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考研英語閱讀原文
"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist
"That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits."
But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.
New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.
This could add value to their businesses in three ways.
First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality.
Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps.
And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.
A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).
It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.
Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR.
"We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.
Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.
But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
考研英語閱讀翻譯
諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家米爾頓·弗里德曼寫道，企業(yè)社會責(zé)任有且僅有一種，
“那就是，利用自身資源從事能讓其獲利的各種活動(dòng)。”
但是即使你同意弗里德曼的這種假設(shè)性的觀點(diǎn)，并且認(rèn)為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任政策是浪費(fèi)股東的金錢，事情卻并非完全如此清晰。
新的研究表明，至少企業(yè)因腐敗而被起訴的時(shí)候，企業(yè)社會責(zé)任或許能為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。
據(jù)咨詢公司“EPG”估算，英美兩國的大公司每年合計(jì)在企業(yè)社會責(zé)任上的花費(fèi)超過150億美元。
這能從三個(gè)方面給他們的企業(yè)增加價(jià)值。
第一，消費(fèi)者可能會把企業(yè)的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任開銷當(dāng)做是一個(gè)“信號”，即這一公司的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上乘。
第二，消費(fèi)者可能愿意購買這一公司的產(chǎn)品，算是間接地為該公司所支持的事業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)力量。
第三，通過更廣泛的“光環(huán)效應(yīng)”，這一公司的善行能讓消費(fèi)者和其他人有購買需求時(shí)能更多地考慮該公司。
因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者可能是受到了以上三個(gè)方式的影響，所以先前對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的研究難以區(qū)分這三種方式的影響。
最近的一項(xiàng)研究試圖區(qū)分這三種方式的影響，它所用的方法就是研究因違反《美國反海外腐敗法》而遭到行賄起訴的案例。
研究認(rèn)為，由于檢察官并不購買那些作為其調(diào)查部分的公司產(chǎn)品，因此他們只能受到“光環(huán)效應(yīng)”的影響。
這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在被起訴的公司當(dāng)中，那些擁有最全面的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任項(xiàng)目的企業(yè)往往會從輕處罰。
他們的分析排除了這樣的可能性，即：是當(dāng)事公司的政治影響力，而非他們的企業(yè)社會責(zé)任立場才讓它獲得了較輕的處罰，因?yàn)槟切┲С謃運(yùn)動(dòng)更多的公司并沒有得到更低的罰金。
總之，這個(gè)研究的結(jié)論是：雖然檢察官在評估一個(gè)案件時(shí)，應(yīng)該基于其功績，實(shí)際上還是受到了公司企業(yè)社會責(zé)任記錄的影響。
其中的一位研究者說：“我們估計(jì)，要么消除一個(gè)實(shí)質(zhì)性的勞工權(quán)益問題，例如童工問題，要么增加20%的企業(yè)捐贈(zèng)，都會促成罰金減少，一般要比因賄賂外國官員而造成的典型罰款低40%。”
研究者們承認(rèn)他們的研究沒有解決的問題是：針對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任各大企業(yè)到底該支出多少費(fèi)用。
也沒有揭露當(dāng)企業(yè)做慈善方面的決策時(shí)，會有多看重“光環(huán)效應(yīng)”，而非其他潛在收益。
但至少他們證明了一點(diǎn)，當(dāng)企業(yè)遇到法律問題時(shí)，自身良好品質(zhì)的證據(jù)將讓企業(yè)付出更少的罰金。
考研英語閱讀詞語解析
leniency['li:nj?nsi]n. 寬大，不嚴(yán)厲，仁慈
previous['pri:vj?s]adj. 在 ... 之前，先，前，以前的
social['s?u??l]adj. 社會的，社交的 n. 社交聚會
affected[?'fektid]adj. 受影響的，受感動(dòng)的，受疾病侵襲的 adj. 做聯(lián)想記憶
corrupt[k?'r?pt]adj. 腐敗的，墮落的 vt. 使 ...聯(lián)想記憶
engage[in'geid?]v. 答應(yīng)，預(yù)定，使忙碌，雇傭，訂婚
consideration[k?nsid?'rei??n]n. 考慮，體貼，考慮因素，敬重，意見
typical['tipik?l]adj. 典型的，有代表性的，特有的，獨(dú)特的
quality['kw?liti]n. 品質(zhì)，特質(zhì)，才能 adj. 高品質(zhì)的
analysis[?'næl?sis]n. 分析，解析
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