上海高考化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理
上海高考化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理
知識(shí)點(diǎn)的梳理是在高考復(fù)習(xí)中最重要的步驟,為了方便大家復(fù)習(xí),接下來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了上海高考化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理,一起來(lái)看看吧。
上海高考化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理(一)
1、氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF (陰暗處爆炸)
F2+Xe(過(guò)量)==XeF2
2F2(過(guò)量)+Xe==XeF4 (XeF4是強(qiáng)氧化劑,能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4–)
nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金屬)
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是還原劑)
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
7F2(過(guò)量)+I2===2IF7
F2+Cl2(等體積)===2ClF (ClF屬于類(lèi)鹵素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO )
3F2(過(guò)量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 )
Cl2+H2 2HCl (將H2在Cl2點(diǎn)燃;混合點(diǎn)燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸)
3Cl2+2P 2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3 PCl5 Cl2+2Na 2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe 2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu CuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl )
Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br =2Cl +Br2
Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I =2Cl +I2
3Cl2(過(guò)量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3
3Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2
2O2+3Fe Fe3O4 O2+K===KO2
S+H2 H2S 2S+C CS2 S+Zn ZnS
S+Fe FeS (既能由單質(zhì)制取,又能由離子制取)
S+2Cu Cu2S (只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制取)
3S+2Al Al2S3 (只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制取)
N2+3H2 2NH3 N2+3Mg Mg3N2 N2+3Ca Ca3N2
N2+3Ba Ba3N2 N2+6Na 2Na3N N2+6K 2K3N
N2+6Rb 2Rb3N N2+2Al 2AlN
P4+6H2 4PH3 P+3Na Na3P 2P+3Zn Zn3P2
H2+2Li 2LiH
2、還原性
S+O2 SO2
S+H2SO4(濃) 3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(濃) H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+
3S+4HNO3(稀) 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
3S+4H++4 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
N2+O2 2NO
4P+5O2 P4O10(常寫(xiě)成P2O5)
2P+3X2 2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2 PX5
P4+20HNO3(濃) 4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O
C+2F2 CF4
C+2Cl2 CCl4
C+O2(足量) CO2
2C+O2(少量) 2CO
C+CO2 2CO
C+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤氣)
2C+SiO2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl2 SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2 SiO2
Si+C SiC(金剛砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH +H2O= +2H2↑)
3、歧化反應(yīng)
Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化: (Cl2+H2O H++Cl–+HClO)
Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
3Cl2+6KOH(濃) 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH– 5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)
3S+6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH– 2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)
4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO CaC2+CO↑
3C+SiO2 SiC+2CO↑
上海高考化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理(二)
2Na+H2 2NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O2 2Na2O2
2Na+O2 Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑
2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑
4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2 MgCl2 Mg+Br2 MgBr2
2Mg+O2 2MgO Mg+S MgS
2Cu+S Cu2S (Cu2S只能由單質(zhì)制備)
Mg+2H2O Mg(OH)2+H2↑
2Mg+TiCl4 Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2 2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2 2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)
2Al+3Cl2 2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化,在氧氣中燃燒)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(鋁汞齊)
4Al+3MnO2 2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3 Al2O3+2Cr (鋁熱反應(yīng))
2Al+Fe2O3 Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O2 2FeO (煉鋼過(guò)程)
Fe+I2 FeI2
Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備,又能由離子制備)
3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓
上海高考化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理(三)
1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:
4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3
2、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:
2NaOH+SO2(少量)==Na2SO3+H2O
OH–+SO2=SO32–+H2O
NaOH+SO2(足)==NaHSO3
OH-+SO2(足)=HSO3–
2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2O
OH-+SiO2=SiO32–+H2O
2NaOH+Al2O3==2NaAlO2+H2O
2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2–+H2O
2KOH+Cl2==KCl+KClO+H2O
Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O
NaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2O
H++OH =H2O
NaOH+H2S(足)==NaHS+H2O
OH–+H2S=HS–+H2O
2NaOH+H2S(少量)==Na2S+2H2O
2OH–+H2S=S2–+2H2O
3NaOH+AlCl3==Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl
3OH–+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓
NaOH+Al(OH)3==NaAlO2+2H2O (AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)?)
OH–+Al(OH)3=AlO2–+2H2O
Ca(OH)2+2NH4Cl 2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O (實(shí)驗(yàn)室制NH3)
NaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3↑+H2O
Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgCl2+2NH3??H2O (Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)
Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4↓+2H2O
2H++2OH–+Ba2++SO42–=BaSO4↓2H2O
3、不穩(wěn)定性:
Mg(OH)2 MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3+3H2O
2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH)2 CuO+H2O 2AgOH==Ag2O+H2O
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