風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分類

　　小編為大家介紹了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分類，希望對(duì)你有幫助哦!

　　We now turn our attention to the classes into which risk can be placed. This is different from scrutinizing the actual idea of risk, we are now looking at the whole concept of risk and grouping together similar classes of risk. Of the many classes, we will look at three.

　　Financial and non-financial risks

　　A financial risk is one where the outcome can be measure() in monetary terms. This is easy to see in the case of material damage to property, theft of property or lost business profit following a fire. In cases of personal injury, it can also be possible to measure financial loss in terms of a court award of damages, or as a result of negotiation between lawyers and insurers. In any of these cases, the outcome of the risky situation can be measured financially.

　　There are other situations where this kind of measurement is not possible. Take the case of the choice of a new car, or the selection of an item from a restaurant menu. These could be construed as risky situations, not because the outcome will cause financial loss, but because the outcome could be uncomfortable or disliked in some other way. There may or may not be financial implications but in the main the outcome is not measurable financially but by other, more human, criteria.

　　Pure and speculative risks

　　Pure risks involve a loss or, at best, a break-even situation. The outcome can only be unfavourable to us, or leave us in the same position as we enjoyed before the event occurred. The risk of a motor accident, fire at a factory, theft of goods from a store, or injury at work are all pure risks with no element of gain:

　　The alternative to this is speculative risk, where there is the chance of gain. Investing money in share is a good example. The investment may result in a loss or possibly a break-even position, but the reason it was made was the prospect of gain.

　　Fundamental and particular risks

　　Fundamental risks are those which arise from causes outside tile control of any one individual or even a group of individuals. In addition, the effect of fundamental risks is felt by large numbers of people. This classification would include earthquakes, floods, famine, volcanoes and other natural "disasters". However it would not be accurate to limit fundamental risk to naturally occurring perils. Social change, political intervention and war are all capable of being interpreted as fundamental risks.

　　In contrast to this form of risk, which is impersonal in origin and widespread in effect, we have particular risks. Particular risks are much more personal both in their cause and effect. This would include many of the risks we have already mentioned such as fire, theft, work related injury and motor accidents. All of these risks arise from individual causes and 'affect individuals in their consequences.

　　我們現(xiàn)在來(lái)看風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以分成哪些類別。這跟審查風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的真實(shí)含義不同，我們現(xiàn)在看到的是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的整體概念并且是把相似的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)匯集起來(lái)。在這許多種類中，我們將看到三類。

　　財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和非財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

　　財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指后果可以用金錢來(lái)估量的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果財(cái)產(chǎn)遭到實(shí)質(zhì)上的損壞或是遭到偷竊，或是火災(zāi)后商業(yè)利益遭到損失，那是很容易看到的。如果個(gè)人受傷，也可能用金錢來(lái)估量法定的受傷賠償，或者由律師和保險(xiǎn)人進(jìn)行協(xié)商得出一個(gè)賠償金額。無(wú)論是哪種情況，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的后果都可以用金錢來(lái)估量。

　　還有其他一些情況是不可能進(jìn)行這種估量的。比如選擇一輛新車，或者從餐館菜單中點(diǎn)菜。這些可以被認(rèn)為是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的情況，不是因?yàn)槠浜蠊麜?huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，而是因?yàn)槠浜蠊赡茉谄渌矫孀屓擞X得不舒服或者是不喜歡。這可能會(huì)牽涉到聲錢，也可能不會(huì)，但總的來(lái)說(shuō)，后果不是用金錢而是用其他更具人情味的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)估量的。

　　純粹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和投機(jī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

　　純粹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括損失或者充其量是收支相抵的情況。其后果只能對(duì)我們不利，或者讓我們處于跟事件發(fā)生前一樣的情況下。車禍、工廠的火災(zāi)、商場(chǎng)貨物的偷竊、或者是工傷，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都是不能獲利的純粹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　與之相對(duì)的是投機(jī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是有可能獲利的。股票投資就是一個(gè)很好的例子。這種投資可能有損失或者可能收支相抵，但是投資的目的是為了獲利。

　　基本風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和特定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

　　基本風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指那些由超出個(gè)人甚至是群體的原因引起的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而且很多人都能感受到基本風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括地震、水災(zāi)、饑荒、火山及其他自然災(zāi)難。然而，把基本風(fēng)險(xiǎn)局限于自然危險(xiǎn)是不準(zhǔn)確的。社會(huì)變革，政治干涉和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都可以被認(rèn)為是基本風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　與這種非人為而有廣泛影響的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)的，我們說(shuō)是特定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。特定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在起因和影響兩方面都更加與人相關(guān)。它包括我們已經(jīng)提到過的很多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，例如火災(zāi)、偷竊、工傷以及車禍。所以這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由個(gè)人引起并且最終影響到個(gè)人。