a well-balanced diet that will be good for their health.
In short, there have been changes in people’s diet in the past five years because of financial and health reasons, and there will be further changes in the future

【修改版】
As can be seen from the table, the past five years has witnessed dramatic changes in people’s diet. Grain, as the staple food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet, while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased.
There are two factors leading to the change. For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living. In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of the family income. But now people have enough money to taste a rich verity of foods. For another, people of today attach more attention to nutrition. They are not merely content to fill the stomach. They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.
In a word, with people’s standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.
圖表題的適用句型：
1. As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram, ...
2. The chart/ graph shows/ displays that ...
3. As can be shown in the table ...,
4. The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that ...,
5. It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table that ...
V、諺語格言題邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)
Paragraph I：（1）點明要闡釋的諺語或名言（ general ）；
（2）用自己的話解釋這一諺語或名言的意思，有時有正反兩面的邏（specific ）。
Paragraph II：（1）作者對該諺語或名言的觀點態(tài)度，即文章的論點句；
（2）支持性的細節(jié)分論點，舉例子論證（至少兩點，有時有正反兩面的邏輯）；
Paragraph III：總結(jié)全文，定下結(jié)論（通常為闡明其現(xiàn)實或更深遠意義）。
Practice Makes Perfect
Practice is the key to success in all fields of activity. It is practice alone which enables us to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something perfectly without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.
【改寫為】An English proverb says/ One of the greatest men once remarked/ Nearly every civilization has its own equivalent to the proverb: "Practice makes perfect". It means that/ In other words, it is practice alone which enables us to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.
Practice Makes Perfect（續(xù)）
Take the study of English for example. Only practice can enable us to spell words correctly and master the rules of grammar. And it is only through practice that we can become fluent in speaking and writing, there is no other way. Another good example is sports. Practice is the only way to become stronger and run faster. Besides, in team games practice is what improves our sense of cooperation and helps the team to win.
【改寫為】History/ Our society abounds with the examples of "Practice makes perfect". ......（正反兩方面都舉例子） On the other hand/ On the contrary, no practice will only lead us to failure. There is hardly/ scarcely a man who can achieve success without practice. All evidence points to/ justifies/ lends supports to the fact that practice is the key to success in all fields of activity.
舉例一般為：英語學習；體育鍛煉
To sum up, there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice.
【改寫為】For us college students, the saying/ proverb has a profound and realistic significance: there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice
課后復習（self-study Program）
1、課堂講解內(nèi)容：體會用詞藝術(shù)和豐富的句式
2、寫作練習：2002年6月真題（Student Use of Computers）
3、記憶寫作萬能理由和基本表達
4、完型填空練習：完成Passage 1--Passage 3
做題步驟：
（1）通讀全文，了解文章大意；
（2）初選答案（排除法、優(yōu)選法）；
（3）尋找線索；
（4）回頭補缺；
（5）核實答案。
圖表題：2002年6月考題
Topic: Student Use of Computers (at least 150 words)
1、上圖所示為1990、1995、2000年某校大學生使用計算機的情況，請描述其變化；
2、請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機的用途、價格或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）；
3、你認為目前大學生在計算機使用中有什么困難或問題。
2002年6月的圖表題作文：
As is shown by the bar graph, the average number of hours a student in a certain university spends on the computer per week increased dramatically over the period from 1990 to 2000. In 1990, it was less than two hours. And in 1995, it hit/ reach four hours. And in 2000, the number soared to（飛速上升） nearly twenty hours, which is over ten times than that of 1990.
注：soared to/ boom/ shoot up/ rocket/ jump 飛速上升
climb 上升很慢
shrink 下降，縮水
第一段還有一種寫法：……In 1990, the number was less than 2 hours, while the figure hit 4 hours（或者這樣寫：while in 1995,）as compared with that of 1990, it had almost doubled. And what impress us most is that the figure soared to..., which…
Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. A multitude of factors could account for the rise. In the first place, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid development of the internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in remote places through the internet. In the second place, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enable more students to purchase them.

However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers an studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.
IV、書信題的寫作方法：
（一）信封格式：
名字、信箱、地域范圍由小到大，寫在右下角（與我們相反）。
（二）信紙格式：
日期：背月份的縮寫
稱呼（后面的標點是逗號）:Dear Sir or Madam, To whom it may concern,
正文：空4個字節(jié)或者頂格寫，段與段之間空行）
簽名：sincerely yours
書信寫作的五點要求：
1、開門見山說意圖
2、咨詢/ 建議1、2、3、
3、不同內(nèi)容可分段
4、感謝客氣不可少
5、期待回信成老套
（三）開頭段：
1、告知對方你的身份（假如對方不認識你）
Dear Sir/ Mr. Prometheus,
I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department.
/ I am a… at your…
/ I am a … at your college, enrolled in the… course.
/ My name is…, I am…
2、問候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）
Dear Prometheus,
Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going with you?
/ How are you getting on in / getting along with…..?
3、解釋寫信的原因
（1）致謝：
I deeply appreciate your courtesy and I hope to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises.
/ I am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf.
/ Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada.
/ I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for…
/ I would like to thank you most sincerely for…
（2）抱怨：
I am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room.
/ I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at…
/ I wish to make a complaint about…
/ I am writing to draw your attention to….
/ I am afraid I have got a complaint about….
（3）致歉：
I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information regarding the following aspects.
/ I am writing to you because I am unable to….
/ I an terribly sorry that….
/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to….
（4）詢問：
I would like to obtain /request/seek/inquire about some information about…
/ I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.
/ I would like some detailed information on/about….
（四）結(jié)尾段：
1、發(fā)出請求
（1）Please give this matter your immediate attention.
（2）I would very much appreciate it if……as soon as possible.
（3）Please render me some valuable advice which is conductive to my final decision.
2、提供幫助
（1）I hope these……will be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.
（2）……will be taking responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you
3、再次表示歉意或感激
（1）Thank you for your kind assistance.
（2）Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always.
（3）I am sorry that I cannot……, and trust that you will understand.
（4）In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused.
（5）I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.
（6）Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
4、期盼回信：R.S.V.P.
（1）I look forward to your prompt response.
（2）Looking forward to a prompt reply,
（3）I expect to hear from you very soon.
（4）I hope to receive your reply shortly.
（5）I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to this first letter.
書信題范文：2001.6
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter.
Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 100 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese.
1．表示歡迎
2. 提出度假安排的建議
3．提醒應注意的事項
A Letter to a Schoolmate
June 23, 2001
Dear Xiao Wang
Example I:
Dear Xiao Wang,
I am very happy to learn that you are going to visit me during the week-long holiday. My parents will also be happy to see you again. I am sure you will enjoy every minute here.
I know you like swimming. A river lies not far away from my home. We can go swimming there. I think it would be very pleasant and refreshing to swim in such hot summer days. In every big room of my home there is an air-conditioner. We can watch TV, play VCDs or read books very comfortably at home.
A mountain about two miles away from here is beautiful and it is worth touring. We can go there on foot. When we climb to the top of the mountain, we can have a wonderful birds eye view of the whole village.
Just phone me before you set off. There is no need for you to take anything. I’ll prepare everything for you.
I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
Yours,
Zhang Yin
公文信函: 2002.1
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:
A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
假設(shè)你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信，內(nèi)容應涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表揚，可以是批評建議，也可以兼而有之。
January 12th, 2002
Dear Mr. President,
Li Ming
freshman 大一
sophomore 大二
junior 大三
senior 大四
Example II:
Dear Mr. Prometheus,
I am a student at your TOEFL class and I am writing to explain my absence from classes since March 11, 2001.

On March 10, 2001, I was involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. I was transported to the hospital in an ambulance, where I was treated for a broken ankle, fractured collarbone, and 3 bruised ribs. My doctor advised complete bed rest for 6 weeks, and as a result, I have been unable to attend classes since March 11, 2001.

I am concerned about keeping up with my studies, and have been doing the required readings, as assigned by you. My biggest concern is whether I will be able to participate the final class. Would you please advise me regarding my courses, specifically if there will be any special consideration given to me in light of my current situation? Thank you for your kind assistance.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely,
Janet,
Student No…
題型總結(jié)：
對比觀點選擇題：4段
社會熱點話題：3段
圖表題：
書信題：
格言題：
描寫敘述題：
完型填空
做題技巧
（一）Prep Tips for Cloze
I．做題步驟：
1、通讀全文，了解文章大意；文章兩種模式：總分、對比；
2、初選答案（排除法、優(yōu)選法）；
3、尋找線索；
4、回頭補缺；
5、核實答案。
II．出題重點：
1．詞語的辨析：
1）同義詞； 2）反義詞； 3）形近詞；
形近詞舉例：Test 2
... or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A) lying B) laying C) laid D) lied
注：說謊：lie lied lied lying
躺：lie lay lain lying
放置，下蛋：lay laid laid laying
2．邏輯關(guān)系：
1）列舉/種屬關(guān)系：
such…as; especially; in particular; specifically; for example; for instance; likely;
2）因果關(guān)系：
because (for); due to; owing to; thanks to; since; for; as; for the reason that; seeing that;
3）并列/遞進：
besides; likewise; moreover; also; too; what’s more; apart from; except; furthermore;
not noly…but also….; in addition;
4）轉(zhuǎn)折/讓步關(guān)系：
however; but; never the less; nonetheless; whereas; still; though; although; anyhow; anyway; in any case; yet;
5）對比關(guān)系：
by contrast; in contrast; by comparison; like; as…as; on the contrary; conversely; oppositely; ….than….;
邏輯關(guān)系舉例1：Test 4
Sometimes homework is returned 76 brief written comments but without a grade.
76. A) by B) in C) for D) with
邏輯關(guān)系舉例2：Test 2
The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. __71__ these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with __73__ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most _ 75__ one.
71. A) AlthoughB) SinceC) Because D) Therefore
72. A) stableB) splendidC) smoothD) complicated
73. A) littleB) fewC) muchD) many
74. A) selectionsB) separationsC) seriesD) sections
75. A) terribleB) possibleC) enjoyableD) profitable
3．固定結(jié)構(gòu)的識別：提高閱讀的速度、對于內(nèi)容有合理的預期、有利于總體把握文章：
either…or…; neither…nor…; too…to…; so…that…; not…until…; hardly…when…; no sooner…than…; not only…but also…
固定結(jié)構(gòu)舉例：Test 3
76 geography books focus on a small area 77 a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation. Or an 78 continent. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another 79 to divide the study of 80 is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the 81 starts with human beings and 82 how human beings and their environment act 83 each other. but when geography is considered as a single subject, 84 branch can neglect the other.
76. A) SomeB) ManyC) MostD) Few
77. A) outsideB) exceptC) asD) like
81. A) secondB) laterC) nextD) latter
2．搭配：
例如：a. + n.; ad. + v. ; take advantage of….; make use of….等；
3．動詞用法：
1）主謂一致； 2）時態(tài)； 3）語態(tài)； 4）非謂語動詞；
4．介詞用法：
1）介詞與名詞； 2）介詞與動詞； 3）介詞與形容詞；