初中英語介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)
初中英語介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)
初中介詞的知識(shí)點(diǎn)比較多，為了幫助同學(xué)們更好的學(xué)習(xí)初中英語，以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編分享給大家的初中英語介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納，希望可以幫到你!
初中英語介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納
一、表示時(shí)間的介詞
時(shí)間介詞有in , on，at， after， since，during,by,before,after,until等，前三個(gè)介詞用法有個(gè)口訣： at午夜、點(diǎn)與分，上午、下午、晚用in。
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周，之前加上介詞in。
將來時(shí)態(tài)多久后，這些情形亦用in。
日子、日期、年月日，星期之前要用on。
其余幾組常見的時(shí)間介詞辨析如下辨析如下：
1、時(shí)間介詞in與after 的用法辨析
介詞 in + 一段時(shí)間用于一般將來時(shí)。如：We’ll go to school in two weeks.
介詞after + 一段時(shí)間用于一般過去時(shí)。如：My mother came home after half an hour.
介詞after + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)常用于一般將來時(shí)。如：We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
2、時(shí)間介詞for與since的用法辨析
介詞for 表示一段時(shí)間如：I have been living here for 10 years.
介詞since 表示從過去某一時(shí)間以來如：I have been living here since 2000.
3、時(shí)間介詞before與by的用法辨析
介詞before表示“在…之前”如：He won’t come back before five .
介詞by表示“到…時(shí)為止，不遲于…”如：The work must be finished by Friday.
4、時(shí)間介詞during與for的用法辨析
當(dāng)所指的時(shí)間起止分明時(shí)用介詞during如：He swims every day during the summer.
如果一段時(shí)間不明確則用介詞for如：I haven’t seen her for years.
5、時(shí)間介詞till與until用法的異同
till和until用在肯定句中，均可表示“直到…為止”，如：I will wait till(until)seven o'clock.
till和until用在否定句中，均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。
如：Tom didn't come back till(until)midnight.
till多用于普通文體，而 until則用于多種文體，并且在句子開頭時(shí)，用until而不用till如：Until he comes back，nothing can be done.
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等詞之前一律不用介詞。
二、表示方位的介詞
常用的表示方位的介詞用法及辨析如下：
1、方位介詞on, over, above的用法辨析
介詞on表示一物放在另一物上面，兩者緊貼在一起，如：The book is on the table.
介詞over表示一種垂直懸空的上下關(guān)系，即“在…上方”，如：Is there any bridge over the river?
介詞above表示一般的“高于…”，“在…之上”，如：There was an electric clock above his bed.
2、方位介詞under與below的用法辨析
介詞under是over的反義詞即“在…下方”，如：They were seen under the tree.
介詞below是above的反義詞即“低于…”，“在…之下”，如：They live below us.
3、方位介詞across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析
介詞across著重于“從一頭或一邊到另一頭或另一邊”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從表面穿過。
如：She went across the street to make some purchases.
介詞through著重于“穿越”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從一定的空間內(nèi)穿過。
如：The sunlight was coming in through the window.
介詞over多表示從“上方越過”，如：He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
介詞past表示從“面前經(jīng)過”，如：Someone has just gone past the window.
4、地點(diǎn)介詞at與in的用法辨析
介詞at表示較小的地方，如家、村、鄉(xiāng)村等，如：He lives at a small village.
介詞in表示較大的地方，如大城市、國家、洲等，如：He lives in Beijing.
5、表示東南西北的時(shí)候，地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、to的用法辨析
介詞in表示“包含”如：Beijing is in the north of China.
介詞on表示“緊鄰”如：Canada lies on the north of the U.S.
介詞to表示“沒接觸”如：France lies to the south of England.
三、表示方式、手段、或工具的介詞by,in,on,with.
1、by,in,on,表示交通方式。用by 時(shí)，交通工具前不用任何詞;用 in和on 時(shí)，交通工具前用冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞。例如by car=in a car,by bike=on a bike.
2、表示手段或工具，with后跟具體工具，如I write with a pen;in表示使用某種語言或墨水、顏色等原料，例如：in English.
四、介詞的固定搭配
across from在對(duì)面
look for 尋找
look after 照顧
get on with 與某人相處
agree with 同意(某人)
arrive at(in) 到達(dá)
ask for 詢問
begin…with 從……開始
believe in 相信
break off 打斷
break out 爆發(fā)
bring down 降低
bring in 引進(jìn)
bring up 教育，培養(yǎng)
build up 建起
burn down 燒光
call back 回電話
call for 要求約請(qǐng)
call on 拜訪 訪問
care for 喜歡
carry on 繼續(xù)開展
carry out 實(shí)行開展
check out 查明 結(jié)帳
come about 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生
come out 出來
come to 共計(jì) 達(dá)到
compare…with 與……比較
compare to 比作
cut off 切斷
date from 始于
depend on 依靠
devote to 獻(xiàn)于
die out 滅亡
divide up 分配
dream of 夢(mèng)想
fall off 下降
fall over 跌倒
feed on 以……為食
get down to 專心于
get through 通過
初中英語介詞?？颊`區(qū)提醒
1、掌握介詞固定搭配
2、準(zhǔn)確把握介詞及介詞短語的基本意義和用法。
典型例題1：Peter usually gets up early the morning.
A in B on C at D of
解析;這是2008年北京市的一道中考題，本題考查時(shí)間介詞的用法。“在早上”應(yīng)為in the morning.
答案：A
典型例題2：-How do you usually go to school?
- my bike.
A By B In C On
解析; 雖然介詞by表示“乘坐”，但是它所接的名詞前沒有限定詞，即by bike.而本題中bike 前有限定詞my，這時(shí)應(yīng)用on.
答案：C
初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。
時(shí)間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。
I don’t want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法
1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3)句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示’寧愿某人做某事’
I’d rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:
一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。
1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
3. used to / be used to
used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步)
be used to + doing: 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It’s 69568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。
4. 一般將來時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。
will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
5. be going to / will
用于條件句時(shí)， be going to 表將來
will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it a s soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
6. be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)
7. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1)下列動(dòng)詞:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2)倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it’s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。
注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.
(對(duì))I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
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