英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)方法
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)方法
如何學(xué)好英文語(yǔ)法?這是困擾初高中、四六級(jí)、考研等各階段英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者的問(wèn)題,。沒(méi)有這種事!小編在這里為大家整理了兩種不同的的英語(yǔ)與法方法,快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
學(xué)習(xí)方法一、
What do you think of when you hear the word 'grammar'? Does it make you think of complicated textbooks, difficult exercises and boring lessons?
當(dāng)你聽(tīng)到“語(yǔ)法”這個(gè)詞時(shí),你會(huì)怎么想?它會(huì)讓你想到復(fù)雜的課本、困難的練習(xí)和枯燥的課程嗎?
For many English learners, the answer is 'yes'.
對(duì)許多英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),答案是“是”。
Some English learners even tell me "I don't need grammar," or "I don't want to study grammar."
一些英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者甚至告訴我“我不需要語(yǔ)法”,或者“我不想學(xué)語(yǔ)法”。
In this lesson, you're going to see first of all what grammar really is and why you need it. Then, I'll share some advice to make it easier for you to learn and use English grammar.
在這節(jié)課中,你將首先看到真正的語(yǔ)法是什么,以及你為什么需要它。然后,我將分享一些建議,讓你更容易地學(xué)習(xí)和使用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。
What is grammar, and why do you need it?
什么是語(yǔ)法,你為什么需要它?
Grammar is how you organise words into a sentence. Every time you put two or more words together, you are using grammar.
語(yǔ)法就是你如何把單詞組織成一個(gè)句子。每次你把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞加在一起,你就在使用語(yǔ)法。
Every time you listen to someone speak, your brain uses grammar to understand the meaning.
每次你聽(tīng)別人說(shuō)話,你的大腦就會(huì)用語(yǔ)法來(lái)理解這個(gè)意思。
From these examples, I hope you can see that grammar is not something abstract or complicated.
從這些示例中,我希望你可以看到語(yǔ)法不是抽象的或復(fù)雜的。
We all use grammar, all day, every day, every time we speak to someone. There's no way to learn a language without thinking about grammar.
我們都在使用語(yǔ)法,整天,每天,每次我們和人進(jìn)行交流。不考慮語(yǔ)法就不可能學(xué)好一門語(yǔ)言。
Learning grammar: form vs. Function
學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法: 形式與功能
To use a grammar point (for example, the present simple verb tense), what do you need to know? In general, to use any grammar correctly, you need to know two things:
要運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)(例如,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)),你需要知道什么?一般來(lái)說(shuō),要正確地使用任何語(yǔ)法,你需要知道兩件事:
• The form: how to use the words in a sentence
• The function: what meaning(s) the grammar expresses
形式:如何在句子中使用這些詞?
作用:這個(gè)(些)語(yǔ)法想表達(dá)什么?
For example, to form the present simple, you need to know several things:
例如,要想形成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),你需要知道以下幾點(diǎn):
• How to make positive sentences for different persons (I, you, he, we, etc.)
• When to add 's' or 'es' to the verb
• How to make negative sentences
• How to make questions
①如何為不同的人(我,你,他,我們等)造肯定句?
?、诋?dāng)把's'或'es'添加到動(dòng)詞時(shí);
?、廴绾卧旆穸ň?
?、苋绾翁岢鰡?wèn)題。
However, forming the grammar doesn't tell you how to use it.
然而,形成語(yǔ)法并不能告訴你如何使用它。
You also need to think about the function of a grammar point: what meanings can it express? The present simple can be used to express many different meanings, including regular actions, facts, or future events on a timetable.
你還需要考慮一個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的功能:它能表達(dá)什么意思?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以用來(lái)表達(dá)許多不同的意思,包括定期的行動(dòng),事實(shí),或者在時(shí)間表上的未來(lái)事件。
Learning grammar: theory vs. Practice
學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法: 理論與實(shí)踐
When studying grammar, you also need a balance between theory and practice. You need to understand the rules, but you also need to spend time practising them and using them.
在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法時(shí),你也需要在理論和實(shí)踐之間找到平衡。需要了解規(guī)則,但是也需要花費(fèi)時(shí)間來(lái)練習(xí)和使用它們。
For example, studying rules, reading about grammar, or doing simple exercises are theoretical.
例如,學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)則、閱讀語(yǔ)法或做簡(jiǎn)單的練習(xí)都是理論上的。
Making your own sentences using a grammar point, doing more complicated exercises, or using a grammar point in a conversation or written English are practical.
用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)來(lái)做自己的句子,做更復(fù)雜的練習(xí),或者在談話或書面英語(yǔ)中使用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)是很實(shí)際的。
Learning grammar: the full picture
學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法:整體畫面
Now we can see the full picture: you need to understand the form and the function of a grammar point in theory, and you also need to practise both, by doing exercises, making your own sentences, speaking and so on.
現(xiàn)在我們可以看到整體的畫面:你需要理解語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的形式和功能,你也需要訓(xùn)練,通過(guò)做練習(xí)、自己造句、說(shuō)話等等。
This might seem simple, but the reason why many English learners find grammar difficult is that they focus too much on one area, and not enough on others.
這看起來(lái)似乎很簡(jiǎn)單,但許多英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法困難的原因是他們過(guò)于關(guān)注某一領(lǐng)域,而忽視了其他方面。
Practical advice
實(shí)用的建議
Finally, let's look at some simple, practical suggestions you can use when studying grammar:
最后,讓我們來(lái)看看一些簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的建議,你可以在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法時(shí)使用。
• Always try to find real-life examples of what you are studying. Don't just read notes in a grammar book—the practical side of grammar is very important.
總是試著找到你正在學(xué)習(xí)的真實(shí)的例子。不要只是在語(yǔ)法書里讀注釋,語(yǔ)法的實(shí)際作用是非常重要的。
• Remember: understanding a grammar point and being able to use it are separate things. Just because you understand some grammar rules and can do some simple exercises, this doesn't mean you 'know' the grammar point.
記?。豪斫庖粋€(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)并且能夠使用它是兩碼事。僅僅因?yàn)槟憷斫饬艘恍┱Z(yǔ)法規(guī)則并且可以做一些簡(jiǎn)單的練習(xí),這并不意味著你就知道了語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
• Try to make your grammar study as practical as possible. Writing your own sentence is better than reading a sentence which someone else wrote. Using grammar in conversation is better than doing an exercise in a textbook, and so on.
盡量使你的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)盡可能的實(shí)用。寫自己的句子比讀別人寫的句子要好。在交談中使用語(yǔ)法比在教科書中做練習(xí)要好,諸如此類。
• If you have difficulties with a grammar point, think about your mistakes. Are you making mistakes with the form, with the function, or with both? This can help you to study more effectively and correct your mistakes.
如果你在語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)上有困難,那就想想自己的錯(cuò)誤。你是在形式或者作用上犯錯(cuò),還是兩者都犯了錯(cuò)誤?這可以幫助你更有效地學(xué)習(xí)和糾正你的錯(cuò)誤。
• When you study grammar, don't stop thinking about it when you close the textbook or leave the classroom. You don't learn grammar so that you can do exercises in a book, do you?
當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法的時(shí)候,當(dāng)你合上教科書或者離開教室時(shí),不要停止思考。
你認(rèn)為只需在作業(yè)中練習(xí),不必在課余時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法,是嗎?
I hope not-you should learn grammar so that you can use it in real life. That means you also need to think about it in real life, when you're speaking or writing in English.
希望你千萬(wàn)別這樣,我的意思是,你不僅需要在在說(shuō)或用英語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)練習(xí)語(yǔ)法,更需要在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中思考語(yǔ)法的使用。
學(xué)習(xí)方法二
一提起語(yǔ)法,最容易聯(lián)想到的應(yīng)該就是“規(guī)則”了,你的腦海中此時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)了“現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)該用 have been doing, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的規(guī)則。長(zhǎng)久以來(lái),很多人學(xué)語(yǔ)法都只停留在記住規(guī)則的層面上,死記硬背將一堆語(yǔ)法規(guī)則記住,然后用來(lái)應(yīng)付考試。這樣導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是,只記住了規(guī)則,但并不知道怎么應(yīng)用規(guī)則,導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)學(xué)得很死板(這也是很多中國(guó)學(xué)生雖然做了不少語(yǔ)法題,但在寫作和口語(yǔ)中還是用不好語(yǔ)法的原因)。
要真正學(xué)好語(yǔ)法,僅僅記憶語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,會(huì)考試會(huì)做題還不夠,還要將語(yǔ)法放到語(yǔ)境中,這樣才能對(duì)語(yǔ)法有更深的理解。
舉個(gè)例子,有這樣一個(gè)場(chǎng)景,主人公對(duì)著來(lái)家里幫忙的工人說(shuō):
Will you be starting work on the room today? You see, I hope to use it for a meeting tomorrow.
你一定學(xué)過(guò)一般將來(lái)時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),知道一般將來(lái)時(shí)可以用 will 來(lái)引導(dǎo),將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式是 will be doing ,那么有沒(méi)有想過(guò)它們之間的區(qū)別?為什么這里是 "Will you be starting work on the room today?" 而不是 "Will you start work on the room today?"
因?yàn)?will be doing 有一個(gè)應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合是用來(lái)表示禮貌地詢問(wèn)他人的計(jì)劃,安排等 (You can use the future continuous rather than will to sound particularly polite when you ask about people's plan),再結(jié)合對(duì)話場(chǎng)景可以發(fā)現(xiàn),主人公用"Will you be doing... "是為了更加禮貌地要求工人去干活。
我們平時(shí)所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)法,其實(shí)包含了兩個(gè)方面:形式以及意義。形式就是上文提到的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,比如現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)該用 have been doing,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞原形。在熟悉語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上,更加重要的是掌握每個(gè)規(guī)則的含義和使用語(yǔ)境(比如 will be doing 用來(lái)表示禮貌地詢問(wèn)他人的計(jì)劃),這樣才能真正理解并使用它。
因此,語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)可以分為兩大部分:熟悉語(yǔ)法規(guī)則以及掌握語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的意義。
熟悉語(yǔ)法規(guī)則可以通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法書籍來(lái)完成,比如你應(yīng)該知道分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、完成時(shí)態(tài)等基本語(yǔ)法概念,能夠分析一些常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。
關(guān)于語(yǔ)法書籍我以前在公眾號(hào)上介紹過(guò)一些,比如:薦書 | 劍橋英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法以及薦書 | 怎樣提升英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法功底?
在語(yǔ)法規(guī)則之外,更重要的是掌握語(yǔ)法在具體語(yǔ)境中的含義。這個(gè)過(guò)程可以通過(guò)閱讀來(lái)完成。在閱讀中能夠不斷重現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn),并且閱讀提供了一個(gè)很具體的語(yǔ)境,這樣才能理解和應(yīng)用。
也就是說(shuō),語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的具體思路是:看語(yǔ)法書學(xué)習(xí)基本的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則 -》 在閱讀中重現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,結(jié)合語(yǔ)境理解規(guī)則的含義-》回顧語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,查缺補(bǔ)漏-》在閱讀中加強(qiáng)對(duì)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的理解……
理論上這是一個(gè)無(wú)限循環(huán)的過(guò)程,因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法入門容易,精通極難。舉個(gè)例子,冠詞是我們剛開始學(xué)英語(yǔ)就會(huì)接觸到的概念,但要真正掌握它絕非易事。冠詞在使用時(shí)需要和名詞的數(shù)以及特指和定指這些概念結(jié)合起來(lái),有很多種變化情況。柯林斯語(yǔ)法系列甚至還有一本140多頁(yè)的冠詞分冊(cè),專門討論冠詞使用中的各種問(wèn)題。每一個(gè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)通常是語(yǔ)法越學(xué)到后面越發(fā)現(xiàn)自己知識(shí)的不足,我們只能不斷實(shí)踐提高。
語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中,比起學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)則,更重要的是理解規(guī)則的含義。這些是書本教不了你的,只能靠自己多思考和多練習(xí)。
多思考說(shuō)白了就是要多問(wèn)幾個(gè)“為什么”,要保持語(yǔ)法意識(shí),在閱讀中碰到不常見(jiàn)的用法,要多問(wèn)幾個(gè)“為什么”,并且通過(guò)查語(yǔ)法書或者上網(wǎng)尋找答案。
多練習(xí)并不是指為了應(yīng)付考試而做的大量閱讀練習(xí)或者單項(xiàng)選擇練習(xí),而是包含在日常的英語(yǔ)使用中,比如寫作就是一種很好的方式。作為一種語(yǔ)言輸出活動(dòng),你在寫作過(guò)程中需要確定每個(gè)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的正確使用,需要不斷查證,質(zhì)詢,比較,通過(guò)這個(gè)過(guò)程讓語(yǔ)法應(yīng)用水平不斷提升。