高二英語(yǔ)必修五知識(shí)點(diǎn)
上了高二，就表示處于一個(gè)中間段，我們更要好好的直面高二的挑戰(zhàn)，認(rèn)清高二，認(rèn)清高二的自己，認(rèn)清高二的任務(wù)，顯得意義十分重大而迫切。小編為你整理了高二英語(yǔ)必修五知識(shí)點(diǎn)，希望對(duì)你的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助!
高二英語(yǔ)必修五知識(shí)點(diǎn)1
【一般過(guò)去時(shí)】
1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的定義
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)候或某一段時(shí)間所發(fā)生了的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。常與過(guò)去時(shí)間yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when – clause, in the past連用。如：
What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么?
I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我會(huì)到了林濤。
I was there a moment ago. 剛才我在那兒。
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：
Liu Ying was in America last year. 劉英去年在美國(guó)。
Jim rang you just now. 吉姆剛才給你打了電話。
(2) 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常接時(shí)間副詞often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如：
We often went out for a walk after supper. 我們過(guò)去常在晚飯后散步。
We usually played together. 我們通常一起玩。
3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求
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一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式，不規(guī)則變化通常需要逐個(gè)記憶，規(guī)則變化則遵循以下原則：
(1) 一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ed。如：play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.
(2) 在以字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，只加-d。如：like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。
(3) 在以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后，則改y為i，再加—ed。如：supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied.
(4) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后，雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ed。如：plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.
4. 特別說(shuō)明
有些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)，如：expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted 等一般過(guò)去時(shí)，后接不定式的完成時(shí);或它們的過(guò)去完成時(shí)接不定式的一般式，都可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望。如：
I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他來(lái)邀請(qǐng)我參加他的婚禮。
I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games. 我本打算參加他們的比賽。
【現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)】
1. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。如：
We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我們等他等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have /has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
3. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段。如：
They have been building the bridge for two month. 兩個(gè)月來(lái)他們一直在修橋。
They have been planting trees this month. 這個(gè)月來(lái)他們一直在植樹。
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，因此，表示動(dòng)作的完成，只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
He has changed his idea. 他改變了想法。
(2) 在表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)時(shí)，雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行。因此在需要明確表示動(dòng)作還要持續(xù)下去時(shí)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
We have been studying here for two years. 我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩年了。
(3) 有些延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等)，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別不大。如：
I have lived here for many years.=I have been living here for many years. 我在這兒住了多年了。
【動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法】
1 系動(dòng)詞
系動(dòng)詞亦稱聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)，作為系動(dòng)詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)(亦稱補(bǔ)語(yǔ))，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。說(shuō)明：有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。例如：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系動(dòng)詞，后跟補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情況。)
He fell off the ladder. 他從梯子上摔下來(lái)。fell是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。
1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。)
2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3)表像系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示"看起來(lái)像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來(lái)很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來(lái)很傷心。
4)感官系動(dòng)詞
感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。
5)變化系動(dòng)詞
這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒(méi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
6)終止系動(dòng)詞
表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意。例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。(turn out表終止性結(jié)果)
2 助動(dòng)詞
1)協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的詞叫助動(dòng)詞。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~。助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用。例如：
He doesn′t like English. 他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。
(doesn′t是助動(dòng)詞，無(wú)詞義;like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義)
2) 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來(lái)：
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國(guó)。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎?
Did you study English before you came here? 你來(lái)這兒之前學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)嗎?
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I don′t like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
3 助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
2) be + 過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
高二英語(yǔ)必修五知識(shí)點(diǎn)2
1. put forward: 提出(計(jì)劃、建議等);將…提前;把鐘表?yè)芸?/p>
e.g. He put forward a good plan for this project. 他為這項(xiàng)工程提出了一個(gè)好的方案。
The match has been put forward to 1:30. 比賽已經(jīng)提前到一點(diǎn)半舉行。
Put the clock forward by ten minutes. 把鐘表?yè)芸焓昼姟?/p>
【詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想】
? put away: 收起來(lái);貯存，儲(chǔ)蓄
? put down: 放下;寫下，記下
? put off: 推遲;延期
? put on: 穿上;增加;上演(戲劇)
e.g. put on weight: 增加了體重
put on a new play: 上演新戲劇
? put up: 張貼;撐開(帳篷)
e.g. put up a poster: 張貼海報(bào)
put up a tent: 搭起帳篷
2. conclude: v. 作結(jié)論，斷定
e.g. The jury concluded that he was guilty. 陪審團(tuán)認(rèn)定他有罪。
conclusion: n. 結(jié)論
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
★ draw a conclusion 作出結(jié)論
3. defeat vt.打敗, 擊敗, 戰(zhàn)勝; 使(希望, 計(jì)劃等)失敗, 挫敗; 阻撓, 使無(wú)效
e.g. He finally conceded defeat. 他最終承認(rèn)了失敗。
◆ 區(qū)別: defeat, conquer, overcome
? defeat 指“贏得勝利”, 尤其指“軍事上的勝利”,
e.g. defeat the enemy 打敗敵人。
? conquer指“征服”、”戰(zhàn)勝”,特別指“獲得對(duì)人、物或感情的控制”,如:
e.g. conquer nature 征服自然。
? overcome指“戰(zhàn)勝”、“壓倒”、“克服”尤指“感情”而言, 如:
e.g. overcome difficulties 克服困難。
4. attend: v.
1) to be present at; go to (meeting, conference, lecture...) 出席;參加
e.g. He decided to attend the meeting himself. 他決定親自赴會(huì)。
2) to look after, care for, serve 照顧;看護(hù)。
e.g. Which doctor is attending to (on) you? 哪位醫(yī)生護(hù)理你?
3)to go with 伴隨
e.g. The work was attended with much difficulty. 這項(xiàng)工作帶來(lái)許多困難。
5. expose...to...
e.g. Don't expose your skin to the sun for too long.
不要使你的皮膚暴露在太陽(yáng)光下太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
They had to be exposed to the enemy's gunfire.
他們不得不冒著敵人的炮火。
6. blame sb. for sth. 因?yàn)槟呈仑?zé)備某人
e.g. He blamed the boy for his mistake.
★ be to blame: 應(yīng)受責(zé)備，應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任
Who is to blame for the mistake?這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)歸咎于誰(shuí)?
7. in addition: 除此之外，另外, 意思相當(dāng)于 besides, what's more
e.g. I paid 100 Yuan in addition. 我又付了 100 元。
In addition to English, he has to study a second language.
除了英語(yǔ)以外，他還要學(xué)習(xí)第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)。
◆ 區(qū)別: in addition to, except, besides,beside
? in addition to：除…之外，還有…，表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。
e.g. The company provided the workers with free lunch in addition to paid holidays. 這家公司為員工們提供帶薪假期，還有免費(fèi)午餐。
? except: 除…之外，表示在整體中排除，
e.g. Everyone except me got an invitation. 除了我以外, 所有人都收到了請(qǐng)柬.
? besides表示“除了……以外，還有……”，與in addition to 同義，
e.g. Besides Mr Wang, we also went to see the film.王先生也去了。
We all agreed besides him.我們都同意, 他也同意。
? beside : 在…旁邊。表示方位。
e.g. Lily sits beside me in class. 莉莉在班上做我旁邊。
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換
1)He speaks French as well as English.
e.g. He speaks French in addition to/besides English.
2) Apart from the salary, it’s not a bad job.
e.g. In addition to/Except the salary, it’s not a bad job.
8. announce: 公布;宣告
e.g. He announced his decision. 他宣布了他的決定。
9. absorb v.
1) 吸收 A sponge absorbs water. 海綿吸水。
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
2)專心于
★ be absorbed in sth: 專心的，全神貫注的
The little girl was absorbed in reading a tale. 這個(gè)小姑娘正在全神貫注的閱讀一篇故事。
10. challenge n.挑戰(zhàn); 挑戰(zhàn)書; 邀請(qǐng)比賽; 要求決斗
vt. 向...挑戰(zhàn), 要求, 懷疑 ; vi. 挑戰(zhàn), 對(duì)(證據(jù)等)表示異議
e.g. meet the serious challenge 面對(duì)嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)
Unit 2:
1. consist of = be made up of 由……組成 (沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí))
e.g. The UK consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
=Great Britain and Northern Ireland make up the UK.
2. 區(qū)別:
? separate ... from (把聯(lián)合在一起或靠近的人或物分離出來(lái))
? divide...into 把…分開 (把整體分為若干部分)
e.g. The teacher divided the class into two groups.
The Taiwan Strait separates Taiwan from Fujian.
3. debate about sth.
e.g. They debate about the proposal for three days.
debate /argue/ quarrel
4. clarify: vt./vi. (cause sth. to )become clear or easier to understand 澄清;闡明;清楚;明了
e.g. I hope what I say will clarify the situation.
Can you clarify the question?
5. be linked to = be connected to /be joined to 連接
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】
★ link A to B 將A和B連接起來(lái)
6. refer to
1)提及，指的是……
e.g. When he said “some students”, do you think he was referring to us?
2) 參考;查閱;詢問(wèn)
e.g. If you don't understand a word you may refer to your dictionaries.
Please refer to the last page of the book for answers.
3) 關(guān)系到;關(guān)乎
e.g. What I have to say refers to all of you.
This rule refers to everyone.
reference: n. 參考 e.g. reference books 參考書
7. to one's surprise (prep)
“to one's + 名詞” 表 “令某人……”
常見的名詞有 “delight, disappointment, enjoyment, astonishment 等
e.g. I discovered, to my horror, that the goods were entirely unfit for sale.
To John's great relief they reached the house at last.
8. ... found themselves united peacefully
“find +賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)( adj; adv; v-ing; pp; 介詞短語(yǔ);不定式)”
e.g. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.
You'll find him easy to get along with.
They found themselves trapped by the bush fire.
When I woke up, I found myself in hospital.
I called on him yesterday, but I found him out.
9. get sth done =have sth done 使某事被做…….
e.g. I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
get + n. + to do
get + n. + doing
You'll get her to agree.
I'll get the car going.
get done: 用于意想不到、突然或偶然發(fā)生，意為“被…….”
e.g. Be careful when you cross this very busy street.
10. break away (from sb / sth) 脫離;破除…
e.g. It is not easy for him to break away from bad habits.
The man broke away from his guards.
break down (會(huì)談)破裂，失敗;(汽車等)出故障;(人的健康狀況)變得惡劣;(情感)失控
e.g. His car broke down on the way to work this morning.
His health broke down under the pressure of work.
He broke down and wept when he heard the news.
Talks between the two countries have completely broken down.
? break in 闖入;打岔
? break off 中斷，折斷
? break into 闖入
? break out 爆發(fā);發(fā)生
? break up 驅(qū)散;分散，拆散
11. as well as 不僅…而且;既…又…
e.g. He is a teacher as well as a writer.
The children as well as their father were seen playing football in the street.
12. convenience: n.方便;便利
e.g. We bought this house for its convenience.
convenient: adj.
13. attraction:
1). 吸引;引力(不可數(shù) n.)
2). 吸引人的東西;喜聞樂(lè)見的東西;精彩節(jié)目(可數(shù) n.)
e.g. attraction of gravitation 重力
He can't resist the attraction of the sea on a hot day.
A big city offers many and varied attractions.
What are the principle attractions this evening?
attract: v.
14. influence
1) v. 對(duì)…產(chǎn)生影響
e.g. What influence you to choose a career in teaching?
2)可數(shù)n. 產(chǎn)生影響的人或事
e.g. He is one of the good influences in the school.
3) (不可數(shù)n.) 影響
e.g. A teacher has great influence over his pupils.
Unit 3:
1. impression n. 印記;印象;感想;后接 of sb./ of sth./ on sb./ that 從句;
e.g. My first impression of him was favourable.他給我的第一印象不錯(cuò)。
I got the impression that they were unhappy about the situation. 我覺(jué)得他們不滿于當(dāng)時(shí)的狀況。
高二英語(yǔ)必修五知識(shí)點(diǎn)3
一、過(guò)去分詞
過(guò)去分詞兼有動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶賓語(yǔ)或受狀語(yǔ)修飾。過(guò)去分詞和賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。這節(jié)課講解作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)的用法。
1. 作定語(yǔ)
作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面;過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：
There are many fallen leaves on the ground.
This is a book written by a worker.
2. 作表語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ),多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。
I was pleased at the news.
The door remained locked.
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，常見的有：delighted, disappointed, astonished, interested, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried, excited, married 等。
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn);被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。
The small village is surrounded by trees.(狀態(tài))
The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.(動(dòng)作)
I'm interested in chess.(狀態(tài))
3. 過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞 when 或 while 來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可用 if 等詞
Heated, water changes into steam.
Given another chance, he will do better.
④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
⑤表伴隨，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。
Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.
The trainer appeared, followed by five little dogs.
倒裝句：
一、here, there, now, then, thus 等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用 be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell. 鈴聲響了。
Then came the chairman. _來(lái)了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
二、否定詞置于句首，句子應(yīng)進(jìn)行倒裝。 neither 放句首
Tod can't swim, neither can I. 托德不會(huì)游泳，我也不會(huì)。
用于 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once, many a time 等詞開頭的句子。
Never shall I go there again. 我再也不去那了。
Little did he know who the woman was.他基本上不知道那女人是誰(shuí)。
Seldom was he late for class.他很少上學(xué)遲到。
用于 no sooner ... than ..., hardly... when... 和 not until... 的句型中
Hardly had I reached the station when the train left. 我剛到車站,火車就離開了。
No sooner had she gone out than the phone rang. 她剛離開,電話就響了。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老師來(lái)，他才完成作業(yè)。
三、用于 only 放句首，修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的句子。
Only in this way can you master English well. 只有這種方法，你才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
Only that time did he do his homework. 直到哪個(gè)時(shí)間，他才做作業(yè)。
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble I was in.
省略句：
一、省略的目的
省略多見于非正式文體，尤其在對(duì)話中，省略是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。英語(yǔ)中的省略一般說(shuō)來(lái)有三個(gè)目的：
1.避免重復(fù)，減少累贅。省略的主要目的是避免重復(fù)，去掉不必要的累贅和繁瑣。
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day.
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't.
(省掉最后九個(gè)詞，句子簡(jiǎn)潔了許多)
2.連接緊密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊 省略也是使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。
John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998.(Bob 后省略了 was the winner，句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較緊湊)
3.強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)，突出信息 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息
Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud.后一分句省略謂語(yǔ) speaks，突出了 too loud)
二、句子成分的省略
為了避免重復(fù)，或者為了使某一內(nèi)容引人注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。
1.省略主語(yǔ)
Beg your pardon.請(qǐng)你原諒。(= I beg your pardon.))
Serves you right. 你活該(= It serves you right.)
2.省略謂語(yǔ)
Anything the matter? 要緊嗎?(= Is anything the matter?)
The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。
(= The river was deep and the ice was thin.)
3.省略表語(yǔ)
Are you ready? Yes,I am.(am 后面省略了表語(yǔ) ready)
4.省略賓語(yǔ)
We have to analyze and solve problems. (analyze 后省略了賓語(yǔ) problems)
Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.(wash 和 dry 后面省略了賓語(yǔ) dishes)
5.省略定語(yǔ)
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved.(the rest 后面省略了定語(yǔ) of the money)
6.省略狀語(yǔ)
(Even)The wisest man cannot know everything.
省略在句子中的應(yīng)用
在一個(gè)句子中，省略可分為依賴上下文省略和不依賴上下文省略兩種。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。
1.簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略
依賴上下文的省略在對(duì)話中最為常用。
Like more beer?(= Would you like more beer?)
—World you mind if I used your telephone?
—Not at all. 一點(diǎn)也不。
(= I do not mind at all.)
—Will he pass this examination?
Probably. 大概會(huì)的。(= He will probably pass the examination.)
不依賴于上下文的省略。
All aboard! 請(qǐng)上船(= All go aboard.省略謂語(yǔ))
Haven't seen you for ages!(省略主語(yǔ) I)
What about having a game of chess?
Sounds like a good idea.
2.并列句中的省略
(=It sounds like a good idea. 省略主語(yǔ))
Everybody appears well prepared.
(= Everybady appears to be well prepared. 省略不定式 to be)
并列句中如果前后分句有相同的部分，常常可以省略掉，以避免重復(fù)。通常被省略的可以是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或其他萬(wàn)分，或句子萬(wàn)分的一部分。
省略出現(xiàn)在后一分句
John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music.(省略主語(yǔ))
省略出現(xiàn)在前一分句
We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will,win tomorrow's match.
我們能夠，而且一定會(huì)在明天的比賽中獲勝。(前一分句省略謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ))
前后兩個(gè)分句都出現(xiàn)省略
They can (pay the full fee ) and (they)should pay the full fee.
復(fù)合句中的省略
在主從復(fù)合句中，活力的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的。
省略主句的句首部分。(I'm)Sorry I couldn't go.
省略整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分(回答問(wèn)題時(shí)常用)。
(It is a)Pity he's failed.
If he says he'll come, he will(come).
3.在一些狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 be，主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，或者主語(yǔ)是 it，常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和 be 省略掉。
以 when, while, once, until 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does.入國(guó)問(wèn)禁，入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。
4.在比較從句中通常把和主句重復(fù)的部分省掉。
省略謂語(yǔ)的全部
James enjoys the theeartre more than Susun.
Tom has as many books as Jack.
省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分
Brown speaks French as fluently as English. (as 后省略了 he speaks)省略表語(yǔ)部分
Mrs White is not so young as she looks.(looks 后省略了 young)
省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的大部分，保留狀語(yǔ)
He is working harder than before.(than 后省略了 he worked hard)
省略主語(yǔ)
He drank a little more than was good for him.(than 后省略了 it)省略賓語(yǔ)
You spent more money than I had expected.(expected 后省略了that you should spend)
省略從句的全部
You are getting slimmer. simmer 后省略了than you were before)
主句和從句中可同時(shí)省略一些成分。
The sooner (this is done), the better(it will be).
【二】
1. consist of = be made up of 由……組成 (沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí))
e.g. The UK consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
=Great Britain and Northern Ireland make up the UK.
2. 區(qū)別:
? separate ... from (把聯(lián)合在一起或靠近的人或物分離出來(lái))
? divide...into 把…分開 (把整體分為若干部分)
e.g. The teacher divided the class into two groups.
The Taiwan Strait separates Taiwan from Fujian.
3. debate about sth.
e.g. They debate about the proposal for three days.
debate /argue/ quarrel
4. clarify: vt./vi. (cause sth. to )become clear or easier to understand 澄清;闡明;清楚;明了
e.g. I hope what I say will clarify the situation.
Can you clarify the question?
5. be linked to = be connected to /be joined to 連接
【習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)】★ link A to B 將A和B連接起來(lái)
6. refer to
1)提及，指的是……
e.g. When he said “some students”, do you think he was referring to us?
2) 參考;查閱;詢問(wèn)
e.g. If you don't understand a word you may refer to your dictionaries.
Please refer to the last page of the book for answers.
3) 關(guān)系到;關(guān)乎
e.g. What I have to say refers to all of you.
This rule refers to everyone.
reference: n. 參考 e.g. reference books 參考書
7. to one's surprise (prep)
“to one's + 名詞” 表 “令某人……”
常見的名詞有 “delight, disappointment, enjoyment, astonishment 等
e.g. I discovered, to my horror, that the goods were entirely unfit for sale.
To John's great relief they reached the house at last.
8. ... found themselves united peacefully
“find +賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)( adj; adv; v-ing; pp; 介詞短語(yǔ);不定式)”
e.g. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.
You'll find him easy to get along with.
They found themselves trapped by the bush fire.
When I woke up, I found myself in hospital.
I called on him yesterday, but I found him out.
9. get sth done =have sth done 使某事被做…….
e.g. I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
get + n. + to do
get + n. + doing
You'll get her to agree.
I'll get the car going.
get done: 用于意想不到、突然或偶然發(fā)生，意為“被…….”
e.g. Be careful when you cross this very busy street.
10. break away (from sb / sth) 脫離;破除…
e.g. It is not easy for him to break away from bad habits.
The man broke away from his guards.
break down (會(huì)談)破裂，失敗;(汽車等)出故障;(人的健康狀況)變得惡劣;(情感)失控
e.g. His car broke down on the way to work this morning.
His health broke down under the pressure of work.
He broke down and wept when he heard the news.
Talks between the two countries have completely broken down.
? break in 闖入;打岔
? break off 中斷，折斷
? break into 闖入
? break out 爆發(fā);發(fā)生
? break up 驅(qū)散;分散，拆散
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