2017英語中考知識(shí)點(diǎn)盤點(diǎn)
2017英語中考知識(shí)點(diǎn)盤點(diǎn)
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2017英語中考知識(shí)點(diǎn)盤點(diǎn):定語從句
一 名詞性從句:
1. 主要包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句. 一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起.
2. 主語從句很多情況下都可以放到句子后面,而用代詞it作形式上的主語. :
3. 形式賓語
4. 由名詞性關(guān)系代詞whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的賓語從句
5. whether and if 都能引導(dǎo)從句, 但用法有所不同. 當(dāng)主語從句直接位于句首時(shí),應(yīng)用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能.
Whether he will come or not is not known.
6. 在名詞reason后的表語從句必須用that引導(dǎo), 不可誤用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.
二: 定語從句
1. 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定語從句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整個(gè)句子, 多用which.
2. 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等詞, 或先行詞前為形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí),或先行詞為all, anything, nothing, something, everything 時(shí),從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.
3. as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句, 多和such, the same 連用. As 引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可修飾整個(gè)句子, 既可放在先行詞后,也可放在句子開頭.
4. 介詞+which/whom/whose從句
5. 代/名+介詞+which 從句
6. 同位語從句和定語從句
三、定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。
四、定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
五、關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時(shí)不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意:(1)當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
(2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。
(3)that 作介詞的賓語時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰?
f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:
a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。
c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。
(2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如:
This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
2017英語中考知識(shí)點(diǎn)盤點(diǎn):副詞
1.副詞的分類
副詞按詞匯意義可分為:
方式副詞:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly程度副詞:very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite
地點(diǎn)副詞:here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home時(shí)間副詞:today,early,soon,now,then,recently
頻度副詞:always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never否定副詞:no,not,neither,nor
疑問副詞:where,how,why其他:also,too,only
2.副詞的基本用法:副詞是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞以及全句話,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。如:We should listen to our teachers carefully.(修飾動(dòng)詞)He is very happy today.(表時(shí)間)
“What happened?”I asked,rather angrily.(修飾adv./In spring,I can see flowers everywhere.(表地點(diǎn))
3.副詞的位置
?、贂r(shí)間副詞:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動(dòng)詞的前面。I will do it omorrow.②疑問副詞:how,when,where,why放在句子的開頭。如Where did he go yesterday?
③關(guān)系副詞,連接副詞放在所連接從句的開頭I should like to know when the new term will begin?
?、茴l度副詞通常都放在動(dòng)詞前面,但若句子里面有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞be,就放在這類動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:He often does this./You must always bear this in mind.
⑤副詞排列順序
a)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位在前,大單位在后
b)方式副詞,短的在前,長(zhǎng)的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。Please write slowly and carefully.
c)多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。He worked very well here last week.
注意:副詞very可以修飾形容詞,但不能直接修飾動(dòng)詞。改錯(cuò):I very like English.
★4.常見副詞用法辨析
(1)already,yet與still的區(qū)別
?、賏lready用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的肯定句句中,表示“已經(jīng)”;He had already left when I called.
?、趛et用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的否定句句末,表示“還”,用于疑問句句末,表示“已經(jīng)”。
Have you found your ruler yet?/I haven’t finished my homework yet.
?、踫till表事情還在進(jìn)行He still works until late every night.
(2)so與such的區(qū)別
①so修飾形容詞或副詞;such修飾名詞。如:
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him./He is such a boy.他是一個(gè)這樣的孩子。
②a)so修飾的結(jié)構(gòu)是“so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”。
b)such修飾的結(jié)構(gòu)是“such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”,
c)“such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”。如He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.
(改錯(cuò))It is so cold weather.They are so good students.③如果可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前有many,few或不可數(shù)名詞前有much,little修飾,用so不用such。如:
so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以加不可數(shù)名詞。
So time so people A so many B so few C so much D such little
(3)also,too,as well與either的區(qū)別also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。如:
My father is a teacher.My mother is also a teacher.=My father is a teacher.My mother is a teacher as well.
=My father is a teacher.My mother is a teacher,too.I can’t speak French,Jenny can’t speak French,either.
(4)sometime,sometimes,some time與some times的區(qū)別
sometime某一時(shí)間,某一時(shí)刻(可指將來時(shí),也可指過去時(shí))/sometimes有時(shí),不時(shí)的
some time一段時(shí)間/some times幾次,幾倍
如:We’ll have a test sometime next month.下個(gè)月的某一時(shí)間,我們要進(jìn)行一次測(cè)試。
Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.()
He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.()/I have been to Beijing some times.()
(5)ago與before的區(qū)別
ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以前”,常與一般過去時(shí)連用,不可以單獨(dú)使用。
before指過去或?qū)淼哪硶r(shí)刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成時(shí)連用,可以單獨(dú)使用。如:
I saw him ten minutes ago./He told me that he had seen the film before.
(6)how的幾個(gè)短語:
?、賖ow often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時(shí)態(tài),對(duì)表示頻度的詞語進(jìn)行提問;
?、趆ow soon“多久以后”,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài),對(duì)in引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間提問;
?、踙ow long“多久”用于過去時(shí)、完成時(shí)或其他時(shí)態(tài),常對(duì)于for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語提問;
?、躧ow many times“多少次”,用于過去時(shí)或完成時(shí),對(duì)總計(jì)次數(shù)進(jìn)行提問;
⑤how much“多少”,對(duì)程度進(jìn)行提問,也可以對(duì)數(shù)量(不可數(shù))或金錢進(jìn)行提問。
⑥how many”多少”對(duì)可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問。⑦h(yuǎn)ow far“多遠(yuǎn)”對(duì)距離進(jìn)行提問
如:have you been like this?-For 2 days./-does he wash his face?–Once a day.
Will be come back?-In five minutes./-is it from your home to your school?
(7)hard與hardly的用法:①hard作為副詞意思是“努力地,猛烈地”,They study English very hard.
②hardly是否定詞,意思是:“幾乎不”,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.
(8)now,just與just now的區(qū)別
?、賜ow:與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,意為“現(xiàn)在”
②just:與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,表示“剛……”③just now:和過去時(shí)連用,表示“剛才”
Where does he live______?/We have_______seen the film../He was here______.
三.形容詞,副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)
1.規(guī)則變化
2.不規(guī)則變化(1)(資料P98)不規(guī)則變化表更多資料QQ378459309制作:
(2)下列單、雙音節(jié)詞只能加more和most
原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)
like(相似的,同樣的)more like most like
real(真的)more real most real
tired(疲乏的)more tired most tired
pleased(高興的)more pleased most pleased
often(經(jīng)常)more often most often
★四.形容詞,副詞等級(jí)的用法
1.原級(jí)的用法
(1)有very,quite,so,too,enough等修飾的詞,用原級(jí)如:He is too tired to walk on.
(2)肯定句中A…+as+(adj./adv.的原級(jí))+as+B A和B一樣
否定句中A…+not as(so)+(adj./adv.的原級(jí))+as+B A和B不一樣
eg:Tom is as old as Kate./Tom is twice as old as Kate.
This room is not as/so(big)as that one.這個(gè)房間不如那個(gè)大。
2.比較級(jí)的用法
(1)A...+比較級(jí)+than+B A比B…(用比較級(jí))Tom is taller than Kate.湯姆比凱特高。
(2)可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞:much,a lot,far;a little,a bit;even;still,表程度It is much colder today than yesterday.
(3)選擇疑問句中,二選一時(shí)Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?
(4)用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)的意思
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.在中國(guó)長(zhǎng)江比其它任何一條河都長(zhǎng)。
(5)“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來越……”
如:He is getting taller and taller./The flowers are more and more beautiful.
(6)“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”表示“越……,就越……”
如:The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
(7)在比較級(jí)中為了避免重復(fù),在than后常用one,that,those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。
如:The weather here is warmer than that in Shanghai.
(8)表示倍數(shù)的比較:A...+倍數(shù)+than+B A是B的幾倍。如:This room is three times bigger than that one.
3.最高級(jí)的用法(用于三者及三者以上人或事物相比較)
(1)形容詞最高級(jí)前一定要用the,副詞最高級(jí)前可省略。
(2)有范圍(in,of,among或從句等)修飾的常用最高級(jí)。
This is the best film that I have ever seen./Winter is the coldest season of the year.
(3)one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+(in/of短語)”表“…是…最…之一”。
如:Beijing is one of the largest cities in China北京是中國(guó)最大城市之一。
(4)選擇疑問句中用于三者或三者以上的比較。如:Which country is the largest,China,Brazil or Canada?Which season do you like(the)best,spring,summer or autumn?
(5)表示“第幾個(gè)最……”時(shí),用“the+序數(shù)詞+最高級(jí)+名詞單數(shù)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
(5)形容詞最高級(jí)前有物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格修飾時(shí)不能用定冠詞。This is our best lesson today.
注意:注:當(dāng)相比較的兩者屬于同一范圍/類別時(shí),為了與自身相比較,要用any other+單數(shù)名詞.若兩者不屬于同一范圍/類別時(shí),不必用other,直接用any+單數(shù)名詞.
He is taller than_____boy in his class.He is taller than_____boy in our class.A.any B.any other