埃菲爾鐵搭英文簡(jiǎn)介
埃菲爾鐵塔，世界著名建筑、法國(guó)文化象征之一、巴黎城市地標(biāo)之一、巴黎最高建筑物。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理的埃菲爾鐵搭英文簡(jiǎn)介，希望對(duì)你有用!
埃菲爾鐵塔簡(jiǎn)介
The Eiffel Tower stands on the south bank of the Seine River in Paris, France. It is one of the world famous buildings, one of the French cultural symbols, one of the landmarks of Paris, the tallest building in Paris. By the French love called "iron lady".
The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889, named after its famous architect, structural engineer Gustav Eiffel, all built by Schneider Iron (now Schneider Electric).
The Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high and the antenna is 24 meters high and 324 meters high. The tower is made up of a lot of scattered steel components - it looks like a pile of models. There are 18038 steel components, weighing 10,000 tons, the construction of a total of 7 million drilling, the use of rivets 2.59 million. In addition to the four feet are reinforced concrete, the body is made of steel, the total weight of 7,000 tons tower. The tower is divided into three floors, respectively, from the ground 57.6 meters, 115.7 meters and 276.1 meters, one on the second floor with a restaurant, the third floor has a viewing platform, from the tower to the top of a total of 1711 ladder.
The Eiffel Tower has about 698 million visitors in 2011, bringing the total number of visitors to more than 250 million people in 2010, bringing € 1.5 billion in tourism revenue each year.
埃菲爾鐵塔建設(shè)背景
1884 France has just emerged from the shame of the Franco-Prussian War, in order to show the national strength, in 1884, the French Parliament to make a decision: May 5, 1889 to November 6, Paris, France will once again host the Expo, the theme is to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution The May 1886, the French government for the world for the World Expo architectural tender; in the Paris God of War Plaza design a tower. Conditions are two: towers can attract visitors to buy tickets to visit; after the Expo can be easily removed.
埃菲爾鐵塔建筑歷程
Build an opportunity
1889 coincided with the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the French Revolution, the French people want to host the World Expo will leave the world a deep impression, especially in London in 1851 held the World Expo has achieved unprecedented success, Paris is not far behind. The Frenchman had always wanted to build a fair building that exceeded the British "Crystal Palace" and began to design a contest in 1886, aiming to "create a work that symbolizes the technological achievements of the 19th century."
Conceptual formation
In 1885, the French official began planning a great exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. They want to build a monument that can represent the French honor.
At that time, the stone Washington monument had just been completed. This up to 557 feet of the monument, became the world's tallest building. While the French hope to go beyond this record, in the center of Paris to build a 1000-foot tower. What you need to do is find the tower design and architect.
Open selection
On May 2, 1886, the French government announced the holding of a design contest, where French engineers and architects were invited to study the possibility of putting a base 125 square meters at a height of 300 meters on the Champ de Mars (Ares Square) The No matter what kind of conception of the contestants, they must meet the following two conditions:
The building can be used to raise funds. That is to say must be able to attract enough tourists to buy tickets to visit, the proceeds can maintain the building itself.
This is a temporary building, after the exposition can be easily removed.
stand out
Prior to the deadline of May 18, 1887, more than 100 drafts were contested. Most of which are very traditional, while others are very weird. It was proposed to build a huge guillotine; it was proposed to put up a 1000-foot sprinkler, in the dry season irrigation of the whole of Paris; also suggested that the top of the tower, the installation of a huge light, you can illuminate the whole of Paris 8 times, you can easily read the newspaper.
The truth is that no proposal has been passed. Just as the announcement of the contest, a 53-year-old architect Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel (Eiffel), has begun to consider the use of metal for France to build a great building.
53-year-old Alexander Gustave Eiffel (AlexanderGustaveEiffel) was a famous European architect, the second half of the 19th century, most of the famous architects can find him in the list of designers. Eiffel suggested that the French authorities to build a height twice as much as the world's tallest buildings - Khufu pyramids, Cologne Cathedral and Ulm Cathedral tower, and in June 1886 to the 1889 General Committee submitted drawings and The results were calculated on January 8, 1887.
Joint venture construction
In January 1887, the Eiffel and the French government, the Paris municipal government signed a contract. Eiffel's engineering company will pay $ 1.3 million of the $ 1.6 million total in the construction of the total budget. In exchange, Eiffel will receive revenue from the tower during the fair and for the next 20 years. (At this time the government has agreed to keep the tower after the fair.) Then, all ownership will be transferred to the Paris municipal government, if you wish, the government can also remove the tower.
Unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed to make money from the start. If you want to take a lift or stairs to reach a platform, you need to pay 2 francs; if you want to reach the top level, you need to pay 5 francs (Sunday will be cheaper). This is just a start, a platform also plans to open restaurants, cafes, shops; two-story platform plans to open post offices, telephone offices, bakeries and galleries. The tower is designed to accommodate 10416 paying visitors at the same time.
Cause controversy
January 18, 1887, the Eiffel Tower project officially broke ground, February 14, Paris, literature and art architectural elite involved in the protest, protest against the content of the construction of the Paris Tower, including the famous French writer Maupassant, 300 celebrities signed a "protest against the construction of the Paris Tower" protest, celebrity protests led to the petition of the masses: the Paris Tower as a huge black factory chimney, stands over the Paris. This monster will cover the famous buildings of Notre Dame, the Louvre, the Arc de Triomphe. This ugly pillar, which is riveted by steel, will cast a disgusting shadow on the ancient city with hundreds of years old. At the same time there are other critics. A professor of mathematics in France predicts that the building will collapse after 748 feet (229 meters), and the experts say the tower's light will kill all the fish in the Seine. Paris version of the "New York Herald" claimed that the tower is changing the climate, the daily "Le Matin" is the first report of the tower "is sinking." But the construction of the tower for a moment did not because of these opposition and stop, awe-inspiring began to replace the fear.
Architect Eiffel in the "Times" a series of answering questions, the successful lifting of the masses of doubts, the voice of opposition was significantly lower, the Eiffel Tower to continue construction, without being affected by the controversy and intimidation.
Construction selection
At the beginning of the project, there are actually four construction sites, each of which is the foot of the tower or a tower pier. These piers will not converge until after 180 feet, and when these piers meet must be able to reach the perfect level, this perfect level will serve as the remaining 800 feet of construction base. If the tower pierces a little difference, it will tilt the entire tower.
Eiffel knew that he had no way of ensuring that the piers were able to hold the perfect level after the construction was completed, so he had a temporary water pump at the bottom of each tower. So that with the advance of the project, he can be slightly raised or lowered by the tower to fine-tune. When the overall adjustment is completed, the workers will be embedded in the tower inside the iron wedge, so that the tower pier fixed forever.
Later, it was proved that Eiffel had nothing to worry about. Even with a height of 180 feet, the maximum error of the four piers is not 2.5 inches. The four towers are simply adjusted and fixed. Until today, the tower has maintained a perfect level.
Technological innovation
During the construction of the Eiffel Tower, the architect Eiffel designed a number of creative techniques:
In addition to the other large-scale construction projects, Eiffel pre-made all the parts in their own workshop. In other words, when these parts are sent to the site when the installation can be completed very quickly.
The rivet hole is prefixed with a tolerance of one-tenth of a millimeter, allowing the 20 riveted groups to be fitted with 1650 rivets per day.
The construction of the tower of each component are not more than 3 tons, which makes small cranes can be widely used.
Perfect finish
Base construction took a year and a half, the tower installed spent 8 months more time, in March 31, 1889 all ended. A total of 50 architects and designers painted 5300 blueprints. Eiffel's calculations are extremely accurate, and the factory in Levallois-Perret produces 12,000 different components, and none of the installation needs to be modified and there is almost no accident in the two years of construction.
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