英文文獻(xiàn)綜述的范文

時(shí)間：2017-05-04 10:53:20 嘉豪18由分享

　　下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家整理的一些關(guān)于“英文文獻(xiàn)綜述的范文”的資料，供大家參閱。

　　英文文獻(xiàn)綜述范文

　　How to Write a Literature Review ?

　　I. The definition of Literature Review

　　文獻(xiàn)綜述(Literautre Review)是科研論文中重要的文體之一。它以作者對(duì)各種文獻(xiàn)資料的整理、歸納、分析和比較為基礎(chǔ)，就某個(gè)專題的歷史背景、前人的工作、研究現(xiàn)狀、爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)及發(fā)展前景等方面進(jìn)行綜合、總結(jié)和評(píng)論。通過閱讀文獻(xiàn)綜述，科研工作者可花費(fèi)較少的時(shí)間獲得較多的關(guān)于某一專題系統(tǒng)而具體的信息，了解其研究現(xiàn)狀、存在的問題和未來的發(fā)展方向。

　　II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

　　A. The Purposes

　　On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

　　On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

　　research question.

　　B. Its Components

　　There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

　　標(biāo)題與作者(title and author)

　　摘要與關(guān)鍵詞(abstract and key words)

　　引言(introduction)

　　述評(píng)(review)

　　結(jié)論(conclusion)

　　參考文獻(xiàn)(references)

　　III. Classification of Source Materials

　　How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

　　A: Background sources:

　　Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

　　encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

　　B: Primary sources

　　Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

　　biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

　　many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

　　C: Secondary sources

　　Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

　　reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

　　writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

　　in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

　　but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

　　will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

　　need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

　　analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

　　D: Web sources

　　The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

　　resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

　　sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

　　may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

　　good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

　　own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

　　authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

　　information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

　　account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

　　IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

　　A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

　　If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

　　the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

　　on a topic without reading the original source.

　　B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

　　Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

　　Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

　　C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

　　Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

　　Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

　　in depth. Choose those.

　　D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

　　If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

　　Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

　　Choose the article by the expert.

　　E. Choosing the most current sources

　　If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

　　scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

　　books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

　　periodicals.

　　V. Writing a literature Review

　　A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

　　1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

　　2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

　　3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

　　4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

　　5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

　　6. Criticism of the work in the area.

　　B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

　　1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

　　2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

　　C. Some tips for writing the review:

　　1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

　　2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

　　related references last.

　　3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

　　4. Start writing your review early.

　　VI. 文獻(xiàn)綜述主要部分的細(xì)節(jié)性提示和注意事項(xiàng)

　　英文文獻(xiàn)主要部分細(xì)節(jié)提示：

　　引言(Introduction)

　　引言是文獻(xiàn)綜述正文的開始部分，主要包括兩個(gè)內(nèi)容：一是提出問題;二是介紹綜述的范圍

　　和內(nèi)容。提出問題時(shí)，作者要給出定義性解釋、交代研究背景、簡(jiǎn)單介紹不同文獻(xiàn)的看法和

　　分歧所在并介紹該文獻(xiàn)的寫作目的;介紹該綜述的范圍和主要內(nèi)容時(shí)，作者應(yīng)使用簡(jiǎn)明扼要

　　的語句加以概括。

　　引言的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)具有以下特點(diǎn)：

　　(1)綜述的引言通常包括定義性解釋、研究背景、現(xiàn)存問題或分歧、綜述的目的、內(nèi)容和

　　范圍;

　　(2)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)介紹背景知識(shí)，使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)敘述他人成果，使用一般將來時(shí)或一

　　般現(xiàn)在時(shí)簡(jiǎn)介本文內(nèi)容;

　　(3)句子結(jié)構(gòu)力求簡(jiǎn)潔明了，多用簡(jiǎn)單句，并列成份較為常見;

　　(4)以第三人稱主語為主，間或使用第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)充當(dāng)主語。

　　述評(píng)(Review)

　　述評(píng)是文獻(xiàn)綜述的核心所在，是對(duì)引言的展開和深入。根據(jù)引言所提出的問題和限定的范圍，

　　作者要對(duì)大量有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的整理、歸納、對(duì)比和分析，在此基礎(chǔ)上列出與主題有關(guān)的

　　所有重要學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)，然后分別加以論述，以便讀者獲得全面的了解。回顧前人研究，以時(shí)間

　　為序，由遠(yuǎn)及近。以有敘有議的方式體現(xiàn)述評(píng)的功能，敘前人研究，議其結(jié)果、探其原因、

　　究其不足。

　　分析評(píng)論，特別是表達(dá)作者自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，要客觀、謹(jǐn)慎，因此多使用模糊性語言和表推測(cè)

　　的語言形式。

　　綜述的結(jié)論(Conclusion)

　　結(jié)論不僅是作者對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，也是作者發(fā)表個(gè)人意見的部分，一般有標(biāo)題Conclusion 或

　　Summary，較短的綜述如果沒有小標(biāo)題，則往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

　　conclude，Inshort，In all 等短語引出結(jié)論。結(jié)論的內(nèi)容包括：對(duì)述評(píng)的歸納、對(duì)各種問

　　題的評(píng)論性意見、對(duì)未來研究的建議或展望。

　　二.注意事項(xiàng)

　?、彼鸭墨I(xiàn)應(yīng)盡量全面。掌握全面、大量的文獻(xiàn)資料是寫好綜述的前提，否則，隨便搜集一點(diǎn)資料就動(dòng)手撰寫是不可能寫出好的文獻(xiàn)綜述，甚至寫出的文章根本不成為綜述。

　?、沧⒁庖梦墨I(xiàn)的代表性、可靠性和科學(xué)性。在搜集到的文獻(xiàn)中可能出現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)雷同，有的文獻(xiàn)在可靠性及科學(xué)性方面存在著差異，因此在引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)注意選用代表性、可靠性和科學(xué)性較好的文獻(xiàn)。

　?、骋梦墨I(xiàn)要忠實(shí)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容。由于文獻(xiàn)綜述有作者自己的評(píng)論分析，因此在撰寫時(shí)應(yīng)分清作者的觀點(diǎn)和文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，不能篡改文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。

　?、磪⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)不能省略。有的科研論文可以將參考文獻(xiàn)省略，但文獻(xiàn)綜述絕對(duì)不能省略，而且應(yīng)是文中引用過的，能反映主題全貌的并且是作者直接閱讀過的文獻(xiàn)資料。

　　5.文獻(xiàn)綜述不應(yīng)是對(duì)已有文獻(xiàn)的重復(fù)、羅列和一般性介紹，而應(yīng)是對(duì)以往研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、不足和貢獻(xiàn)的批判性分析與評(píng)論。因此，文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)包括綜合提煉和分析評(píng)論雙重含義。

　　6.文獻(xiàn)綜述要文字簡(jiǎn)潔，盡量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的語言把作者的觀點(diǎn)說清楚，從原始文獻(xiàn)中得出一般性結(jié)論。

　　7. 文獻(xiàn)綜述不是資料庫，要緊緊圍繞課題研究的“問題”，確保所述的已有研究成果與本課題研究直接相關(guān)，其內(nèi)容是圍繞課題緊密組織在一起，既能系統(tǒng)全面地反映研究對(duì)象的歷史、現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)，又能反映研究?jī)?nèi)容的各個(gè)方面。

　　8. 文獻(xiàn)綜述的綜述要全面、準(zhǔn)確、客觀，用于評(píng)論的觀點(diǎn)、論據(jù)最好來自一次文獻(xiàn)，盡量避免使用別人對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)的解釋或綜述。

　　VII. A Sample of Literature Review

　　A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

　　Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Words Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

　　Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

　　and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

　　After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

　　References

　　[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

　　[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226

　　[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210～231

　　[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283

　　[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

　　Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

　　[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

　　[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

　　[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

　　[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

　　[10]陳原. 社會(huì)語言學(xué). 北京：商務(wù)印書館，2000

　　[11]陳原. 新詞語. 北京：語文出版社，2000:1

　　[12]丁加勇. 論流行語語義的不確定性及其發(fā)展前景. 華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，

　　2004，(6)：160～164

　　[13]郭熙，中國(guó)社會(huì)語言學(xué). 南京：南京大學(xué)出版社, 1999.151

　　[14]韓李. 當(dāng)代漢語流行語探析. 河南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版)，2007,

　　(3)：181

　　[15]黃平飛. 淺論流行語——透過央視春晚來看流行語.科教文匯(下旬刊)，

　　2009,(3):237

　　[16]姜紅. 試論當(dāng)代中國(guó)的社會(huì)流行語. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版)，