高考英語語法填空代詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)與非謂語動(dòng)詞之分詞表
高考英語語法填空代詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)與非謂語動(dòng)詞之分詞表
英語中的代詞,按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞和替代詞十種。 小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料,希望能幫助到您。
高考英語語法填空代詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)
定義 代詞(pronoun)是代替名詞的詞:
代詞在句子中的功用
a)和名詞一樣,可作主語、賓語和表語。b)有些代詞和形容詞一樣,可作定語。如:
a) I am reading The Arabian Nights.我在讀《天方夜譚》。(作主語)
This is John Smith speaking.(打電話用語)我是約翰·史密斯。(作主語)
Can I help you?我能幫你的忙嗎?(作賓語)
That's all.我的話完了。(作表語)
b)His father is an eye-doctor.他父親是個(gè)眼科醫(yī)生。(作定語)
All men are equal.所有的人都是平等的。(作定語)
3)格的變化 有些代詞有格的變化,如 I 我(主格),me我(賓格),Who誰(主格),whom誰(賓格)。某些代詞有所有格,如whose誰的,other's別人的,somebody's某人的,one's一個(gè)人的。
4)單復(fù)數(shù)形式 有些代詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式。少數(shù)代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式和名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化規(guī)則相同,如one-ones,other-others。其他如人稱代詞、物主代詞、自身代詞和指示代詞等,其復(fù)數(shù)形式與此不同,須個(gè)別記憶。
5)有或沒有冠詞 代詞之前一般不用冠詞,只有少數(shù)例外。如:the other,the others,a few,a little等。
種類
英語有下列幾種代詞:
1)人稱代詞(personal pronoun)
a)主格:I,he,she,it,we,you,they.
b)賓格:me,him,her,it,us,you,them.
2)物主代詞(possessive pronoun):
a)形容詞性物主代詞:my,his,her,its;our,your,their.
b)名詞性物主代詞:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs.
3)自身代詞(self-pronoun):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,oneself.
4)相互代詞(reciprocal pronoun):each other,one another.
5)指示代詞(demonstrative pronoun):this,that,these,those,such,same.
6)疑問代詞(interrogative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,what.
7)關(guān)系代詞(relative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,that.
8)不定代詞(indefinite pronoun):some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,anybody,anyone,no,nothing,nobody,no one,every,everything,everybody,everyone,each,much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.
人稱代詞概說
表示"我',、"你"、"他"、"我們"、"你們"、"他們"等的詞,叫做人稱代詞。
人稱代詞的用法
1)人稱代詞主格的用法
a)作主語
I am a cook.(炊事員) We are cooks,
You are a teacher.(教師) You are teachers.
He is a barber.(理發(fā)員) The yare barbers.
She is a nurse.(護(hù)士)The yare nurses.
It is a cart.(大車) They are carts.
b)作表語
It's I .是我。 Oh,it's you. 噢,是你。
[注一]第一人稱單數(shù)人稱代詞I (我)永遠(yuǎn)要大寫。(見上面例句)
[注二]口語習(xí)慣上不說it's I (he, she等),而說It's me (him,her等)。
2)人稱代詞賓格的用法
a)作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語
The dog bit him.那只狗咬了他。
Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.我們的體育老師昨天教我們游泳。
This is my new hat. Do you like it ?這是我的新帽子,你喜歡嗎?
b)作介詞的賓語
My brother often writes tome.我弟弟常給我寫信。
They took good care of us.他們無微不至地照料我們。
3)人稱代詞的其他用法 各人稱代詞除按照自身的人稱、數(shù)和格使用外,還有下列一些特殊用法:
a)報(bào)刊的編輯和文章的作者,在發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)時(shí),常用we代替I (同樣用our代替my)。如:
We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.我們相信中國的造船業(yè)將會(huì)有更大的發(fā)展。
In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我們認(rèn)為這是今年最好的影片。
b)用she來代替國家、城市、船舶、飛機(jī)以及動(dòng)物等,以表示親切和愛撫。如:
That's the picture of the Dongfeng; she is a 10,000 - ton class ocean - going freighter.那是萬噸遠(yuǎn)洋貨輪東風(fēng)號(hào)的照片。
The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.那狗看見主人就搖尾巴。
c)北有時(shí)可用來代替小孩(child)和嬰兒(baby)。如:
The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩見到母親就笑了。
d) they可用來代替一般的人,特別在"they say"中。如:
They say there's going to be another good harvest this year.人們說今年又是個(gè)豐收年。
物主代詞概說
表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。
物主代詞的用法
1)形容詞性物主代詞用作定語
I love my work in the hospital.我喜歡我在醫(yī)院的工作。
How many students are there in his (her) class?他(她)班上有多少學(xué)生?
There are many good teachers in our school.我們學(xué)校有許多好老師。
I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains.
我上星期六看了一個(gè)電影,名叫《平原游擊隊(duì)》。
2)名詞性物主代詞用作主語、賓語和表語
a)用作主語:
Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我們的房間在一層,他們的在二層。
Ours is a socialist country.我們的國家是社會(huì)主義國家。
b)用作賓語:
I didn't borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.我沒有借她的字典,我借的是他的。
c)用作表語:
Whose pencil is this?-It is hers.這是誰的鉛筆?
--是她的。
These tools are ours.這些工具是我們的。
[注]"of+名詞性物主代詞"和2.12的"of+名詞所有格"的用法完全一樣。如:
a friend of mine我的一個(gè)朋友(表示部分觀念,意即我有不少朋友,他(她)是其中之一)
this lovely child of yours你的這個(gè)可愛的孩子(有感情色彩)
自身代詞概說
表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回射到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)或強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做自身代詞。
自身代詞的用法
1)在句中作賓語,表示動(dòng)作回到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的本身。如:
Please help yourself to some lea.請(qǐng)自己用茶。(作help的賓語)
The girl is too young to look after herself.這女孩太小,還不能照顧自己。(作look after的賓語)
He was always ready to help others; he never thought of himself他總是幫助別人,從不想到自己。(作thought of的賓語)
2)在句中作名詞或代詞的同位語,用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣,作"親自"、"本人"解。它在句中可置于名詞、代詞之后,也可置于句子末尾。如:
You yourself said so.你自己是這樣說的。
The desk itself is not so heavy.書桌本身并不重。
I fixed the window myself.這窗戶是我自己裝的。
相互代詞
表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。
相互代詞的用法
1)作賓語。如:
Do you often see one another?你們彼此常見面嗎?
New and old students learn from each other.新老同學(xué)相互學(xué)習(xí)。.
John and Tom helped each other.約翰和湯姆相互幫助。
2)作定語時(shí)須用所有格。如:
We are interested in one another's work.我們關(guān)心彼此的工作。
The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework.學(xué)生相互改作業(yè)中的錯(cuò)誤。
Students cut each other's hair.同學(xué)們相互理發(fā)。
3)each和other有時(shí)可分開用。如:
Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.兩個(gè)人都彼此勸說對(duì)方留在家里。
指示代詞概說
表示"這個(gè)"、"那個(gè)"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念的代詞叫做指示代詞。
指示代詞有:this這個(gè),that那個(gè),these這些,those那些,it那個(gè),這個(gè),Such如此的,如此的事物,same同樣的,同樣的事物。
指示代詞this,these,that,those在句中的功用
指示代詞this,these,that,those在句中的用法相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞,可用作主語、表語、賓語和定語。如:
This is a plane,這是一架飛機(jī)。(作主語)
Oh,it's not that.噢,問題不在那兒。(作表語)
How do you like these?你喜歡這些嗎?(作賓語)
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.這是一本關(guān)于中醫(yī)的書。(作定語)
指示代詞ins,these,that, those的其它用法
1)This (these)常用來指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物,that(those)則常用來指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。如:
This is a sickle and that is an axe.這是一把鐮刀,那是一把斧子。
These days are cold.這些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里,窮人生活很苦。
2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過的事物,this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。如:
I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.我傷風(fēng)很厲害,所以我沒有來。
Those two statements are not true.那兩種說法是不真實(shí)的。
What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要說的是:語音在英語學(xué)習(xí)中非常重要。
chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words:"A great life A glorious death"毛主席用下面的話表彰劉胡蘭:"生的偉大,死的光榮。"
3)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到過的名詞,??捎胻hat或those代替。如:
The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈陽的氣候跟北京的一樣好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.這個(gè)縣1987年的糧食產(chǎn)量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.南京出產(chǎn)的電視機(jī)和上海的一樣好。(those代替television sets)
4)This和that有時(shí)作狀語用,表示"程度",意謂"這么"和"那么"。如:
The book is about this thick.那本書大約有這么厚。
I don't want that much.我不要那么多。
It指人時(shí)亦用作指示代詞。指示代詞it在漢語中不必譯出。
如:
Who is it?――it's me.是誰?--是我。
Oh, it's you,Lao Wang.哦,是你呀,老王。
Such和same也是指示代詞,其單、復(fù)數(shù)的形式相同。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米鳎?/p>
1)定語
The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外賓說他們從來沒有看過這樣美麗的城市。
We are not talking about the same thing.我們談的不是一回事。
[注] such作定語時(shí),它所修飾的名詞之前如有不定冠詞,這個(gè)不定冠詞應(yīng)放在Such之后,如上面第一例。
2)相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
Such were his words.這就是他講的話。(作主語)
The same can be said of the Other article.另一篇文章也是同樣情況。(作主語)
Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么,就從抽屜里拿吧。(作賓語)
His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表語)
[注]注意在same之前一般須用定冠詞the。
疑問代詞概說
"疑問代詞有who(誰,主格),whom(誰,賓格),whose(誰的,所有格),what(什么)和which(哪個(gè),哪些)等。
疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中
疑問代詞一般都放在句首,并在句中作為某一句子成分。如:
Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天誰來跟我們講話?(who作主語)
Who told you so?是誰告訴你的?(who作主語)
Whom are you talking about ?你們?cè)谡f誰?(whom作賓語,但在句首時(shí)口語常用who代替whom)
Whose umbrella is this ?這是誰的傘?(whose作定語)
What is that? 那是什么?(what作表語)
What did he say?他說什么?(what作賓語)
Which is yours,the blue pen or the redone?藍(lán)筆和紅筆哪一支是你的?(which作主語)
[注一]關(guān)于疑問代詞的各種用法,可參看77.70-77.72。
[注二]疑問代詞who,what,which等后面加單詞ever,可強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣,表達(dá)說話人的各種感情。如:
What ever do you want?你到底想要什么?
Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找誰?
[注三]which表示在一定范圍之內(nèi)的選擇,what則沒有這種限制。如:
What do you usually have for lunch?你們午飯通常吃些什么?
Which do you like best?你最喜歡哪一個(gè)?
Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? 你們同志們中間誰是東北人?
疑問代詞可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)間接疑問句
間接疑問句在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語等。疑問代詞本身在間接疑問句中又擔(dān)任一定的句子成分。如:
Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided.誰將負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作,現(xiàn)在還沒有決定。(疑問代詞who引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句,它本身又在從句中用作主語。)
Do you know what his name is?你知道他叫什么名字嗎?(疑問代詞what引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句,而它本身又在從句中用作表語。)
[注一] what所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(即主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句) 有時(shí)不是間接疑問句。如:
What he says is quite true.他所講的話很對(duì)。(what相當(dāng)于that which。它引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句,這個(gè)從句不是間接疑問句。)
Children do what the nurse tells them to do.保育員讓孩子干什么他們就做什么。(what引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句,這個(gè)從句也不是間接疑問句。)
[注二] whatever,whoever,whichever等詞可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。這些名詞性從句也不是間接疑問句。whatever,whoever,whichever也可引導(dǎo)表示讓步的狀語從句。見15.65和15.72)如:
They eat whatever they can find.他們找到什么就吃什么。(whatever引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句,并在從句中作賓語。)
I've got plenty of books 1eft.Whoever wants an extra copy can get one from me.我還剩下許多書,誰還想再要一本可來拿。(whoever引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句,并在從句中作主語。)
關(guān)系代詞
兩種可用來引導(dǎo)從句并將從句和主句連接起來的代詞
這樣的代詞一方面在從句中用作句子成分,可作主語、賓語、定語等;另一方面又起連詞的作用。這樣的代詞有關(guān)系代詞和疑問代詞兩種。(關(guān)于疑問代詞,見4.18)
關(guān)系代詞概說
關(guān)系代詞有who,whose,whom,that,which等,用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它們?cè)诙ㄕZ從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語或表語;另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞(這樣的名詞和代詞叫做先行詞)。如:
The man who is talking with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist和布朗先生談話的那個(gè)人是個(gè)眼科大夫。(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中用作土語,它的先行詞是man)
He is the comrade whom you have been looking for他就是你要找的那位同志。(關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中作賓語,它的先行詞是comrade,whom在口語中一般可省去)
The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.兒子在海軍的那位老人過去是個(gè)木匠。
(關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中用作定語,先行詞為man)
The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨晚看的那部電影說的是一個(gè)年輕教師的事。(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作賓語,先行詞為film, which在口語中可省略)
This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.這是下午要飛往東京的飛機(jī)。(關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作主語,先行詞為plane)
不定代詞概說
不是指明代替任何特定名詞(或形容詞)的代詞叫做不定代詞。不定代詞有:
some 一些(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))
somebody 某人
someone 某人
something某物,某事
any一些,任何(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))
anybody任何人
anyone任何人
anything任何事物
no 無(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))
nobody無人
no one無一人
nothing無物
all全體,全部
both兩個(gè)
neither沒有人或物(指兩個(gè)當(dāng)中)
none沒有人或物(指兩個(gè)以上)
either任何一個(gè)(指兩個(gè)當(dāng)中)
each每個(gè)
every每個(gè)
everybody每人,大家,人人
everyone每人
everything每一個(gè)事物,一切
other (s)另一個(gè)(些)
another另外一個(gè),又一個(gè)
much很多(不可數(shù))
many很多(可數(shù))
few很少(可數(shù))
a few一些,幾個(gè)(可數(shù))
little很少(不可數(shù))
a little一些(不可數(shù))
one一個(gè)(人或物)
不定代詞的用法
不定代詞大都可代替名詞和形容詞,在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語和定語。如:
1)用作主語
Both of them are waiters.他們倆人都是男侍者。
Is everybody here?人都到了嗎?
2)用作賓語
I know little about the novel關(guān)于這本小說我知道的很少。
I am speaking for myself,not for others.我只代表自己,不代表別人發(fā)言。
I was interested in everything that the old man told me.我對(duì)于這位老人告訴我的一切都感興趣。
3)用作表語
That's all for today. class is dismissed.今天就講這一些?,F(xiàn)在下課。
This book is too much for me.這本書對(duì)我說太難了。
4)用作定語
Study well and make progress every day.好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上。
He has some English books.他有一些英文書。
china will become a powerful modern country in another twenty years.再過二十年中國將成為現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國。
[注]有些不定代詞也可用作同位語和狀語。如:
Wang and Li both made good progress.王和李兩人都有很大進(jìn)步。(同位語)
They all went to the Zoo.他們都去動(dòng)物園了。(同位語)
Are you any good at mathematics?你數(shù)學(xué)好嗎?(狀語)
The meeting lasted some two hours.會(huì)議進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)小時(shí)左右。(狀語)
復(fù)合不定代詞
由some,any,no,every加上-body,-one,-thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞。
1)復(fù)合不定代詞有
a) somebody 某人 someone某人
something某物,某事
b) anybody 任何人 anyone 任何人
anything任何事物
c) nobody 無一人no one無一人
nothing [5nQWiN]無一物
d)everybody,everyone每人,大家,人人
everything每一個(gè)事物,一切
2)復(fù)合不定代詞的用法
a)復(fù)合不定代詞只相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中用作主語、賓語和表語。如:
Everything is made of elements.任何東西都是元素構(gòu)成的。(作主語)
I have got nothing to say.我沒有什么話要說。(作賓語)
something和anything的區(qū)別與some和any的區(qū)別一樣,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑問句或條件狀語從句中。如:
Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I haven't anything to say. (或I have nothing to say.)(或Yes, I have something to say.) 關(guān)于這個(gè)問題,你有什么話要講嗎?--我沒有什么話要講。(我有話要說。)
She told them something about her work.她跟他們談了一些關(guān)于她的工作上的事。(作賓語)
b)復(fù)合不定代詞被形容詞所修飾時(shí),形容詞須放在它們的后面。如:
There is nothing wrong with the lathe.這個(gè)車床沒有毛病。
is there anything important in today's newspaper?今天報(bào)紙上有什么重要消息嗎?
I need somebody strong to help me.我需要一個(gè)體格強(qiáng)壯的人幫助我。
非謂語動(dòng)詞之分詞
名稱 | 語態(tài) | 結(jié)構(gòu)形式 | 時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系 | 舉例 | |
現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 | 一般式 | 主動(dòng) | (not)doing | 與謂語動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作 | Singing a song, he was watching TV. |
被動(dòng) | (not) being done | 與謂語動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 | Being punished, he is crying. | ||
完成式 | 主動(dòng) | (not)having done | 發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作 | Having finished the course, we had an exam. | |
被動(dòng) | (not) having been done | 發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 | Having been warned several times, they became more careful in doing the job. | ||
過去分詞 | (not)done | 1. 可以只表一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作; 2. 可以只表一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作(即發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的動(dòng)作); 3. 可以同時(shí)既表被動(dòng)又表完成的動(dòng)作(即發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的動(dòng)作); | 1. Seen from the hill,the town looks nice.(只表被動(dòng)) 2. The fallen leaves are yellow. (只表完成) 3. The returned books looks new.(既 表被動(dòng)又表完成) |
高考英語語法填空代詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)與非謂語動(dòng)詞之分詞表相關(guān)文章:
1.高考英語復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞詞組及非謂語動(dòng)詞