考研英語(yǔ)法律類(lèi)閱讀理解及答案
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考研英語(yǔ)法律類(lèi)閱讀理解及答案：A BURNING IN ALABAMA
The savage murder of a gay man stuns a state where hate-crime laws do not protect homosexuals
“This is not the type of place where this happens," city council presiden
t George Carlton told a reporter, after the horror became public in his hometown, Sylacauga, Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper, Texas, a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago, even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13,000, halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery, Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries, textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga, like Jasper, became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.
According to police, Steven Eric Mullins, 25, and Charles Monroe Butler Jr., 21, plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither, 39. On Feb. 19, they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There, says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley, "they took him out of the trunk, took an ax handle and beat him to death." They set two old tires aflame, says Bradley, "then they put the body on the fire." They did it all, the deputy says, because Gaither was gay.
Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. "It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama," says state Representative Alvin Holmes, who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard, a gay student, was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October, an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard, Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay, though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN: "Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn't deserve to be killed for this."
"The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens," says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
Before Gaither's murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its "Equality Begins at Home" campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty: "These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message." The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force's policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid: "It's more than just a gay thing."
注(1)：本文選自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99, Vol. 153 Issue 10, p47, 2/3p, 3c, 1bw
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2003年真題 Text 4
1.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?
[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred
[B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago
[C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death
[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga
2.The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.
[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation
[B]people want to extend the hate-crime law
[C]the gays are really in a terrible fix
[D] people are indifferent to the gay student
3.Alvin Holmes’ attitude toward the gay victims is _________.
[A]indifferent
[B]sympathetic
[C]outrageous
[D]considerate
4.Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.
[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay
[B] sharpened people’s awareness
[C]gave legislation some momentum
[D]failed to have any change in the legislation
5.The text intends to express the idea that __________.
[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors
[B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens
[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go
[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched
答案：CABDC
篇章剖析
本文采用提出問(wèn)題-----分析問(wèn)題的模式。第一段和第二段提出問(wèn)題，詳細(xì)闡述一起同性戀謀殺案的發(fā)生經(jīng)過(guò)。第三段和第四段指出被害人的死造成的影響和反應(yīng)。第五段指出激進(jìn)分子的做法及其影響。
詞匯注釋
homosexual[hEJmEJ5sekFJEl] n.同性戀
echo[`ekEJ]vt.摹仿, 重復(fù)
rallying [5rAlIN]point n.聚集點(diǎn),號(hào)召力
legislator[5ledVIsleItE(r)]n.立法者
momentum[mEJ5mentEm]n.動(dòng)力, 要素
in the wake of adv.尾隨, 緊跟, 仿效
lynching[`lIntFIN]n.處私刑
allegation[AlI5^eIF(E)n]n.主張，斷言, 辯解
offensive[E5fensIv]n.進(jìn)攻, 攻勢(shì)
grass-roots[`^rB:s`rU:ts;`^rAs-]adj.一般民眾的, 由鄉(xiāng)間民間來(lái)進(jìn)行的
難句突破
1.Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.
主體句式：Gaither’s death has become a rallying point …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：在for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)中，that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾bill; related to sexual orientation as well來(lái)修飾crimes.
句子譯文：蓋瑟的死成了爭(zhēng)取同性戀權(quán)利組織和州立法委員強(qiáng)烈要求通過(guò)一項(xiàng)議案的號(hào)召力。這項(xiàng)議案可能會(huì)將阿拉巴馬實(shí)施三年的反仇視罪法的范圍擴(kuò)展到種族、膚色、宗教信仰和國(guó)家來(lái)源以外，把針對(duì)與性?xún)A向有關(guān)的罪行也包括在反對(duì)之列。
題目分析
1.答案為C，屬推理判斷題。選項(xiàng)A，B，D都屬于細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題，在文中都可找到對(duì)應(yīng)的信息。選項(xiàng)C歸納了前兩段的內(nèi)容。
1.案為A，屬推理判斷題。文中對(duì)應(yīng)信息是“Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching”。
2.案為B ，屬情感態(tài)度題。文中對(duì)應(yīng)信息是“"It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama”。
3.答案為D，屬推理判斷題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息“Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.”Gaither的被害雖然對(duì)立法有一定的影響，卻還沒(méi)有一定的改觀。
5.答案為C，屬主旨大意題。要綜觀全文，不要受到一些細(xì)節(jié)方面的干擾。
參考譯文
阿拉巴馬焚尸案
男同性戀殘忍被害案震驚了整個(gè)州—這個(gè)州的反仇視罪法不保護(hù)同性戀
這樁慘案在市參議會(huì)議長(zhǎng)喬治·卡爾頓的家鄉(xiāng)阿拉巴馬州錫拉科加被公諸于眾后，他這樣對(duì)記者說(shuō)：“這個(gè)地方不應(yīng)該發(fā)生這樣的事”。他是在重復(fù)一年前在德克薩斯州杰士伯說(shuō)過(guò)的話(huà)。幾乎沒(méi)有人聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)杰士伯這個(gè)地方。一周以前，甚至沒(méi)有人能在地圖上找出錫拉科加的位置。錫拉科加是一座擁有13,000人口的小鎮(zhèn)，位于伯明翰和蒙哥馬利之間，以大理石采石場(chǎng)、紡織廠和冰淇淋廠而著名。同杰士伯一樣，錫拉科加上周也上了最近發(fā)生仇視事件的“光榮”榜。
據(jù)警方說(shuō)，為謀殺39歲的比利•杰克•蓋瑟，25歲的史蒂文•埃里克•馬林斯和21歲的小查爾斯•門(mén)羅•巴特勒密謀了兩周時(shí)間。2月19日那天，他們先安排與他在錫拉科加的一個(gè)酒吧見(jiàn)面，然后把他騙到一個(gè)隱蔽的地點(diǎn)。在那兒，他們先是猛揍他，隨后把他扔進(jìn)汽車(chē)后備箱，駕車(chē)行使了15英里到了庫(kù)薩縣的拍克武德小河邊。庫(kù)薩縣副警長(zhǎng)阿爾•不拉德利說(shuō)：“他們把他從后備箱里拖出來(lái)，拿出斧柄將他打死”。隨后他們點(diǎn)燃了兩個(gè)舊輪胎。不拉德利說(shuō)：“點(diǎn)燃輪胎后，他們就把尸體放到了火上燒”。副警長(zhǎng)說(shuō)，這兩個(gè)人這樣做只是因?yàn)樯w瑟是同性戀。
蓋瑟的死成了爭(zhēng)取同性戀權(quán)利組織和州立法委員強(qiáng)烈要求通過(guò)一項(xiàng)議案的號(hào)召力。這項(xiàng)議案可能會(huì)將阿拉巴馬實(shí)施三年的反仇視罪法的范圍擴(kuò)展到種族、膚色、宗教信仰和國(guó)家來(lái)源以外，把針對(duì)與性?xún)A向有關(guān)的罪行也包括在反對(duì)之列。州議員阿爾文•福爾摩斯(他沒(méi)能在1996年該法律被通過(guò)時(shí)促使議會(huì)對(duì)原法律進(jìn)行修正)說(shuō)：“非得用某人的死來(lái)在這兒，在阿拉巴馬州獲取使某項(xiàng)法律得以通過(guò)的動(dòng)力實(shí)在是件令人遺憾的事”。去年十月，懷俄明州發(fā)生了一件令國(guó)人十分憤慨的事。一個(gè)名叫馬修•謝巴德的同性戀學(xué)生遭人毒打，眼睜睜地看著他死在圍墻上。這件事發(fā)生之后，福爾摩斯曾提議擴(kuò)展這一法律的范圍。甚至在謝巴德被人用私刑處死之后，懷俄明州也沒(méi)能通過(guò)反仇視罪法。盡管蓋瑟不聲不響地保持著南方人的性格，但是他跟謝巴德一樣，毫不隱瞞自己是同性戀這一事實(shí)。馬林斯和巴特勒對(duì)性?xún)A向引發(fā)這起謀殺的說(shuō)法遭到朋友的反駁。蓋瑟弟弟告訴CNN記者：“不管他的個(gè)人生活或其它方面怎么樣，他都不應(yīng)該為此而被處死。”
“人們獲得的啟示是同性戀是二等公民。” 美國(guó)國(guó)家男女同志特遣隊(duì)的發(fā)言人特蕾西•科納緹如是說(shuō)。
在蓋瑟被謀殺之前，一些激進(jìn)分子就在策劃發(fā)動(dòng)一個(gè)大型的全國(guó)范圍的支持同性戀的攻勢(shì)。從3月21日到27日，特遣隊(duì)將發(fā)動(dòng)一場(chǎng)“平等從家庭開(kāi)始”的運(yùn)動(dòng)。他們收集了50個(gè)州250樁發(fā)生在基層的事件，目的在于敦促議會(huì)通過(guò)反粗暴對(duì)待同性戀法?？萍{緹說(shuō)：“這些法律反映了一個(gè)社區(qū)的正義感，并傳達(dá)了一條重要的信息”。特遣隊(duì)政策研究所所長(zhǎng)吾爾瓦西•瓦伊德認(rèn)為，“三月事件”會(huì)使那些關(guān)心被剝奪了基本人權(quán)鄰居的正直人參與其中。瓦伊德還說(shuō)：“這不僅僅是一件同性戀的事情。”
考研英語(yǔ)法律類(lèi)閱讀理解及答案：ENDING THE ROUNDUPS
With Chicago's antiloitering law struck down, California is a model for how to fight street gangs
The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, pr
esented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there "to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers "with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities," she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. "We will go back and correct it and then move forward," said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. "The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings," says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. "It works instantly," says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. "A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe: "It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet."
~~~~~~~~
注(1)：本文選自By Margot Hornblower/Los Angeles With reporting by Timothy Roche/Chicago and Andrea Sachs/New York Time; 06/21/99, Vol. 153 Issue 24, p55, 2/3p, 1bw
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2004年真題Text 2。
1.What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the gang member and his father?
[A]How the antiloitering law works.
[B]How to maintain charming image.
[C]How tough the crime polices were.
[D]Why Chicago’s sweeping statute stroke down.
2.What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?
[A]Chicago’s antiloitering law shouldn’t be struck down.
[B]The cop was entitled to send the gangs away.
[C]Chicago officials yielded to the result of striking down the law.
[D]antiloitering law in Chicago was much too severe for the majority.
3.The third and fourth paragraphs suggest that ________.
[A]the League of Cities and 31 states should work with Chicago officials
[B]the injunctions in some cities brought back the safety on the street
[C]California successfully starts the battle against the gangs
[D]the police officers shoulder more responsibility than before
4.What does the author mean by “It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet” (The Last Line, Paragraph 5)?
[A]The gang members should be given a get-tough attitude in the long run.
[B]The targeted gang members rather than all of them should be given a get-tough treatment.
[C] A scalpel can cut off the tumors of the society while the invisible mallet fails to.
[D]A scalpel is more powerful than the invisible mallet.
5.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Chicago’s sweeping statute was struck down for its involving too many arrests.
[B]Chicago officials still maintained their get-tough crime policies.
[C]It was not safe for children to play on the street.
[D]California used a scalpel while other states used an invisible mallet to cope with the gangs.
答案：ADCBD
篇章剖析
本文采用提出問(wèn)題---解決問(wèn)題的模式。第一段和第二段提出芝加哥因?yàn)榉N種原因解除了禁止閑蕩法令;第三段、四段和五段針對(duì)這一問(wèn)題，指出加利福尼亞的做法是非常值得借鑒的。
詞匯注釋
loiter[5lCItE(r)]v.閑蕩, 虛度, 徘徊
rivet[5rIvIt]v. 吸引(注意力)
disperse [dI5sp\:s]v.(使)分散, (使)散開(kāi), 疏散
statute [5stAtju:t]n.法令, 條例
enforcement [In`fR:smEnt]n.執(zhí)行, 強(qiáng)制
concur[kEn5k\:(r)]v.同時(shí)發(fā)生
draconian [drE5kEJnIEn]adj.嚴(yán)酷的,極其殘酷的;十分嚴(yán)厲的：
intimidate [In5tImIdeIt]v. 恐嚇使膽怯;使害怕
innovative [`InEJveItIv]adj.創(chuàng)新的, 革新(主義)的
injunction [In5dVQNkF(E)n]n.命令, 指令, [律]禁令
parameter [pE5rAmItE(r)]n.參數(shù), 參量, <口>起限定作用的因素
scalpel [5skAlp(E)l]n.解剖刀
mallet [5mAlIt]n.槌棒
難句突破
1.Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.
主體結(jié)構(gòu)：Chicago officials might do well to look at …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“along with the League of Cities and 31 states”在句子中做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，其中that又引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行修飾;主句中where又引導(dǎo)從句來(lái)修飾state。
句子翻譯：只要芝加哥官員以及那些在法庭上支持他們的城市聯(lián)盟和31個(gè)州去看看那個(gè)州—加州—的情況就可以處理好他們的問(wèn)題。加州的反犯罪集團(tuán)閑蕩起訴案已經(jīng)受住了憲法的挑戰(zhàn)。
題目分析
1.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。文中對(duì)應(yīng)信息“but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse”,從第一段我們可以看出作者在介紹芝加哥的“禁止閑蕩法令”是如何運(yùn)做及被解除的。
2.答案為D，屬推理判斷題。第一段和第二段主要介紹芝加哥解除了“禁止閑蕩法令”。從第一段“which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”，我們可以看出這一法令是非常嚴(yán)厲的;從第二段“But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster.”我們可以看出一項(xiàng)較寬松的法令即將出臺(tái)。從這些地方我們可做出判斷。
3.答案為C, 屬推理判斷題。第三段和第四段主要介紹了加利福尼亞州是如何與街頭幫派行為做斗爭(zhēng)的。
4.答案為B，屬推理判斷題。這篇文章中存在對(duì)比：芝加哥的肅清法令“sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”，重在大范圍的打擊;加利福尼亞州“So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone.”重在小范圍的清除。
5.答案為D，屬推理判斷題。分析同第四題。
參考譯文
團(tuán)伙犯罪休矣
隨著芝加哥禁止閑蕩法的廢除，加利福尼亞成為與街頭犯罪集團(tuán)斗爭(zhēng)的典范
正如芝加哥法官約翰·保羅·斯蒂文斯所描述的那樣，這種景象是非常吸引人的。一個(gè)犯罪集團(tuán)成員和他的父親在里格利球場(chǎng)附近閑蕩，他們?cè)谀?ldquo;是想搶劫一個(gè)毫無(wú)戒心的球迷呢，還是只為了目睹一下正在離場(chǎng)的塞米索薩棒球隊(duì)的風(fēng)采呢?”警官不得而知，但是根據(jù)芝加哥反犯罪集團(tuán)法，警察必須命令他們散開(kāi)。鑒于史蒂文法官上書(shū)要求以6比3的多數(shù)通過(guò)廢除法令案，上個(gè)星期最高法院廢除了芝加哥的肅清法令。這項(xiàng)法令在三年的實(shí)施時(shí)間里，引發(fā)了42,000起逮捕案。
這一決定對(duì)于那些主張嚴(yán)厲懲治犯罪的人來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)疑是當(dāng)頭一棒。但是根據(jù)一種相當(dāng)著名且普遍贊同的觀點(diǎn)，法官桑德拉•戴•奧康納認(rèn)為，采取一種不太嚴(yán)厲的做法—把犯罪集團(tuán)成員與無(wú)辜的旁觀者加以區(qū)分的方法—可能更符合憲法的規(guī)定。她這樣寫(xiě)道，議案中使用的新的措辭可能會(huì)把那些“除了控制可識(shí)別區(qū)域、恐嚇?biāo)瞬坏眠M(jìn)入該區(qū)域或隱瞞非法活動(dòng)外沒(méi)有其它明確目的”的閑蕩者作為目標(biāo)。芝加哥官員發(fā)誓要起草一項(xiàng)新措施。理查德•戴利說(shuō)：“我們要回過(guò)頭去對(duì)其進(jìn)行糾正，然后再繼續(xù)往前走。”
只要芝加哥官員以及那些在法庭上支持他們的城市聯(lián)盟和31個(gè)州去看看那個(gè)州—加州—的情況就可以處理好他們的問(wèn)題。加州的反犯罪集團(tuán)閑蕩起訴案已經(jīng)受住了憲法的挑戰(zhàn)。這個(gè)州已將兩部禁止閑蕩的法律編輯成冊(cè)，該法律主要針對(duì)那些意欲犯如賣(mài)淫和販毒等特種罪行的人。另外，當(dāng)?shù)匾恍z察官正創(chuàng)新性地應(yīng)用公共妨害法向犯罪集團(tuán)宣戰(zhàn)。
在洛杉磯和圣何塞這樣的城市，檢察官已要求對(duì)那些被懷疑有團(tuán)伙犯罪行為的犯罪集團(tuán)成員實(shí)行禁令。洛杉磯檢察官馬丁•弗拉尼卡說(shuō)：“大街上巡邏的警察熟悉犯罪集團(tuán)的成員，并為漫長(zhǎng)的法庭審訊收集物證。” 如果證據(jù)能足以使法官信服，就會(huì)頒布禁令，在特定區(qū)域里禁止某些特定的行為—比如攜帶手機(jī)或?qū)ず魴C(jī)或阻礙行人通道。曾在加利福尼亞最高法庭上成功為泰迪公司(The Tactic)進(jìn)行辯護(hù)的圣何塞市律師瓊•加洛說(shuō)：“這馬上就奏效了。禁止令頒布幾天之后，孩子們就開(kāi)始在他們以前未去過(guò)的大街上玩耍了。”
據(jù)估計(jì)，洛杉磯150,000個(gè)犯罪集團(tuán)成員中，至今只有幾百人被定為目標(biāo)對(duì)象。但是專(zhuān)家們表示，上周的決定為實(shí)施更為嚴(yán)厲的措施確立了范圍。哈福法律教授勞倫斯•特萊布說(shuō)：“這只是意味著，他們須用手術(shù)刀，而不是用無(wú)形的木槌來(lái)解決這一問(wèn)題了。”
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