英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識入門教程
英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識入門教程
下面是學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的基礎(chǔ)知識哦，來學(xué)習(xí)下吧！
英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識入門教程
音 標(biāo)
學(xué)習(xí)提示：
在我們開始學(xué)習(xí)英語語音音標(biāo)之前，有一點大家要記?。翰灰噲D用漢語普通話的近似的音去代替英語的音標(biāo)。例如，有人把英語字母“n’'念成“恩”，用漢語的“e”來代替英語的[e]，把字母f、m、x分別念成“愛弗”、“愛木”、“愛克斯”。這是一種很壞的習(xí)慣，它使你永遠(yuǎn)也學(xué)不到純正的英語發(fā)音。記住，英語的音標(biāo)跟漢語的音標(biāo)缺乏可比性。例如，英語的單元音有十二個之多，而漢語只有六個。即使是兩者相似的音，它們在發(fā)音的口型、音的長短上都有差別。
音素分類：
英語的音標(biāo)共有48個，其中元音音標(biāo)20個，輔音音標(biāo)28個。相信大家對它們都不陌生了，在正式開始音標(biāo)學(xué)習(xí)之前，讓我們再來熟悉一下這48個音標(biāo)。
元音
1、單元音 前元音：[i] [i:] [e] [?]
中元音：[?:] [?] [?]
后元音：[a:] [?] [?:] [u] [u:]
2、雙元音 合口雙元音：[ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
集中雙元音：[i?] [ε? ] [u?]
輔音
1、爆破音 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
2、摩擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] [r]
3、破擦音 [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] [t?] [d?]
4、鼻音 [m] [n] [?]
5、半元音 [j] [w]
6、舌側(cè)音 [l]
音標(biāo)記憶法：
不要為音標(biāo)的分類名稱操心，你并不需要記住這些名稱;也不要為音標(biāo)的數(shù)目太多而發(fā)愁，照下面的兩個記憶方法去做，你一定能在十分鐘內(nèi)將所有的英語音標(biāo)記住。
一、元音分組記憶法：將元音音標(biāo)分成四個大組和四個單個，幫助記憶。
1、四大組
第一組 第二組 第三組 第四組
[i] [i:] [i?] [ei] [ai]
[?] [?:] [?u] [ε?]
[u] [u:] [u?] [au]
[?] [?:] [?i]
記憶竅門：
第一組為“基本型”;第二組為基本型的“延長型”;在基本型后加長音符號;第三組為基本型的“前置型”;第四組為基本型的“后置型”。
2.四單個：一座山[?]，一朵花[?]，一個[e]，一個[a:]
二、輔音成對記憶法：將輔音分成十對和八個單個，幫助記憶。
1.十對
爆破組 摩擦組 破擦組
[p] [b] [f] [v] [ts] [dz]
[t] [d] [θ] [e] [tr] [dr]
[k] [g] [s] [z] [t?] [d?]
[?] [?]
記憶口訣： 十對的輔音清、濁成對，每對的發(fā)音部位相同。
2.八單個：[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l] [h]
記憶口訣：三鼻音[m] [n] [n], 兩半元[w] [j] , 一個[r]，一個[l]，還有一個[h]。
音節(jié)
一、定義：一個元音音素(雙元音為一個音素)為一個音節(jié)。
1、[ai] [n?u] [st?nd] [ti:t?] 均為單音節(jié)。
2、['mi:t?] ['reiz?] 均為雙音節(jié)。
3、['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]均為多音節(jié)。
二、音節(jié)的劃分：
1、每兩個元音之間有一個輔音，該輔音歸后。如：['mi:t?] ['reiz?]
2、每兩個元音之間有兩個輔音，則前后各一個。如：['men??nd] ['f?ktri]
3、每兩個元音之間有三個及以上的輔音，依次讀出其本身的發(fā)音即可。如：
['empti]
簡記為：一歸后，二分手。
試讀：[steid] ['a:ft?] ['men??nd] ['f?ktri] ['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]
三、開、閉、r音節(jié)：
1、開音節(jié)，又分絕對開音節(jié)和相對開音節(jié)。
絕對開音節(jié)：以發(fā)音的元音字母結(jié)尾的音節(jié)。如：no，we.she。
相對開音節(jié)：以元音字母+輔音字母(r除外)+不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的音節(jié)。如：these，those，page，life，use。
2、閉音節(jié)：以一個或幾個輔音字母(r除外)結(jié)尾，而中間只有一個元音字母的音節(jié)。如：bad，desk，sit，long。
3、，元音字母+r，即 ar er ir or ur
4、元音字母在重讀開音節(jié)、重讀閉音節(jié)和r讀音節(jié)中的讀音。
元音字母在重讀音節(jié)中的讀音
字母 開音節(jié) 例詞 閉音節(jié) 例詞 r音節(jié) 例詞
A [ei] name [?] bag [a:] car
E [i:] these [e] pen [?:] her
I [ai] bike [i] his [?:] girl
O [?u] no, note [?] not [?:] for
U [ju:] student [?] bus [?:] nurse
由上表可見：元音字母在重讀的開音節(jié)中就讀字母本身的音。(注意：一切規(guī)律都不能包羅萬象，如，不符合此規(guī)律的詞有come, love 等等)
句子成分與句子
第一章 句子成分
構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。英語句子主要成分有主語、謂語、表語、賓語、狀語、補足語和定語。
1、主語
主語是一個句子的主體，是句子所要說明的人或事情，表示句子描述的是“誰”“什么”。主語一般位于陳述句句首，但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中主語位于謂語后面。
能作主語的有名詞類(含代詞、數(shù)詞);非謂語(含不定式、ing 分詞)、從句。
1)名詞類
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科學(xué)家。
We often speak English in class.我們經(jīng)常在課堂上說英語。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.這個班1/3的學(xué)生是女生。
2) 非謂語
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一門外語是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸煙有害健康。
3)從句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我們什么時候進行英語測驗還沒有決定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否參加我們的討論是很重要的。
2、謂語
謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。只有動詞在句中才能作謂語，一般放在主語之后。
1)簡單謂語
由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨練習(xí)跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到達(dá)桂林。
2)復(fù)合謂語
(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成
You may keep the book for two weeks.這本書你可以借兩周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把這本雜志拿出閱覽室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒，必須去看醫(yī)生。
3、表語
表語用來說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞(如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之后。
能作表語的有名詞類(含代詞、數(shù)詞);形容詞;非謂語動詞(含分詞、不定式、動名詞;介詞短語、副詞及從句。
1)名詞
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航員。
2)形容詞
The weather has turned cold.天氣變冷了。
3) 非謂語動詞
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英語。
The speech is exciting.這演講激動人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的愛好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老師對我的英語口語很滿意。
4)介詞短語
The machine must be out of order.這機器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反對我們的計劃。
5)副詞
Time is up.The class is over.時間到了，下課。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父親不在家，他出去了。
6)從句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.實際情況是他從未出過國。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我們什么時候開運動會。
4、賓語
賓語表示及物動作的對象或承受者，用于回答謂語“誰”和“什么”，一般位于及物動詞后面。但英語介詞后也要求用賓語。
可充當(dāng)賓語的內(nèi)容和主語一樣。
1)名詞類
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他們昨天去看了展覽。
We should learn from him.我們應(yīng)該向他學(xué)習(xí)。
2)非謂語類(不定式、ing 分詞)
He pretended not to see me.他假裝沒有看見我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜歡聽流行音樂。
3)從句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我認(rèn)為他稱職。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他問我班上誰的發(fā)音最好。
5、補語
補語用于補充說明主語或賓語。補語通常由形容詞、名詞或其他相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任。補語可分為賓語補足語和主語補足語。
1)賓語補足語：
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她為出席那個會議的代表團團長。(名詞)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信這故事是真的。 (形容詞)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
醫(yī)生建議她臥床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他們看見她進書店了。 (分詞短語)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子們看到風(fēng)箏越飛越高。 (副詞)
You should put your books in order.
你應(yīng)該把書擺整齊。 (介詞短語)
2)主語補足語：含賓語補足語的句子改成被動語態(tài)時，原賓語和賓語補足語便分別成為主語和主語補足語。
We found him working in the office.(在此主動句子中working是賓補)
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正在辦公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被動句子中working是主補)
他被發(fā)現(xiàn)在辦公室工作。
6、定語
用來修飾、說明、限定名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。
可充當(dāng)定語的有形容詞;非謂語類(含不定式，ing 分詞和ed 分詞);名詞類(含代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞所有格);介詞短語、副詞和從句。
單個詞作定語通常位于所修飾的詞之前，但短語、從句作定語時通常位于所修飾的詞之后。
1)形容詞
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美麗的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未來展現(xiàn)在我們眼前。
2) 非謂語類
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢樓將是我們的學(xué)校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中國是一個發(fā)展中國家，美國是一個發(fā)達(dá)國家。
3)名詞類
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我們學(xué)校有30名女教師。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我們班三十多個學(xué)生讀過這本書。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.瑪麗的父母出國了。
4) 介詞短語
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在讀一篇有關(guān)如何學(xué)習(xí)英語的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿紅衣服的那個姑娘是誰?
5)副詞(多位于被修飾詞之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧鬧聲使他轉(zhuǎn)過身來。
The man in the room below is friendly.樓下房間的那人很友好。
6)從句
There is nothing that worries him.沒有什么事使他煩惱。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我將記住第一次遇見她的那一天。
7、狀語
修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。
可充當(dāng)狀語的主要有副詞、介詞短語、非謂語類和從句。
1)副詞
Light travels most quickly.光傳播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到處都能見到工廠和建筑物。
2)介詞短語
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties，we went on with our work.
盡管有困難，但是我們?nèi)岳^續(xù)工作。
3)非謂語類
The box is too heavy for me to lift.這個箱子太重，我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房間里做一架飛機模型。
Not knowing what to do，he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么辦好，就去問老師。
Encouraged by the teacher，I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老師的鼓勵下，我決心把英語學(xué)好。
4)從句
Once you begin，you must continue.一旦開始，你就得繼續(xù)下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
為了趕上其他人，我必須更努力學(xué)習(xí)。
狀語的種類
1)時間狀語
How about meeting again at six? 6：00再見面怎樣?
2)原因狀語
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨，她昨晚沒有去參加舞會。
3)條件狀語
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨，我將到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard，you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力，你就可以在英語方面取得很快的進步。
4)地點狀語
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3樓。
Where there is water，there is life.有水的地方，就有生命。
5)方式狀語
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把雞蛋放在籃子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用這種方式極大地改善了他的英語口語。
6)伴隨狀語
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她進來時手里拿著一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老師走了進來，后面跟著一群學(xué)生。
7)目的狀語
In order to catch up with the others，I must work harder.
為了趕上其他人，我必須更努力學(xué)習(xí)。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一個朋友。
8)結(jié)果狀語
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累極了，立刻就睡著了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我們到了那兒只發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個空房間。
9)讓步狀語
She works very hard though she is old.
雖然她年紀(jì)大了，但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come，you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么時候來，都?xì)g迎。
10)程度狀語
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
聽了英語的故事，他們深受感動。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意見。
11)比較狀語
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English，the better I’ll be.我越多講英語，就講得越好。
句子成分練習(xí)
指出下列句中畫線部分的詞性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner.
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician.
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed.
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back.
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second.
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is，she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane.
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema.
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand.
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion.
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree.
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot.
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一節(jié) 簡單句
簡單句的五種基本句型
英語句子的主要特征是：是句子就必須含有主、謂。英語簡單句有以下五種基本句型。
1.主語+系動詞+表語(簡稱，主系表)
系動詞+表語構(gòu)成名詞性合成謂語;可作表語的有名詞、名詞所有格、代詞主格或賓格、名詞性物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞、動詞不定式和從句等。
She is a student.(名詞)她是個學(xué)生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是個聰明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介詞短語)她樣子象她母親。
The film is moving.(現(xiàn)在分詞)這影片令人感動。
This shirt is not yours，but hers.(名詞性物主代詞)
這件襯衫不是你的，是她的。
2.主語+不及物動詞(簡稱，主謂)
The sun rises.太陽升起來了。
He has just come.他剛來。
3.主語+及物動詞+賓語(簡稱，主謂賓)
We love our motherland.我們熱愛祖國。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚飯后讀報。
I like swimming.我喜歡游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想當(dāng)醫(yī)生。
4.主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(簡稱，主謂雙賓)
直接賓語和間接賓語又叫雙賓語。直接賓語指物，間接賓語指人。二者沒有邏輯的主謂關(guān)系。要求跟雙賓語的動詞可分為兩類：
(1)give，show，send，pass，hand，lend，post，serve，read，take，write，tell，teach.return，wish，allow，offer，promise，throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借給她一本小說。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
請把你的照片給她看看。
(2)buy，do, make，find，build, choose，cut，draw, earn，gather，paint，pick, prepare get，order，sing，spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母親給她買了一條紅裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 請幫個忙。
5.主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓補(簡稱，主謂復(fù)合賓)
有些動詞帶一個賓語意思不完整，還需要一個賓語補足語進一步說明，意思才完整。賓語+賓語補足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。賓語和賓語補足語之間有邏輯的主謂關(guān)系。雙賓語之間則沒有邏輯的主謂關(guān)系。
可作賓語補足語的詞類有：名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和介詞短語。
常見的要求帶賓補的動詞有：make，elect，choose，call，name，leave，find, keep, think, set, let，see，show，ask，tell，invite，want，wish，advise，get，force，oblige，allow，permit，like，encourage，order，expect，prefer，hate，persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名詞)父母給她取名瑪麗。
Do you find life hard here?(形容詞)你感覺這兒的生活艱苦嗎?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副詞)我很高興你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力勸他不要這樣做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不帶to 的不定式)我突然感到氣氛緊張起來。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他離開房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他們受到這樣好的待遇，我很高興。
另外，有些動詞要求用it作形式賓語，名詞或形容詞作賓補，如：make，find，feel，think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容詞)我覺得有必要談?wù)勎业囊庖姟?/p>
思考題
1、什么叫雙賓語?
2、什么叫復(fù)合賓語?
3、雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語有什么區(qū)別?舉例說明。
練習(xí)題：說出系列各句分別是哪種句型;如果含有賓補，請劃出作賓補的詞語。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing.
2、She is deeply moved.
3、What I want is this.
4、She is out.
5、Her job is looking after the children.
6、I hope that you can often write me letters.
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine.
8、She offered an old man her seat.
9、She wrote a letter to me.(她寫了封信給我。)
10、She wrote a letter for me.(她替我寫了封信。)
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs.
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before.
15、He kept you wait a long time.
16、They invited me to attend the party.
17、They made Smith the president of the University.
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority.
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano.
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二節(jié) 并列句
并列句包括兩個或兩個以上并列而又相互獨立的簡單句。其結(jié)構(gòu)為“簡單句+連詞+簡單句”或中間由“;”連接。
1、表示延續(xù)、并列關(guān)系的連詞有and(同，和)，so(所以，因此)，for, therefore(因為，所以)，not only…but(also)(不僅……而且)，neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如：
We help them and they help us.
我們幫助他們，他們幫助我們。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作，所以他近來取得了很大進步。
I think，therefore I exist.
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them.
她不僅自己編劇本，還飾演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
他既不會講英語，也聽不懂英語。
2、表示兩者之間選擇其一常用的有or(或者，否則)，otherwise(否則)，or else(否則)，either…or(不是……就是)。如：
Either he is to blame or I am.
不是他該受責(zé)，就是我該受責(zé)。
You must go to work or/or else/otherwise you’ll lose your job.
你得去上班了，要不然就要失去這份工作了。
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有but(但是)，yet(然而)，still(仍然)，however(然而)，while(而，可是另一方面)，whereas(而，反過來)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old.
他七十多歲，但看上去一點兒也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艱苦訓(xùn)練，然而仍未達(dá)到自己的最佳狀態(tài)。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我愛喝清咖啡而他喜歡加奶油的。
第三節(jié) 復(fù)合句
復(fù)合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成。從句包括名詞性從句(主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句)、狀語從句和定語從句。 如：
What he said is true. 他所說的是真的。(主語從句)
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我沒聽見他說的什么。(賓語從句)
The question is who will go there. 問題是誰愿意去那里。(表語從句)
I was about to leave，when the telephone rang.
我正準(zhǔn)備離開，電話響了。(狀語從句)
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 這是我昨天買的書。(定語從句)
名詞性從句、狀語從句和定語從句三大從句的具體用法下面我們要分別具體解釋。
練習(xí)：判斷下列句子是并列句還是復(fù)合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head，and you’11 find the answer.
3. Do what you’ve been told，otherwise you will be punished.
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong，while his brother is weak.
6. He got up early，(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus.
7. He knew what he wanted，however，he didn’t know how to get it.
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
10. She is weak, while his son is strong.
11. Though he is old，(yet)he works very hard.
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
13. I am sure that we can get there on time.
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green.
17. He doesn’t smoke，neither/nor does his brother.
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四節(jié) 名詞性從句
一、 定義
首先，請同學(xué)們說出下列句各中劃線詞的詞性及語法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
結(jié)論：它們都是名詞，在句中分別做主語、表語和賓語。即在英語中名詞的主要作用是做主語、表語和賓語。
然后，我們一起分析下列各句中劃線部分的語法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
結(jié)論：它們分別做主語、賓語和表語。均起到了一個名詞的作用。再者，劃線部分本身就是一個句子，故在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句統(tǒng)稱名詞性從句。
二、分類
請重讀上述例句并依據(jù)它們在全句中的作用，說出它們具體的從句名稱。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
結(jié)論：在復(fù)合句中起主語作用的從句稱為主語從句;
起____作用的從句稱為賓語從句;
起表語作用的從句稱為____從句;
名詞性從句分三類：主語從句;賓語從句和表語從句。
三、連詞
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞有三類：
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句);as if(主要用于引導(dǎo)表語從句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主語從句
that引導(dǎo)的主語從句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一種習(xí)慣，把that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句用it來代替它，即it做形式主語，把做真正主語的主語從句放在主句之后。如：
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例：
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-詞和how 引導(dǎo)的主語從句
(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh開頭，故統(tǒng)稱wh-詞)
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意：1. that在主語從句中不起任何語法作用，但不能省略。
2. if 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。
賓語從句
它可以作動詞謂語的賓語，也可作非謂語動詞、某些介詞和某些形容詞的賓語。
that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
I am sure that we can get there on time.
由that引起的賓語從句在意思上相當(dāng)于陳述句，此時that?？墒∪?，但在以下幾種情況下，that不可省。
1)that從句被短語，詞組等與謂語動詞分隔開時，that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen.
(此句中that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句被詞組once again與主句隔開，因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see，I believe, that Mike was terrified.
(句中I believe為插入語，故that不可省)
2)當(dāng)連接兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句時，第二個從句及以后的連接詞that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether，if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
I don，t know if/whether he has ever been to New York.
I wonder whether he can speak German or not.
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引導(dǎo)賓語從句的，一般情況下whether，和if可互換。但在下列情況下whether和if不可換用。
1)whether之后可緊跟or not或構(gòu)成whether.. .or not結(jié)構(gòu)，if后一般不能緊跟or not,但可構(gòu)成if...or not結(jié)構(gòu).
I wonder whether/if Mr.Smith has arrived or not.
I wonder whether or not Mr.Smith has arrived.(不可用if代替)
2)當(dāng)賓語從句是否定句時，只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile.
3)當(dāng)該賓語從句為介詞賓語時，只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not.
4)當(dāng)賓語從句中出現(xiàn)了并列連詞or構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，只可用whether而不可用if.
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
wh-詞和how 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意：1. 整個復(fù)合句是疑問句時，其中的賓語從句應(yīng)用陳述句的語序。
2. 當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)時，賓語從句的謂語應(yīng)用過去相應(yīng)的時態(tài)。(表示真理的和客觀事實的除外)
表語從句
that引導(dǎo)的表語從句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引導(dǎo)的表語從句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-詞和how 引導(dǎo)的表語從句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考題
1.主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句為什么統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句?
2.that 引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句有什么異同?
3.whether 和if 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的區(qū)別是什么?
4.在賓語從句中，哪幾種情況that不能省略?在語序和時態(tài)方面應(yīng)注意什么?
練習(xí):
一、找出下列各復(fù)合句中的從句并說明是什么從句，且口譯全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man.
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet.
7. You may take whatever you like.
8. He told me where he had been.
9. I know when we will take off for London.
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11.
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question.
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher.
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired.
19. I want to know what has happened to her.
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting.
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow.
22. I was surprised at what you said.
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、單項選擇
1.Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B.that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D.whom is that gentleman
2.Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D.where can I get to
3.Ask her _____ come with me.
A. if she will B.if will she
C.whether will she D.will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here.
A.what B. how C.it’s D.that
5.They have no idea at all ______ .
A. where he has gone B.where did he go
C. which place has he gone D.where has he gone
6._____ he said is true.
A. What B.That C.Which D.Whether
7._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A.That B. What C.Which D.This
8.They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D.how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______.
A.what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B.The person C. Whoever D.Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A.When B.What C. That D./
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A.If B. Whether C. Even if D.No matter when
13._____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A.How B.That C.Which D. What
14. ______ that there is another good harvest this year.
A.It says B. It is said C.I was said D.He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____.
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C.would be built at once D. could be built next year
16.It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A.makes B.is making C. should be made D.will be made
17._____ was quite helpful.
A. What they advised me to do B.That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D.All what they advised me to do
18._____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19.The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties.
A.what B. how C.that D.which
20.Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ .
A. as it used to be B.what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D.that it used to be
21.Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A.that, that B. what, what
C.what, that D. that, what
22.He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.which B. that C.when D.so that
23.The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker.
A.what B.which C. that D.why
24.I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25.I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A.how B.what C.that D. why
26.Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B.that she is honesty
C. she is honest D.is she honest
27.He _____ you are not going abroad.
A.surprised that B. is surprised that
C.surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you.I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C.will take D.take