2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理(2)
2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理
2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞
1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)用共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法
?、俳?jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every…， sometimes, at…，on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
②客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
?、郾硎靖裱曰蚓渲小?/p>
Pride goes before a fall.
【注意】此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round
?、墁F(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。
I don't want so much.
⑤某些動(dòng)詞如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句中可用來(lái)表示將來(lái)肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
The train comes at 3 o'clock.
?、拊跁r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.
(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法：
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，通常一般過(guò)去式帶有表示動(dòng)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的詞，詞組或從句，如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等，上下文清楚時(shí)可以不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
I worked in that factory last year.
【注意】
①過(guò)去經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可用used to或would加動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表達(dá)，例如：
I used to go fishing on Sundays.
?、?ldquo;used to”也可用于表示過(guò)去曾經(jīng)存在過(guò)的狀態(tài)。例如：
This river used to be clean.
(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法
①表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.
②表示將來(lái)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：
He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.
③表示將來(lái)的意愿，決心，許諾， 命令等時(shí)常用will，征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，常用shall。
I will do my best to catch up with them.
Shall I open the door?
④be + going + 動(dòng)詞不定式。也是一種將來(lái)時(shí)句型，表示打算，計(jì)劃，最近或?qū)?lái)要作的某事。
I am going to Beijing next week.
?、輇e + 動(dòng)詞不定式。表示有職責(zé)，義務(wù)，可能，約定，意圖等。
There is to be a meeting this afternoon.
We are to meet the guests at the station.
?、辀e about + 動(dòng)詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。
They are about to leave.
(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
?、佻F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法表示說(shuō)話者說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作， 它注重
現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而不管動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)間開(kāi)始，到什么時(shí)間結(jié)束。
What are you doing now?
I am looking for my key.
②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(但說(shuō)話時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作不一定在進(jìn)行)。
The students are preparing for the examination.
③某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這些動(dòng)詞有 arrive, come, leave, start等。
They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.
【注意】有些動(dòng)詞一般不可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
?、俦硎緺顟B(tài)的動(dòng)詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：be, have
?、诒硎菊J(rèn)識(shí)、知覺(jué)和情感的動(dòng)詞，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。
(5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
?、佻F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成或剛完成的動(dòng)作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.
They have cleaned the classroom.
?、诂F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與for 和 since 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。
We have lived here since 1976.
They have waited for more than two hours.
【注意】
一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
試比較：
I saw this film yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了，不涉及現(xiàn)在)
I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)
(6)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。例如：
I was watching TV when she came to see me.
【注意】
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，但過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)進(jìn)行，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示單純的過(guò)去事實(shí)，例如：
They were building a house last month. (上個(gè)月正在建造，建造好與否不知)
They built a new house last month. (上個(gè)月建造好了，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)
(7)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)常和 by , before 等詞組成的短語(yǔ)和從句連用。
We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year.
When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.
(8)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在地狀態(tài)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)較多地被運(yùn)用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：
They were going to have a meeting.
I told him that I would see him off at the station.
2.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
(1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
①被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)最基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是：be +及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞
?、诒粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要是及物動(dòng)詞
因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，某些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可遺漏。
?、壑鲃?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要加“to”的情況
若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)。
④主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等動(dòng)詞雖然用做主動(dòng)形式卻表示被動(dòng)的意義。例如：
The food tastes good.
3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)是：感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法;一些特殊動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)就要帶to;有些動(dòng)詞既可接不定式也可接動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，但表達(dá)的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點(diǎn)。
(1)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。 動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式分為動(dòng)名詞，分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式。
(2)不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
(3)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
(4)用不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)都可以的動(dòng)詞
這樣的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役動(dòng)詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性;+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見(jiàn)了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見(jiàn)他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。
(5)用不帶to不定式的情況
使役動(dòng)詞如： let, have, make等和感官動(dòng)詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to不能省掉。
過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響;一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
(6)接動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同
?、賡top to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
?、趂orget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。(已做)
③remember to do 記得去做某事(未做)
remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事(已做)
?、躷ry to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。
⑤go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。
?、辪ean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
4. 容易混淆的常用動(dòng)詞的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
?、賡ay表示講話，作為及物動(dòng)詞使用，后跟賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)從句。
He said he would go there.
It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
?、趕peak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動(dòng)詞使用，而有時(shí)作為及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上各種語(yǔ)言作為賓語(yǔ)。
Do you speak English?
May I speak to Mr Pope, please?
?、趖alk表示“談話”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，與to , about, with等連用，才可以接賓語(yǔ)。
What are you talking about?
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
?、躷ell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動(dòng)詞，可以帶雙賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
?、賚ook強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，是不及物動(dòng)詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語(yǔ)。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?
?、趕ee 指“看見(jiàn)”某物，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?
③watch 指的是“觀看”，“注視”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
④read指“看書(shū)”、“看報(bào)”、“閱讀”之意。
Don't read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的區(qū)別。
?、賐orrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary?
②lend 是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please?
?、踜eep是“保存”的意思，動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)。
How long can the recorder be kept?
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
?、賐ring意思為“拿來(lái)”、“帶來(lái)”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來(lái)”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?
②take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來(lái)”或“拿到”某處之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.
?、踓arry 是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來(lái)去的方向。
Do you always carry a handbag?
The box is heavy. Can you carry it?
④get是去某處將某物拿回來(lái)。
Please go to my office to get some chalk.
There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?
(5) wear, put on和dress的區(qū)別
①wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。
Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.
She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
?、趐ut on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動(dòng)作。
It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.
He put on his hat and went out of the room.
③dress可以作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞，有“穿著”“打扮”的意思。作“穿著”解時(shí)，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，它的賓語(yǔ)是人，不是衣服。dress sb. (給某人穿衣服)，而wear作“穿著”用時(shí)，也是及物動(dòng)詞，但它的賓語(yǔ)是物，不是人，即wear sth.(穿著衣物)。
She always dresses well.
Get up and dress quickly.
Mary is dressing her child.
(6) take, spend 和use的用法。
?、賢ake指做某事用多少時(shí)間，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.
It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.
It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.
?、趕pend指某人在某事(物)上花費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢(qián)。句型是：
Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.
He didn't spend much time on his lessons.
He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.
?、踰se表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer?
Shall we use your car?
(7)reach, get 和arrive的區(qū)別。
①reach是及物動(dòng)詞，后面要直接跟表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
After the train had left, they reached the station
We reached the top of the mountain at last.
②get是不及動(dòng)詞，常與to連用，再接名詞，后面接表示地點(diǎn)的副詞時(shí)，不用to，get to常用于口語(yǔ)中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.
My sister was cooking when mother got home.
③arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞，表示到達(dá)一個(gè)小地方時(shí)，用arrive at, 到達(dá)一個(gè)大地方時(shí)用arrive in。
The soldiers arrived at a small village
The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.
猜你感興趣的：
2.復(fù)習(xí)中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納
3.中考英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)