高一英語(yǔ)完形填空解題方法
高一英語(yǔ)完形填空解題方法
大家上高一這么久，對(duì)于英語(yǔ)完形填空有什么特別的解題技巧嗎?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高一英語(yǔ)完形填空解題技巧，供大家參閱!
高一英語(yǔ)完形填空解題技巧
完形填空主要測(cè)驗(yàn)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力，包括基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的掌握和運(yùn)用，對(duì)整個(gè)文章邏輯聯(lián)系的理解能力，在情景中辨析詞義的能力以及詞組短語(yǔ)搭配的使用能力。
1、利用邏輯關(guān)系語(yǔ)，定位相關(guān)選項(xiàng)
邏輯關(guān)系語(yǔ)指表示各種邏輯意義的連句手段，主要有：
表示列舉的連詞: first, second, third…;firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude…
表示原因的連詞: because, since, as, now that…
表示結(jié)果的連詞: so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result
表示讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever
表示對(duì)照的連詞: on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely
表示補(bǔ)充的連詞: also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also…
表示時(shí)間順序的連詞：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once
表示目的的連詞: that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that
表示條件的連詞: if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that)
邏輯關(guān)系語(yǔ)對(duì)準(zhǔn)確理解語(yǔ)篇意義能夠起到很強(qiáng)的提示作用。完形填空中很多題目都圍繞它們而設(shè)?？忌诮忸}時(shí)要充分利用這些邏輯關(guān)系語(yǔ)，找到與文中某些詞、短語(yǔ)有密切關(guān)系的選項(xiàng)，如其同義詞、近義詞或反義詞等，有時(shí)這些詞、短語(yǔ)甚至復(fù)現(xiàn)在文中。
例 1The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when 46 and in her dreams. (07全國(guó)卷I)
46. A. asleep B. away C. around D. awake
本句的邏輯關(guān)系語(yǔ)是both ... and ...，它表示并列關(guān)系。and后出現(xiàn)了in her dreams，故此空必定和其有關(guān)。選項(xiàng)中只有awake和in her dreams構(gòu)成反義關(guān)系，因此D項(xiàng)正確。
例 2 Before leaving, I had turned the heater 48 in the roadhouse, so that when we went in, it was nice and (湖北卷)
48. A. on B. off C. in D. over
49. A. neat B. hot C. warm D. attractive
本句的邏輯關(guān)系語(yǔ)是so that和and。連詞and表并列關(guān)系，但要注意，nice and后接形容詞或副詞，大多意為“很”，如：The room is nice and warm. 這個(gè)房間很暖和。The breeze is nice and cool. 這陣微笑很涼爽。The car is going nice and far. 這輛轎車跑得很快，因此49 選C;so that表因果關(guān)系，根據(jù)句意“為了我們進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)室內(nèi)很溫暖”，只有turn on the heater才合乎邏輯，因此48選A。
技巧小試：
1. ... those challenges are the very things that us and make us who we are ... (山東卷)
37. A. design B. promote C. direct D. shape
2. It’s a little funny seeing friends in clean shoes and trousers or colorful , instead of the usual school uniform.
36. A. shapes B. dresses C. flowers D. pictures
3. “You need ,” his father said. “But if you don‘t work hard, no fortune will come.” (遼寧卷)
36. A. exercise B. fortune C. knowledge D. wealth
答案： DBB
2、通曉上下文意，注意習(xí)慣搭配
詞匯的習(xí)慣用法或固定搭配，特別是動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、介詞等的搭配在完形填空題中出現(xiàn)的比例很大。如果考生在備考時(shí)對(duì)常用的習(xí)慣用法或固定搭配能牢固地掌握，并在解題時(shí)靈活運(yùn)用，就能達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。
例A young man, wet from 42 to toe, explained that he had 43 out of petrol about 30 km up the road.
42. A. finger B. shoulder C. head D. hand
43. A. driven B. used C. come D. run
本句中兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)都是固定搭配。第一個(gè)from head to toe/foot意為“ 從頭到腳，全身上下”;第二個(gè)run out of意為 “用完，耗盡”。答案分別為C和D。
例 Java began to enjoy one of the years greatest event: “the Night of the Full Moon”, a festival that is especially popular young people.(安徽卷)
44. A. for B. to C. with D. in
be popular with為固定詞組，意為“受„„歡迎”。其它選項(xiàng)均不能和popular構(gòu)成固定搭配，故答案為C。 技巧小試
1. He tried to a telephone call, but was unable to (浙江卷)
31. A. make B. fix C. use D. pick
32. A. get on B. get up C. get through D. get in
2. He got good grades in the school, especially biology and chemistry, which was a great comfort.(重慶)
43. A. in B. about C. of D. for
答案：ACA
高一英語(yǔ)完形填空解題方法
(一) 詞匯分類
可以單元或模塊為單位，把其中的近義詞，反義詞等歸類，這樣就能使學(xué)生在遇到有同義反復(fù)或絕對(duì)矛盾題型時(shí)，更快地找到正確的答案。 如在Book 1里就有這樣一些近義詞或詞組：opinion, view; destroy, damage; as if, as though; be concerned about, care about; right away, at once 等。反義詞或詞組有：generous, mean; selfish, selfless; equal, unfair; be fond of, be tired of; think highly of, think little of等。
(二) 句子銜接
注意句子和句子之間的銜接，可應(yīng)用不同的連接詞連接相同的兩個(gè)句子，觀察其產(chǎn)生的意義有何不同。在平時(shí)的閱讀中也可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生善于發(fā)現(xiàn)句子和句子或段落和段落之間的連接詞，并適時(shí)對(duì)連接詞進(jìn)行總結(jié)和歸類。例如：
表示并列的有：and, too, what’s more, in addition, as well as等;
表示因果的有：beacause, since, so that, therefore, as a result等;
表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊挠校簑hile, however, on one hand…on the other hand等; 表示總結(jié)的有： all in all, in a word, in conclusion等。
明白了句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，學(xué)生就能更快地理解文章的主旨，也能從細(xì)節(jié)中更有把握地推斷出一些有用的信息。
(三) 講究策略
做完形填空的速度不能太慢，一般要在8分鐘內(nèi)完成，否則有可能會(huì)造成后面的試題來(lái)不及做。那些平時(shí)習(xí)慣于逐個(gè)單詞閱讀的學(xué)生，容易造成思維中斷，不能快速把握文章的主旨，因此教師要幫助其糾正這種不良的閱讀方法和習(xí)慣。良好的閱讀習(xí)慣不僅要求學(xué)生快速把握文章大意，也要求其在閱讀過(guò)程中注重細(xì)節(jié)，特別要正確把握反映作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的細(xì)節(jié)。教師可以通過(guò)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)反映細(xì)節(jié)的文字加以理解與概括，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析、概括、演繹和歸納的能力，從而達(dá)到既不忽視文章細(xì)節(jié)，又能正確把握文章中心思想的能力。有了良好的閱讀技能，學(xué)生不僅能在做完形填空時(shí)游刃有余，而且還能從整體上提高英語(yǔ)考試的成績(jī)。
高一英語(yǔ)完形填空解題秘訣
一. 閱讀技能與試題設(shè)計(jì)
2003年頒布的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》明確提出“高中階段要著重提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息和處理信息，分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力”，這就要求學(xué)生要不斷地提高相應(yīng)的閱讀技能。新課標(biāo)規(guī)定的閱讀技能測(cè)試要點(diǎn)如下：
1. 理解主旨大意;
2. 尋讀具體信息;
3. 理解細(xì)節(jié);
4. 根據(jù)上下文提供語(yǔ)境推測(cè)生詞詞義，進(jìn)而加深對(duì)文段的理解;
5. 簡(jiǎn)單的判斷和推理;
6. 理解文段的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu);
7. 理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度;
8. 理解文段的文化信息。
測(cè)試方式共有11種，而其中的完形填空也是歷屆高考必有的題型之一，所占分值比例較大，并且由于在試卷中所處的位置較前，因此如何能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)更好的完成這類試題對(duì)考生的影響較大：完形填空做得好，則考生對(duì)后面的試題就越有信心。
二. NMET 2008(浙江卷)完形填空
NMET 2008(浙江卷)完形填空所給的短文是以作者的父親給他童年生活帶來(lái)的愛(ài)與歡樂(lè)而展開(kāi)的回憶與聯(lián)想。試題原文如下：
In the depths of my memory, many things I did with my father still live. These things come to represent, in fact, what I call __21__and love.
I don’t remember my father ever getting into a swimming tool. But he did __22__the water. Any kind of __23__ride seemed to give him pleasure. __24__he loved to fish; sometimes he took me along.
But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did. I liked being __25__the water, moving through it, __26__it all around me. I was not a strong __27__, or one who learned to swim early, for I had my __28__. But I loved being in the swimming pool close to my father’s office and __29__those summer days with my father, who __30__ come by on a break. I needed him to see what I could do. My father would stand there in his suit, the __31__person not in swimsuit.
After swimming, I would go __32__ his office and sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk, where he let me __33__anything I found in his top desk drawer. Sometimes, if I was left alone at his desk __34__ he worked in the lab, an assistant or a student might come in and tell me perhaps I shouldn’t be playing with his _35__. But my father always __36__and said easily, “Oh, no, it’s __37__.” Sometimes he handed me coins and told me to get __38__ an ice cream…
A poet once said, “We look at life once, in childhood,; the rest is __39__.” And I think it is not only what we “look at once, in childhood” that determines our memories, but __40__, in that childhood, look at us.
21.A. desire B. joy C. anger D. worry
22.A. avoid B. refuse C. praise D. love
23.A. boat B. bus C. train D. bike
24.A. But B. Then C. And D. Still
25.A. on B. off C. by D. in
26.A. having B. leaving C. making D. getting
27.A. swimmer B. rider C. walker D. runner
28.A. hopes B. faiths C. rights D. fears
29.A. spending B. saving C. wasting D. ruining
30.A. should B. would C. had to D. ought to
31.A. next B. only C. other D. last
32.A. away from B. out of C. by D. inside
33.A. put up B. break down C. play with D. work out
34.A. the moment B. the first time C. while D. before
35.A. fishing net B. office things C. wooden chair D. lab equipment
36.A. stood up B. set out C. showed up D. turned out
37.A. fine B. strange C. terrible D. funny
38.A. the student B. the assistant C. myself D. himself
39.A. memory B. wealth C. experience D. practice
40.A. which B. who C. what D. whose
相對(duì)于科技類文章而言，這篇敘述性的完形填空是比較簡(jiǎn)單的，但由于考查的內(nèi)容除對(duì)文章主旨的理解外還涉及到細(xì)節(jié)的判斷和推理，這正是這類題型的難度所在之處。
三. 完形填空解題技巧
現(xiàn)以NMET 2008(浙江卷)完形填空為例，筆者愿與大家一起探討從中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些解題技巧。
(一)前后呼應(yīng)法
做完形填空時(shí)，要始終抓住文章本身，聯(lián)系“雙語(yǔ)境”來(lái)判斷，既大語(yǔ)境——全文中心和基調(diào)，小語(yǔ)境——空格前后句子所構(gòu)成的語(yǔ)境;再根據(jù)前有伏筆后有呼應(yīng)的思路來(lái)做題。如：
第21題 B，根據(jù)后面作者所回憶的事情來(lái)判斷，他的父親帶給他的應(yīng)是愛(ài)與歡樂(lè)，所以選B:joy ，而其他選項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有給出相應(yīng)的事情來(lái)呼應(yīng)。
第22題 D, 由這一段的最后一句“he loved to fish;”及第三段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did.”可知父親喜歡水及一些水上活動(dòng)。因此第23題也就能很快找到正確答案是A: boat。 第30題 B，由后面兩句可得知父親會(huì)在休息時(shí)過(guò)來(lái)看“我”，特別后面提到“My father would stand there in his suit, ” 同樣這兒用would更合理。
第32題 D，這一段是講作者在游泳后到他父親的辦公室里玩耍。與后面的“sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk”相呼應(yīng)。
第33題 C，與35題所在的句子“--- perhaps I shouldn’t be playing with his _35__.”相呼應(yīng)，因此35題的答案也能從33題“--- where he let me __33__anything I found in his top desk drawer.”中推斷出是C。
第38題 C，由文章大意可知道父親應(yīng)是十分愛(ài)“我”的，所以有時(shí)還會(huì)給“我”錢買冰淇淋吃。這是與文章的大語(yǔ)境相呼應(yīng)的。
第39題 A，作者認(rèn)為不僅是我們童年所看到的事物決定了我們的記憶，而且還包括那時(shí)關(guān)愛(ài)我們的人。所以詩(shī)人所說(shuō)的“the rest”就應(yīng)該是memory與下一句的“determines our memories”相呼應(yīng)。
(二)But 轉(zhuǎn)折法
在完形填空題中，but 一詞前后通常會(huì)設(shè)題。文中一出現(xiàn)but，應(yīng)該馬上想到前后語(yǔ)意有轉(zhuǎn)折，只要知道其中一方的語(yǔ)意，就可以推出另一方的意思，所以在做題時(shí)，遇到類似but的詞，如：however, nevertheless, whereas, yet等，也可以同樣處理，以便于從文中找到解題的依據(jù)。仍舊以NMET 2008(浙江卷)完形填空為例：
第25題 D，由這一段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, he way my father did”.及后面的“moving through it,”可知“I liked being in the water.”
第37題 A, 當(dāng)父親的學(xué)生或助手認(rèn)為“我”不應(yīng)該玩他辦公室里的東西時(shí)，父親卻總是輕松地表示沒(méi)有關(guān)系。所以第37題答案很明顯是A : fine。
以下就筆者在2008年第一學(xué)期從事高一英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐過(guò)程中遇到的完形填空為例，發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他一些解題技巧。
(三)絕對(duì)矛盾法
絕對(duì)矛盾法是從選項(xiàng)著手分析，若四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是絕對(duì)矛盾和對(duì)立，那么正確選項(xiàng)大多在這兩個(gè)對(duì)立項(xiàng)之間產(chǎn)生。二者必居其一.至于究竟是兩者中的哪一個(gè)，則需要進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。例如在《浙江省湖州中學(xué)教學(xué)講義高一英語(yǔ)模塊一、二》(2008，9)第120頁(yè)，完形填空第二段：
Most computers have a memory(存儲(chǔ)器). They can work millions of times ___3____ than man. That means information can be put in ___4____ and be taken out any time when needed.
第3題的選項(xiàng)分別是A.slow B. slower C. fast D. faster
據(jù)觀察應(yīng)選用比較級(jí)，所以先排除A和C，在根據(jù)后面的一句及我們的常識(shí)可知，電腦的工作效率要比人快，所以在B，D這兩個(gè)對(duì)立項(xiàng)中，自然就可以很輕松地把正確答案D選出來(lái)了。
又如第90頁(yè)的完形填空：
The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders of the world, was enlisted in the World Heritage in 1987. Just ___1__ a dragon, it winds its way from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2000 years. Some sections are now in ruins or even entirely___2___ .
第2題的選項(xiàng)分別是A.appeared B. missed C. went D. disappeared
顯然A和D 是對(duì)立項(xiàng)，根據(jù)題意可知長(zhǎng)城的一些部分已經(jīng)破敗不堪，甚至完全消失，故答案就是D. disappeared 。 《高中學(xué)習(xí)叢書(shū)英語(yǔ)高一(Book1,2)》第101頁(yè)的完形填空中有一部分是這樣的：
Jazz is America’s contribution to ___5___ music. Compared to classical music, which __6__ formal European traditions, jazz is a free form.
第5題的選項(xiàng)分別是A.classical B. scared C. popular D. light
其中A與C相對(duì)立，通過(guò)后一句“Compared to classical music,”可知正確選項(xiàng)為C。
(四)同義復(fù)現(xiàn)法
同義復(fù)現(xiàn)是英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的一種現(xiàn)象。為強(qiáng)調(diào)某一意思，但又不想重復(fù)使用某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)。在完形填空題中，同義詞或同義短語(yǔ)的位置多半比較靠近，很容易找到，所以同義復(fù)現(xiàn)法是很好的解題技巧。無(wú)須過(guò)多的推理，只需確定是哪里使用了同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，然后從選項(xiàng)中找出與之相符合的一項(xiàng)即可。
如2007學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期末考試樣卷(湖州市)高一英語(yǔ)完形填空的第三段：
That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his ___45___ of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote his dream in great detail and __46__ drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch __47__ the locaion of everthing important there.
第45題的選項(xiàng)分別是A. mind B. chance C. goal D. design
正確答案C：goal與下一句中的dream同義，并且結(jié)合上下文得出他寫(xiě)了37頁(yè)紙來(lái)描述他自己的目標(biāo)，也就是他的夢(mèng)想。
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