TED英語(yǔ)演講：為什么說(shuō)烏鴉的智商高到可怕
作為一名駭客和作家，Joshua Klein對(duì)烏鴉們的智慧感到神奇(你可曾注意過(guò)它們那小小的黑眼睛中蘊(yùn)藏的智慧光芒?)。他在很長(zhǎng)一段的業(yè)余時(shí)間里對(duì)烏鴉群的行為進(jìn)行觀察后，想出了一個(gè)堪稱(chēng)優(yōu)雅的機(jī)器，這或許將在人類(lèi)與動(dòng)物間構(gòu)建一種新的關(guān)系。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語(yǔ)演講：為什么說(shuō)烏鴉的智商高到可怕，歡迎借鑒參考。
A thought experiment on the intelligence of crows
演講者：Joshua Klein
/ 中英對(duì)照演講稿 /
How many of you have seen the Alfred Hitchcock film "The Birds"? Any of you get really freaked out by that? You might want to leave now.So this is a vending machine for crows.Over the past few days, many of you have been asking, "How did you come tothis? How did you get started doing this?" It started, as with many great ideas, or many ideas you can't get rid of, anyway, at a cocktail party.
這里有多少人看過(guò)希區(qū)柯克的電影《鳥(niǎo)》?是不是認(rèn)為那片子太過(guò)離奇了?要是那樣的話，你現(xiàn)在可以走了。(笑聲) 大家看到的是一臺(tái)專(zhuān)門(mén)為烏鴉設(shè)計(jì)的自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)。 過(guò)去幾天，人們都在問(wèn)我同樣的問(wèn)題： “你怎么開(kāi)始搞這玩意的?有什么吸引你的地方嗎?” 說(shuō)實(shí)話，這玩意就像很多偉大的想法， 或者一些你無(wú)法在腦中驅(qū)散的想法一樣， 是從一次雞尾酒派對(duì)產(chǎn)生的。
About 10 years ago, I was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine. We were sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows that were all over his yard and making a big mess. And he was telling me we ought to eradicate these things,kill them, because they're making a mess. I said that was stupid, maybe we should just train them to do something useful. And he said that was impossible.
大概十年前，我與一個(gè)朋友在一個(gè)雞尾酒派對(duì)上， 我們坐在那，他一直在抱怨烏鴉 烏鴉們把他的院子搞得一團(tuán)糟。 他那時(shí)很認(rèn)真的跟我說(shuō)，我們得想辦法消滅這些鬼東西， 否則我們就不會(huì)有好日子過(guò)。 我跟他說(shuō)，那才是壞主意呢， 咱們?yōu)楹尾挥?xùn)練它們，讓烏鴉幫我們?nèi)祟?lèi)做一點(diǎn)有意義的事情? 他丟給我一句“那不可能”。
And I'm sure I'm in good company in finding that tremendously annoying, when someone tells you it's impossible. So I spent the next 10 years reading about crows in my spare time.
我相信絕對(duì)不只我一人覺(jué)得這極度惱人——當(dāng)有人告訴你“那不可能”時(shí)。于是決定用10年的時(shí)間在我的業(yè)余時(shí)間專(zhuān)門(mén)研究烏鴉。
And after 10 years of this, my wife said,"You've got to do this thing you've been talking about, and build the vending machine." So I did. But part of the reason I found this interesting is, I started noticing that we're very aware of all the species that are going extinct on the planet as a result of human habitation expansion,and no one seems to be paying attention to all the species that are actually living;they're surviving. And I'm talking specifically about synanthropic species,which have adapted specifically for human ecologies, species like rats and cockroaches and crows.
現(xiàn)在10年過(guò)去了，我妻子說(shuō)， “好吧，你也該把它做出來(lái)了， 你不是一直說(shuō)要給烏鴉們做一個(gè)自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)么?” 于是我就把它做出來(lái)了。 但我對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目感興趣還有部分原因是因?yàn)?我開(kāi)始注意到我們?nèi)祟?lèi)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到 有很多物種因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)無(wú)止盡的擴(kuò)張 將會(huì)在地球上滅絕。 但貌似沒(méi)人對(duì)那些 還生存在世上的物種有所關(guān)心——它們都還真正地活著。 這里我指的是那些長(zhǎng)期與人共處， 并適應(yīng)了人類(lèi)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)物。 這樣的動(dòng)物包括老鼠、蟑螂、烏鴉。
And as I started looking at them, I was finding that they had hyper-adapted. They'd become extremely adept at living with us. And in return, we just tried to kill them all the time.And in doing so, we were breeding them for parasitism. We were giving them all sorts of reasons to adapt new ways. So, for example, rats are incredibly responsive breeders. And cockroaches, as anyone who's tried to get rid of them knows, have become really immune to the poisons that we're using.
而假如你仔細(xì)觀察的話，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的這類(lèi)動(dòng)物都已經(jīng)對(duì)人類(lèi)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了高度的適應(yīng)性，并且隨著繼續(xù)與人生活在一起，它們的適應(yīng)性還加變得更強(qiáng)。但反觀人類(lèi)呢，我們只是一直在不斷屠殺它們而已。為了做到這點(diǎn)，人類(lèi)用喂養(yǎng)的方式來(lái)讓它們寄生于我們我們給了動(dòng)物們適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的各種理由。比如：老鼠的生育能力變得超強(qiáng)。而蟑螂，逮過(guò)蟑螂的人都知道，它們已經(jīng)不在乎我們的“誘餌”了。
So I thought, let's build something that's mutually beneficial; something that we can both benefit from, and find some way to make a new relationship with these species. So I built the vending machine.
于是我想，為何不制造出一些能讓我們?nèi)祟?lèi)和這些“寄生蟲(chóng)”共同受益的東西呢?以此和這些動(dòng)物建立一種新型的關(guān)系，一種互利的關(guān)系。從而讓人類(lèi)找到一條與其共處的新路子。這就是我制作動(dòng)物專(zhuān)用自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)的理由。
But the story of the vending machine is a little more interesting if you know more about crows. It turns out, crows aren't just surviving with human beings; they're actually thriving. They're found everywhere on the planet except for the Arctic and the southern tip of South America. And in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings. So we may not think about them,but they're always around.
不過(guò)如果你多了解一下烏鴉，這個(gè)自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)的故事會(huì)更有趣。烏鴉們不僅僅是在人類(lèi)環(huán)境中‘生存’得不錯(cuò)——事實(shí)上，他們活得還很精彩。你在地球上任何一處角落——除了兩極和南美至南端——都可以見(jiàn)得到烏鴉。通常它們的棲息地離人類(lèi)居所不出5公里。雖然你也許不會(huì)想到這一點(diǎn)，可是它們確確實(shí)實(shí)一直都這么活在我們身邊。
And not surprisingly, given the human population growth, more than half of the human population is living in cities now. And out of those, nine-tenths of the human growth population is occurring in cities.We're seeing a population boom with crows. So bird counts are indicating thatwe might be seeing up to exponential growth in their numbers. So that's no great surprise.
這也不奇怪，我們的地球上人口暴漲，其中有半數(shù)以上居住在城市。除此之外，90%的人口增長(zhǎng)就都發(fā)生在城市里——烏鴉這個(gè)種群也在經(jīng)歷同樣的發(fā)展。所以鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的數(shù)量在我們看來(lái)將會(huì)有一個(gè)爆炸型的增長(zhǎng)，這并沒(méi)有什么奇怪的。
But what was really interesting to me was to find out that the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way. And I'll give you an example of that. This is Betty. She's a New Caledonian crow. And these crows use sticks in the wild to get insects and what not out of pieces of wood.Here, she's trying to get a piece of meat out of a tube. But the researchers had a problem. They messed up and left just a stick of wire in there. And she hadn't had the opportunity to do this before. You see, it wasn't working verywell. So she adapted.
但令我感到吃驚的是這些鳥(niǎo)兒竟然學(xué)會(huì)了通過(guò)一些奇特的方式在我們的社會(huì)里求得生存。大家看看下面的例子：它的名字是Betty，它是一只New Caledonia(北美地名)的烏鴉。在森林里，它們會(huì)用樹(shù)枝從林木里挑出蟲(chóng)子和其他食物。此時(shí)它正嘗試用鐵線取出瓶子里的那塊肉。但是研究者們遇到了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。他們把試驗(yàn)搞砸了，因?yàn)橹涣粝铝艘桓€在那里。而B(niǎo)etty以前可沒(méi)嘗試過(guò)這樣的挑戰(zhàn)。你可以看到，它進(jìn)行得并不順利。于是它想出了一個(gè)新法子。
Now, this is completely unprompted; she had never seen this done before. No one taught her to bend this into a hook or had shown her how it could happen. But she did it all on her own. So keep in mind-- she's never seen this done.
要知道，它沒(méi)有看到過(guò)別的烏鴉這么做。之前也沒(méi)有任何人或者別的烏鴉教它如何把線彎成鉤子;或者告訴過(guò)它可以通過(guò)這種方式撈肉。這完全是它自己想出來(lái)的辦法。請(qǐng)一定記得它以前從沒(méi)有學(xué)過(guò)的哦。就這樣。
Right. Yeah. All right.So that's the part where the researchers freak out.
對(duì)，就這樣。這才是研究人員覺(jué)得不可思議的地方。
It turns out, we've been finding more andmore that crows are really intelligent. Their brains are in the same proportionas chimpanzee brains are. There's all kinds of anecdotes for the different kinds of intelligence they have. For example, in Sweden, crows will wait for fishermen to drop lines through holes in the ice. And when the fishermen move off, the crows fly down, reel up the lines, and eat the fish or the bait. It's pretty annoying for the fishermen.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明烏鴉的確是聰明的，它們的大腦占軀體的比例和大猩猩相當(dāng)。 大家也可能聽(tīng)過(guò)各種各樣的關(guān)于烏鴉的趣聞吧。 比如，在瑞典， 那里的烏鴉會(huì)趁漁人往冰隙里放釣鉤的時(shí)候守在一邊， 當(dāng)漁人走了， 它們就飛過(guò)去拉起釣鉤，吃掉鉤上的魚(yú)或釣餌。 這可是搞得那里的漁人很煩惱。
On an entirely different tack, at University of Washington a few years ago, they were doing an experiment where they captured some crows on campus. Some students went out, netted some crows,brought them in, weighed and measured them, and let them back out again. And they were entertained to discover that for the rest of the week, whenever these particular students walked around campus, these crows would caw at them and runaround, and make their life kind of miserable.
而在華盛頓大學(xué)，那里的研究員幾年前做了一個(gè)截然不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)。他們?cè)谛@里捉來(lái)一些烏鴉，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里加以標(biāo)記、稱(chēng)量，然后把它們放走。而隨后的那個(gè)星期，他們驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些被放走的烏鴉在校園里一見(jiàn)到那些捉過(guò)它們的學(xué)生，就會(huì)沖著他們鳴叫，并在他們周?chē)w來(lái)飛去，給他們的生活增添一些小煩惱。
They were significantly less entertained when this went on for the next week. And the next month. And after summer break. Until they finally graduated and left campus, and -- glad to get away,I'm sure -- came back sometime later, and found the crows still remembered them.
但之后幾個(gè)星期還是如此，他們就不再那么驚喜了。甚至到了下個(gè)月，到了夏季學(xué)期結(jié)束，到了他們畢業(yè)離校了——我相信他們是很高興地離去的——可當(dāng)他們偶爾回校來(lái)看看時(shí)，那些烏鴉還是記得他們。
So, the moral being: don't piss off crows.So now, students at the University of Washington that are studying these crows,do so with a giant wig and a big mask.
所以——大家看到了吧，千萬(wàn)別惹烏鴉。正是這樣的緣故，現(xiàn)在華盛頓大學(xué)做烏鴉研究的學(xué)生都帶上巨大的假發(fā)，還套上面具。
It's fairly interesting.
這真是令人啞然的一件事。
So we know these crows are really smart,but the more I dug into this, the more I found that they actually have an even more significant adaptation.
以上說(shuō)的無(wú)非是要證明烏鴉是非常聰明的，但我研究得越是深入，越是覺(jué)得它們的智慧要比我們想象的高出一個(gè)層次。
Video: Crows have become highly skilled atmaking a living in these new urban environments. In this Japanese city, they have devised a way of eating a food that normally they can't manage: drop it among the traffic. The problem now is collecting the bits, without getting runover. Wait for the light to stop the traffic. Then, collect your cracked nut insafety.
視頻：在新的城市環(huán)境中，烏鴉們的謀生技能正在變得越來(lái)越嫻熟。這是一座日本城市，這里的烏鴉發(fā)明了一種吃果仁的辦法——把堅(jiān)果丟到車(chē)道上。然后飛走， 等待汽車(chē)開(kāi)過(guò)。 之后它們?cè)隈R路邊等待綠燈， 然后飛到馬路中央安全地銜走那顆果仁
Joshua Klein: Yeah, pretty interesting.What's significant about this isn't that crows are using cars to crack nuts. Infact, that's old hat for crows. This happened about 10 years ago in a placecalled Sendai City, at a driving school in the suburbs of Tokyo. And since that time, all the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior. Now everycrow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk, waiting to collect its lunch.
JoshuaKlein: 看看，這是不是挺有趣的?不過(guò)，有趣的倒不是借助過(guò)往車(chē)輛壓開(kāi)果核的做法，事實(shí)上，烏鴉老早就學(xué)會(huì)了這門(mén)手藝了。剛才大家看到的景象發(fā)生在10年前東京市郊的一家駕駛學(xué)校附近。從那時(shí)開(kāi)始， 附近的烏鴉也學(xué)會(huì)了這樣的吃堅(jiān)果的方式。 如今，方圓五公里內(nèi)的烏鴉都在人行道旁守候著， 等待過(guò)往車(chē)輛為他們帶來(lái)午餐。
So they're learning from each other. And research bears this out. Parents seem to be teaching their young. They learn from their peers, they learn from their enemies. If I have a little extra time,I'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity that illustrates that nicely. The point being, they've developed cultural adaptation. And as we heard yesterday,that's the Pandora's box that's getting human beings in trouble, and we're starting to see it with them. They're able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt to new challenges and new resources in their environment, which is really useful if you live in a city.
烏鴉通過(guò)互相學(xué)習(xí)，都掌握了這種技巧。烏鴉父母還教會(huì)自己的孩子這樣的技巧呢。它們向同伴學(xué)習(xí)，也向它們的敵人學(xué)習(xí)。如果我還有更多演講時(shí)間，我會(huì)告訴你們一個(gè)有關(guān)烏鴉背信的案例來(lái)更好地證明我的觀點(diǎn)。最關(guān)鍵的是它們學(xué)會(huì)了適應(yīng)不同的生態(tài)文化。就如昨天我們聽(tīng)到的那樣，是潘多拉之盒將人類(lèi)引入混亂，現(xiàn)在是開(kāi)始著手解決它的時(shí)候了。他們能快速且融洽地適應(yīng)新的挑戰(zhàn)及環(huán)境中的新資源，對(duì)于城市生活來(lái)說(shuō)，這可真有用。
So we know that there's lots of crows. We found out they're really smart and they can teach each other. When all this became clear, I realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine. So that's what we did. This is a vending machine for crows. And it uses Skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages. It's pretty simple.
好了，現(xiàn)在我們都知道城市里有大量的烏鴉，它們很聰明，還懂得相互間分享生存的秘訣。當(dāng)我知道這一切以后，我決定要專(zhuān)門(mén)為它們做一臺(tái)自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)。并且還做成功了。這就是烏鴉專(zhuān)用自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)：我們用斯金納(操作性條件反射)理論，分四階段訓(xùn)練法來(lái)訓(xùn)練烏鴉。其實(shí)也很簡(jiǎn)單。
Basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field or someplace where there's lots of crows. We put coins and peanuts all around the base ofthe machine. Crows eventually come by, eat the peanuts, and get used to the machine being there. Eventually, they eat all the peanuts. Then they see peanuts here on the feeder tray, and hop up and help themselves. Then they leave, the machine spits up more coins and peanuts, and life is dandy if you're a crow -- you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.
首先，我們把這樣的機(jī)器放到田野 或者烏鴉經(jīng)常出沒(méi)的地方。 在機(jī)器的底部放上一大堆的硬幣和花生。 烏鴉來(lái)了，吃掉機(jī)器上的花生， 并且也習(xí)慣了機(jī)器的存在。 吃光了地面的花生以后， 它們發(fā)現(xiàn)在售貨機(jī)的出貨口那里也有很多花生， 于是就跳到上面，也同樣盡享美味。 每一天，那機(jī)器上都會(huì)放滿(mǎn)了硬幣和花生。
So when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back. Now they're used to the sound of the machine;they keep coming back and digging out peanuts from the pile of coins that'sthere. When they get really happy about this, we stymie them.
嘿，要是當(dāng)那樣的一只烏鴉也不錯(cuò)喲， 每天都不愁吃的。當(dāng)它們都習(xí)慣這樣的生活或，我們繼續(xù)下一步我們等到烏鴉都習(xí)慣于機(jī)器的聲音，就把花生蓋在硬幣底下，它們飛過(guò)來(lái)，掀開(kāi)硬幣，就能吃得到花生，它們也挺開(kāi)心的。這時(shí)，我們決定給它們制造一些困難。
We move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin. Now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing,this really pisses them off. So they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something: sweep things out of the way with their beak. They do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot. When that happens, they get a peanut. This goes on for some time. The crows learn that all they have to do is show up, wait for the coin to come out, put it in the slot, then get their peanut.
我們開(kāi)始了第三階段的訓(xùn)練。只把一枚硬幣留在機(jī)器上，此時(shí)烏鴉飛過(guò)來(lái)，看到?jīng)]有食物，自然覺(jué)得很泄氣——我們?nèi)艘惨粯勇铩Ｋ运鼈兂鲇趯ふ沂澄锏谋灸?mdash;—用它的喙在機(jī)器上掃來(lái)掃去，不經(jīng)意的把硬幣碰到硬幣口里去了，于是它獲得了一顆花生。于是它們也學(xué)會(huì)了，每次都來(lái)這里， 只要把機(jī)器上的硬幣丟到硬幣口，就能吃得到花生。
When they're good and comfortable with that, we move to the final stage, where they show up and nothing happens. Thisis where we see the difference between crows and other animals. Squirrels, for example, would show up, look for the peanut, go away. Come back, look for the peanut, go away. They do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored,and then they go off and play in traffic.
當(dāng)他們對(duì)此過(guò)程非常熟練及滿(mǎn)足以后，我們進(jìn)入訓(xùn)練的最后一個(gè)階段，它們來(lái)到機(jī)器旁邊，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)什么也沒(méi)有。注意，就是這個(gè)關(guān)鍵的地方可以看出烏鴉是多么聰明。要是一只松鼠，它來(lái)到機(jī)器旁，尋找花生，找不到，就走了隔天再來(lái)，又是沒(méi)有，又跑回去。如此反復(fù)五六次，它們也就覺(jué)得沒(méi)意思了。
Crows, on the other hand, show up and they try and figure it out. They know this machine has been messing with them through three different stages of behavior.
而烏鴉則不一樣，它們要尋找出一個(gè)究竟。通過(guò)前面三個(gè)階段，并且這樣的玩笑越開(kāi)越大。
They figure there must be more to it. So they poke at it and peck at it. And eventually some crow gets a bright idea:"Hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage, hops down,picks it up, drops it in the slot, and we're off to the races. That crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts, until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.
它們覺(jué)得肯定還有更多方式獲得花生。它們又是用頭撞，又是用嘴咬。偶爾間有一些烏鴉想到了一個(gè)絕妙的主意：“嘿，大家還記得地面上放的那一大堆硬幣么?；蛟S有用呢?”——于是它們飛過(guò)來(lái)，銜起硬幣，扔進(jìn)投幣孔。它們發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎么吃得上花生了!這樣的技巧先是為第一批到來(lái)的烏鴉所壟斷，可慢慢的別的烏鴉也學(xué)會(huì)了……故事到此為止。
So, what's significant about this to me isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts. Mind you, there's 216 milliondollars' worth of change lost every year, but I'm not sure I can depend on that ROI from crows.
從這個(gè)故事我們得出結(jié)論：我們可以訓(xùn)練烏鴉，讓它們通過(guò)售貨機(jī)吃上花生。你知不知道，每一年都有價(jià)值2.16億的硬幣丟在大街上。
Instead, I think we should look a little bit larger. I think crows can be trained to do other things. For example, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events? Or find expensive components from discarded electronics? Or maybe do search and rescue? The main point of all this for me is, we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species. We can find ways to interact with these other species that doesn't involve exterminating them, but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.
嘿，當(dāng)然，我不是想靠烏鴉來(lái)賺錢(qián)。我們的眼光可以放遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)：我覺(jué)得我們可以訓(xùn)練烏鴉來(lái)做其他事。比如，為何不可以通過(guò)訓(xùn)練，讓烏鴉給體育館撿垃圾?或者讓它們幫助我們從大堆的廢棄電子元件里頭挑出有用的部件?又或者讓它們參與搜救工作?我這個(gè)演講的主要的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是我們可以尋找到一種與此類(lèi)動(dòng)物共存的途徑，我們能找到與其他族群共處的方式而不僅僅是滅絕它們，我們可以和它們實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏。
Thanks very much.(Applause)
非常感謝大家。 (掌聲)
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