動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別

　　動(dòng)詞不定式：(to)+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。

　　1、不定式的形式：

　　主 動(dòng) 被 動(dòng)

　　一般式 To write to be written

　　進(jìn)行式 to be writing /

　　完成式 to have written to have been written

　　否定式：not + (to) do

　　1)一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，

　　例如：

　　I’m glad to meet you.

　　He seems to know a lot.

　　We plan to pay a visit.

　　He wants to be an artist.

　　The patient asked to be operated on at once.

　　The teacher ordered the work to be done.

　　2)進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：

　　The boy pretended to be working hard.

　　He seems to be reading in his room.

　　3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：

　　I regretted to have told a lie.

　　I happened to have seen the film.

　　He is pleased to have met his friend.

　　2、不定式的句法功能：

　　1)作主語(yǔ)：

　　To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

　　To lose your heart means failure.

　　動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用形式主語(yǔ)it作形式主語(yǔ)，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：

　　It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

　　It means failure to lose your heart.

　　2)作表語(yǔ)：

　　Her job is to clean the hall.

　　He appears to have caught a cold.

　　3)作賓語(yǔ)：

　　常與不定式做賓語(yǔ)連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語(yǔ))后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)(不定式)后置，放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面，例如：

　　Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

　　動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，如：

　　I have no choice but to stay here.

　　He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

　　動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問(wèn)詞連用，如：

　　He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

　　4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：

　　在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ): want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

　　此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)連用，如：

　　With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.

　　有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, 如：

　　I saw him cross the road.

　　He was seen to cross the road.

　　5)作定語(yǔ)：

　　動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：

　　A)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：

　　I have a meeting to attend.

　　注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：

　　He found a good house to live in.

　　The child has nothing to worry about.

　　What did you open it with?

　　如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：

　　He has no place to live.

　　This is the best way to work out this problem.

　　如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：

　　Have you got anything to send?

　　Have you got anything to be sent?

　　B)說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：

　　We have made a plan to finish the work.

　　C)被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)：

　　He is the first to get here.

　　6)作狀語(yǔ)：

　　A)表目的：

　　He worked day and night to get the money.

　　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

　　注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要一致：

　　wrong： To save money, every means has been tried.

　　right: To save money, he has tried every means.

　　wrong： To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

　　right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

　　B)表結(jié)果：

　　He arrived late to find the train gone.

　　常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：

　　I visited him only to find him out.

　　C)表原因：

　　They were very sad to hear the news.

　　D)表程度：

　　It’s too dark for us to see anything.

　　The question is simple for him to answer.

　　7)作獨(dú)立成分：

　　To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

　　8)不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。

　　If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.

　　9)不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。

　　He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

　　(二)動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。

　　1、動(dòng)名詞的形式：

　　語(yǔ) 態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　一般式 doing being done

　　完成式 having done having been done

　　否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞

　　1)一般式：

　　Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。

　　2)被動(dòng)式：

　　He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。

　　3)完成式：

　　We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。

　　4)完成被動(dòng)式：

　　He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過(guò)。

　　5)否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞

　　I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒(méi)聽(tīng)他的勸告。

　　6)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動(dòng)名詞

　　He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮巍?/p>

　　His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語(yǔ)給他帶來(lái)許多麻煩。

　　2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：

　　1)作主語(yǔ)：

　　Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。

　　Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。

　　當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。

　　It’s no use quarrelling. 爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。

　　2)作表語(yǔ)：

　　In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。

　　3)作賓語(yǔ)：

　　They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩。

　　We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。

　　注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it，例如：

　　We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。

　　要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：

　　enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認(rèn))，deny(否認(rèn)), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險(xiǎn)), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

　　4)作定語(yǔ)：

　　He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒(méi)有拐杖不能走路。

　　Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎?

　　5)作同位語(yǔ)：

　　The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。

　　His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收聽(tīng)收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。

　　1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：

　　動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的

　　不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的

　　2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。

　　3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：

　　1　stop to do　　　　　stop doing

　　2 forget to do　　　　 forget doing

　　3　remember to do　　　remember doing

　　4 regret to do　　　　 regret doing

　　5 cease to do　　　　 cease doing

　　6 try to do　　　　　　try doing

　　7　go on to do　　　　 go on doing

　　8 afraid to do　　　　 afraid doing

　　9 mean to do　　　　　 mean doing

　　10 begin/ start to do　 begin/ start doing

　　11　interested to do　　interested doing