Albert Einstein英文簡(jiǎn)介
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦，猶太裔物理學(xué)家，為核能開發(fā)奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)，開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)新紀(jì)元，下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理的Albert Einstein英文簡(jiǎn)介，希望對(duì)你有用!
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦簡(jiǎn)介
Albert Einstein (Albert Einstein, on March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955), the jewsphysicists。
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879Ulm,The city of aThe jewsFamilies (parents are jewish), in 1900 graduated from the schoolThe federal institute of technology in Zurich, into theThe SwissNationality.In 1905,The university of ZurichPh.D.Degree, Einstein was put forwardThe photonAssumptions, explains the successThe photoelectric effectSo in 1921The Nobel Prize for physics, the creation ofSpecial theory of relativity.Founded in 1915General theory of relativity。
Einstein asNuclear energyThus laid a foundation for the development, ushered in a new era of modern science and technology, is acknowledged as the followingGalileo、NewtonSince one of the greatestphysicists.On December 26, 1999, Einstein is the United States"Time magazineFor the"The great man”。
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦人物經(jīng)歷
Reading time
(9) in 1888, Einstein into Louis boulder senior middle school.By religious education in schools, accept bar mitzvah,friedmanIs guiding teacher.
1889 (10), tal mei guided in medical college students, reading popular science books and philosophical works.
1891 (12), and self-studyEuclidean geometry, feel fanatical love, also began to self-studyHigher mathematics。
(13) in 1892 and began to readKantOf the works.
(15), in 1894 the family moved to EinsteinItaly。
In 1895 (16), self-studyDifferential and integral calculus.That same year, Einstein at the Swiss federal institute of college entrance examination failed.Einstein began to think about when a person is inThe speed of lightMovement when they see what phenomenon.Confusion on the classical theory of internal contradictions.
O 1896 (17), a high school diploma.On October 29, Einstein moved toZurichAnd at the Swiss federal institute of technology college.
On October 19, 1899 (20), Einstein formally applyThe SwissCitizenship.
In August 1900 (21), who graduated from EinsteinThe federal university of technology in Zurich;12 months to complete the paper "the conclusions reached by the capillary phenomenon", published in the journal of physics in leipzig, the following year into Swiss.
On March 21, 1901 (22),The SwissNationality.Completed in 5 - July this yearElectric potential differencethethermodynamicsThe theory of papers.
After graduation
On June 16, 1902 (23), and employed by Bern, Switzerland Patent Office.
In 1903 (24), with his college friendsShe Mary gTo get married.Before they got married had her first child.
In September 1904 (25), from the patent trial personnel to formal tertiary technician.
(26) in March, 1905Quantum theory,Light quantum hypothesisTo solve theThe photoelectric effectThe problem.April toThe university of ZurichPaper put forward a new measurement of molecular size, have a doctorate.May complete paper"The theory of electrodynamics of moving bodies, independent and complete put forward special relativity principle, create a new era of physics.This year, therefore is called"Einstein's miracle years”。
In April 1906 (27), promoted to the Patent Office level 2 technician.November completed solidSpecific heatPaper, this is the first paper about quantum theory of solids.
In 1907 (28) promoted to the Patent Office level technicians.
In October 1908 (29), concurrentlyThe university of BernSide of lecturer.
In October 1909 (30), leave the Bern Patent Office, associate professor of theoretical physics.
In October 1910 (31), finish onCritical opalescenceThe paper.
In 1911 (32), from Switzerland moved to Prague.
In 1912 (33), the paper puts forward "photochemical equivalent" law.
In 1913 (34), return to Germany, William bo-lin ren, director of the physics research and the emperorHumboldt university in BerlinProfessor, and was electedPrussia,Academy of sciences.
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦震驚世界
(35) in April 1914, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community.movedBerlin.In August, that is, broke outThe first world war.He is living in the birthplace of the war.Life surrounded by advocates of the war, are firmly that his anti-war attitude.In September, Einstein anti-war groups have initiated the "new country alliance", was declared illegal in the organization, members of a large number of arrest and persecution under the condition of the underground, Einstein is still determined to take part in the secret activities of the organization.In October, Germany's scientific and cultural communities under the manipulation and incitement of militarists, issued a "civilized world declaration", in GermanyWar of aggressionDefense, advocating the German higher than all, the whole world should accept "true spirit" in Germany.Sign the "declaration" of ninety-three people, is the prestigious German scientists, artists, and priests.Even thenernst、roentgen、ostwald、The PlanckIn the signed face to face.When ask for Einstein's signature, he flatly refused, and at the same time, he was resolutely signed on to the anti-war "against the letter of his name.
In November 1915 (36), and puts forward"General theory of relativity"Complete form of gravity equation, and successfully explained the mercuryPerihelion.Movement.
In March 1916 (37), finish the summary paper "the basis of the general theory of relativity.In may, the space is limited unbounded hypothesis is put forward.In August, complete "on the quantum theory of radiation", summarizes the development of quantum theory, put forward the stimulated radiation theory.
38 (1917),LeninLed by the Soviet union after the victory of socialist revolution, Einstein was very support this great revolution, praise it is one of the world will have the decisive significance and great social practice, and said: "I respectLeninBecause he is a complete self-sacrifice and dedication for the realization of social justice with all my heart.I don't think his method is practical, but one thing is certain: the type of person, such as he is a supporter of human conscience and reengineering."
(40) in 1919, Einstein and m she divorce, in the same year, love it with your cousin marriage.
Because of (42) in 1921, EinsteinThe photoelectric effectThe research andThe Nobel Prize in physicsAnd his research pushQuantum mechanicsThe development of.In January, visitPragueandVienna.In the same year on Jan. 27 at the Prussian academy of sciences for the geometry and experience of the report.
In February,AmsterdamTake part in the international union meeting.April 5 solstice on May 30, in order to giveJerusalemtheHebrew universityCreated to raise money, together with the weizmann's first visitThe United States.inColumbia University,Barnard's medal.inThe White HouseMet by President Harding.During a visit toChicago、BostonandPrincetonPeriod, had four teaching the theory of relativity.In June, visit to the UK, and pay the Newton cemetery.
In January 1922 (43), finish onUnified field theoryThe first paper.3 - April visit to France, efforts to promote the franco-german relationship normalization.Published critical Mach's philosophy of conversation.In April,The international union for theIntellectual cooperation committee.In July, threatened by murder, temporarily leftBerlin.Along the way to accessColombo,、Singapore、Hong KongandShanghai。
On November 9, 1922, on the way to the Japan - Shanghai, Einstein knew was awarded the 1921 by telegraphThe Nobel Prize in physics。
On February 2, 1923 (44), on his way home from Japan, toThe PalestinianVisit, stay in 12 days.
On February 8, 1923, has become the first honorary citizen of tel aviv.fromThe PalestinianReturn to Germany on the way, visit to Spain.In march, Einstein was disappointed in the league of nations ability, put forward a resignation to the league of nations.6 - July, to help create a "new Russian friends association", and become the members of the committee.In July, togothenburgAccept the 1921 Nobel Prize.Relativity and presentation as thanks to receive the Nobel Prize.foundCompton effectTo solve theThe photonThe concept of medium and long-term contradictions.In December, the first guessQuantum effectsMay come from the excessive constraint of general relativity field equations.
In 1924 (45 years of age) to join the Berlin jewish organizations, and to become a member of the pay the membership fee.In June, reconsidering to join the league of nations.In December, the last major found that fromStatistical fluctuationAnalysis and draw a wave in the material association of independent argument.At this time, also foundCondensed bose - Einstein。
In 1925 (46) employed to DE su cooperation group "member of" Oriental culture technology association.May, June, goSouth AmericaAccess.withGandhiAnd others together, sign the objector statement.Accept the popular science column award.forHebrew universityWork of the board of directors.Published "the non Euclidean geometry and physics".
In 1926 (47)HeisenbergTalk aboutQuantum mechanicsPhilosophical problem.Accept the astronomer royal gold medal.Accept for the Soviet academy of sciences.
(48) in February, 1927Bobby plugDraft of theThe fascistSign the declaration.The easInternational anti-imperialist illiteracy, was elected honorary President.In the 5th OctoberBrusselsSolvay physics workshop, start withCopenhagen schoolFierce debate on the explanation of quantum mechanics issues.Issued the Newtonian mechanics and its impact on development of theoretical physics.
In January 1928 (49), was chosen as "the German human rights alliance" (formerly known as the "new country alliance") German director.Spring, due to overwork body, poor health, da fu, recuperate, to Switzerland and to recuperate youth to give lectures.Issued the basic concepts of physics to the recent changes ".In April, Helen ducasse to Einstein's home as a private secretary to the life.
In February 1929 (50), issued theUnified field theory".March, 50th birthday, hide in the suburbs in order to avoid the birthday party.First visit to the Belgian royal, queen Elizabeth as friendship, always communicate with the queen of Belgium until death.The Planck medal.In September, with French mathematicianAda horseaboutWar and peaceDebate, insist to unconditionally opposed to all wars.
Discontent in 1930 (51) the international union in improving international relations, who had been offered to resign.In may, in the"
International women's peace and freedom alliance "world disarmament sign statement. In July, the objectivity of truth to argue with tagore. On December 11, 1931 - March 4, Einstein's first visit to the United States, mainly in theThe California institute of technology。
On December 13, 1930, the mayor walker gave Einstein the gold key of New York City.
On December 19, 20, 1930, a visit to Cuba.Published "my world", "religion and science" and so on.
In March 1931 (52), back from the United StatesBerlin.In may, visit to the UKOxfordTo give lectures.In November, called for countries toJapanEconomic blockade, to stop its military invasion of China.In December, again go toCaliforniaTo give lectures.To attend the 1932 international conference on disarmament, specially and published a series of articlesspeech.Published "maxwell its influence on the development of the concept of physical reality.
In February 1932 (53), for the German pacifist oce, is observedtreasonIn pasadena, trying to protest.In march, from the United States back to Berlin.In may, after the lecture to Cambridge and Oxford, arrive to attend the conference on disarmament in Geneva, was extremely disappointed.In June, with murphy's talk about the causal problem.In July, with Freud communication, to discuss the psychological problems of war.German called on the people rose up to defend the weimar republic, fully against fascism.On December 10, and his wife left Germany for the United States.Had planned to visit the United States, however, they never set foot on German soil.
In 1933 (54) raid in Nazi Germany governmentBerlinApartment, burnt their books, confiscation of property, and a thousand mark for his head.Einstein was inPrinceton university,As a visiting professor at that message after joining the American nationality.
In 1934 (55) corpus "my world" by following the son-in-law Rudolf gregg keizer editing and publication.In May 1935 to Bermuda for short-term travel.In the Bermuda formally applied to always live in the United States.This is the last time he left the United States.aFranklin medal.With more ear and rosen cooperation, published toCopenhagenSchool challenges papers, claimed that quantum mechanics to describe it is incomplete.In order to makeThe Nobel peace prizeGiven in Nazi concentration camps in the west, and to run.
With (57) started in 1936The fieldHoffman and cooperative research movement problem of general relativity.Elsa died on December 20, wife.Published in physics and it ","The theory of education》。
In March 1937 (58) - September, by the verdet penned popular book"The evolution of physics".In march, solidarity with China"Seven gentlemen". In June, with the field and hoffman collaboration paper the problem of gravity equation and motion, motion equation is derived from the field equations of general relativity.
In 1938 (59) with ingmar bergman co-author papers kaluza electrical theory of promotion.
On August 2, 1939 (60), under the szilard to promote your booksRooseveltThe President, recommend to usAtomic energyResearch, prevent Germany beat masterThe atomic bomb.Sister Maya from Europe to the United States, in Einstein's home to stay for a long time.
On May 15, 1940 (61), published on the foundation of theoretical physics examination ".On May 22, callRoosevelt, against America's neutral policy.On October 1, a nationality to the United States.Einstein wrote a famous paper in the same year, defending his this proposition, namely "I do not believe in a personal god".
1941 (62), published in science and religion "and other articles.
In October 1942 (63), inThe jewsSigning Sue warmly praised at the meeting the Soviet union in terms of achievement.
In 1943 (May 64), as a science advisory work in the United States navy.
1944 (65) to support the anti-fascist war, special theory of relativity thesis manuscript of 6 million auction for million.Published to RussellepistemologyThe comments.In December, with stern,BohrdiscussAtomic weaponsAnd the problem of the post-war peace, follow Bohr's advice, temporary silence.
(66) in March, 1945Leo szilardDiscuss the dangers of atomic arms, write introduce szilard to seeRoosevelt, not if really.In April, retired from higher academic research institute (in fact still continue to work as usual).In September, published a series of consecutive regarding the world of atomic war and the government.
In 1946 (May 67), launched a "atomic scientists very committee", as the chairman.In may, accept a honorary doctorate degree in Lincoln university.Writing a "report", review of life on the way of scientific exploration.In may, sister Maya paralysis due to stroke, studying every night to her later.In October, toThe United Nations general assemblyWrite a letter, urgedWorld government。
1947 (68), continue to post a lot about the world government.In September, published an open letter, suggestedThe United NationsRestructuring government for the world.
In April 1948 (69), with sharp linley cooperation, astronomers to against the United States' preparation for "preventive war" against the Soviet union.Against the United States generally military training.Published "the quantum mechanics and true".Ex m she in Zurich.In December, laparotomy, found a big in the abdominal aortaThe aneurysm。
On January 13, 1949 (70), Einstein was discharged from hospital.In January, write the answer to criticism, the Copenhagen school in corpus of Albert Einstein: philosopher, scientist for the critique.In November, "atomic scientists very committee" stop activities.
February 13, 1950 (71), in a televised speech, against the United States manufacturingThe hydrogen bomb.In April, published on the general theory of gravity."Old age" published.On March 18th, the will was signed and sealed.Dr Nathan named as the sole executor.Dr Heritage by Nathan and ducasse Shared hosting.Letters and manuscripts is eventually storageHebrew university.Other terms include: the violin to Sun Zibo ha DE Caesar.
1951 (72), published articles and letters in a row, points out that the armament expansion policy of the United States is a serious obstacle to world peace.In June, sister Maya in long-term paralysis after death.In September, "atomic scientists very committee" dissolution.
1952 (73) published the theory of relativity and space problem, the introduction of some basic introduction to.In November, the first President of IsraelHaim weizmannAfter the death of the Israeli government, he served as President of 2 please, be rejected.
On April 3, 1953 (74), write to Bern age friend tribute Olympia academy of sciences, memorial youth life.On May 16, to the persecution of teachers fraunhofer glass written reply, resolutely resist calls on American intellectualsThe fascistPersecution, caused a big stir.In honor of the born to retire onQuantum mechanicsExplanation of the thesis, the resulting a fierce debate between two people.Published "the concept of < space > order".
Disease later in life
In March 1954 (75), 75 - year - old birthday, through "emergency council for civil liberties," callThe people of the United StatesFighting against the fascist forces.In march, senator McCarthy publicly reprimanded by the United States as "enemies of the United States.In may, issued a statement to protestOppenheimer,The political persecution.The autumn of hemolytic anemia, stay in bed for a few days.On November 18, in a statement posted on the journal reporter, don't want toThe United StatesDo scientists, and would rather be a craftsman or vendor and completed the asymmetric theory of relativistic.
In February 1955 (76), communication with Russell to talk about peace declaration.In march, write the readme fragment, memories of youth to learn and scientific exploration of the road.On April 3, withCohen,Talk about the problem such as the history of science.On April 5, dismissed the fascists to buckle his "subversive" hat.On April 11, sign the declaration.On April 13, when drafting a television speech severe abdominal pain, after a diagnosis ofarteryBleeding.On April 15 rijin Princeton hospital.On April 18, was diagnosed with EinsteinAortic aneurysmIn his sleep at midnight, 18, difficulty breathing, aortic aneurysm rupture ruptured cerebral hemorrhage, and diedPrinceton.A man namedThomas HarveyBy the doctor anatomical Einstein remains some time, with Einstein's family "quietly" to take the Einstein's brain.The pathology doctor want the future to neural science to study Einstein's brain, to find out why Einstein's smart.To comply with EinsteinA will, held no funeral after his death, also not built tomb, not the monument, body is in accordance with the will be cremated, ashes scattered in a secret place forever, the purpose is not to bury his place as the holy land.
Personal life
At 11 o 'clock on March 14, 1879, 30 points, Einstein was born in GermanyUlm,City (Ulm, Kingdom of Wurttemberg, German Empire) 135 class hoff street.The parents areThe jews。
Father: Hermann Einstein,Hermann Einstein) birthday on August 30, 1847, 32, when Einstein was born;
Mother: Pauline Koch (bao ling Koch) birthday on February 8, 1858, Einstein was born at the age of 21.
On November 18, 1881, Einstein's sister Maya inMunichWas born.
Einstein and his ex-wife m she had an unmarried daughter li searle (1902 (I see him), 1963 -), but Einstein in 1903 to 1903 she married m, she later to Einstein gave birth to two sonsHans Albert EinsteinandEdward Albert Einstein。
Einstein's second wife, love she is his cousin, was also his cousin, because their mothers are blood sisters, their grandfather, they are all put lu Albert Einstein.The marriage love it from 1919 to 1919, died.Einstein's second son Edward with m she family genetic influenceschizophreniaAnd remained single all his life.The eldest son, Hans Albert Einstein was the United StatesThe university of California at BerkeleytheWater conservancy projectProfessor, has three children, the eldest son bernhard, Caesar, Einstein was a physicist, the second son Klaus Martin (1932-1938), and had other sons and daughters.Bernhard, Caesar, Einstein had five children, the youngest child Thomas became a doctor Einstein, Paul Albert Einstein is a violinist.
Einstein's grandson Bern gerhard, Caesar, Einstein letters record grandpa is the most precious itemsThe violinandpipe。
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