托福閱讀推斷題和修辭目的題難點(diǎn)和解題思路介紹
托福閱讀10大題型中,推斷題一直都被認(rèn)為是比較有難度的題型之一,而相對(duì)的修辭目的題在很多人看來(lái)就是送分題了。不過(guò)難度差異較大的兩種題型,其實(shí)想要得分也需要大家對(duì)其難點(diǎn)和解題思路有充分了解才行。來(lái)看本文具體介紹。
托福閱讀推斷題和修辭目的題難點(diǎn)和解題思路介紹
托福閱讀高難度題推斷題介紹
說(shuō)到托福閱讀題,你覺(jué)得哪種閱讀題型最難做?相信有將近50%的同學(xué)都會(huì)把票投給推斷題。每次考試遇到推斷題,都有一種被難題支配的恐懼和陰影。
推斷題是有一定的難度所在的,這點(diǎn)可以從托??荚嚬俜街改?og)的改變上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)一些端倪。第三版og上,推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題,第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題,ETS的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見(jiàn)一斑。
托福閱讀低難度題型修辭目的題介紹
除了很難的閱讀推斷題,在托福閱讀題型中有一種題型跟它恰好相反,是比較好駕馭的一種題型,那就是修辭目的題,聽(tīng)起來(lái)很高端的樣子,雖然這類題型的答案在文中很好定位,但要想拿下高分還是有一定困難的。
如何做好這兩類閱讀題型?
雖然一個(gè)是很難的推斷題,一個(gè)是比較好駕馭的修辭目的題,但它們有一個(gè)同樣的做題難點(diǎn)—耗時(shí)又耗力。
推斷題
og上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對(duì)文章中強(qiáng)烈建議但絕不明說(shuō)的觀點(diǎn)的理解程度,屬于理解性題目。也就是說(shuō),想要做好這個(gè)題型,考生需要在閱讀文章的過(guò)程中進(jìn)行更多的主動(dòng)思考而非單純地被動(dòng)接受來(lái)自文章的信息,也就是多看多想,這需要大家磨煉自身的思維靈敏度。
比喻修辭題
修辭目的題是常見(jiàn)于托福閱讀部分的一種題型,這里的“修辭”其實(shí)并不是考查修辭方法,而是涉及相應(yīng)段落在文章中的作用,如:總結(jié),回答問(wèn)題,反駁,解釋說(shuō)明等。而“目的”則是考查對(duì)文章展開(kāi)形式的把握,是否了解到文章的結(jié)構(gòu)為:觀點(diǎn)+細(xì)節(jié)。
托福閱讀的推斷題總結(jié)
推論題(Inference):文章中有些論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)沒(méi)有明確闡述,但卻強(qiáng)烈暗示出來(lái)了。例如,文章論述的結(jié)果引出了,推論題就可能就造成結(jié)果的起因提問(wèn)。如果文中有比較,推論題就可能問(wèn)做比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。如果文中有對(duì)某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述,推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型,但難度很大,需要考生花大功夫準(zhǔn)備。
例題:Passage:…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a)They did not smoke when they were burned.
b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c)They were not available to all.
d)They contained sulfuric acid.
正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們:19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對(duì)蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命,這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息:19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒(méi)有這次變革之前,也就是在19世紀(jì)以前,照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因?yàn)樽髡咴谡務(wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革,所以這里所說(shuō)的“l(fā)ighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明,其實(shí)也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來(lái)的照明,這一推論出的信息正好與選項(xiàng)C吻合。
文章第一句同時(shí)也是一個(gè)時(shí)間的分水嶺,告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的?!霸?9世紀(jì)早期到中期,蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來(lái)提煉 tallow,提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是 stearin,stearin 比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅(jiān)硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的?!痹谶@里的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是rancid,意思是(油脂食物,其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項(xiàng)b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usual smoke(經(jīng)常有煙),這與選項(xiàng)a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來(lái)處理fallow的材料,在19世紀(jì)以前是沒(méi)有使用的,這與選項(xiàng)d相反。
托福閱讀:揭秘修辭目的題
一、 什么是修辭?
首先要弄懂的問(wèn)題是什么叫做修辭(rhetorical)?這里所指的修辭不同于咱們語(yǔ)文課上學(xué)的"比喻、擬人、排比、對(duì)偶、移情"等等,這些都是具體的修辭手法。托福閱讀中的修辭含義更廣,它包括舉例子 "下定義、闡述、解釋、對(duì)比、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)、批評(píng)"等。 根據(jù)官方指南(official guide)英文版第三版42頁(yè)的說(shuō)法,這里的修辭是指"有效寫(xiě)作或演講的藝術(shù)",也就是說(shuō),某個(gè)具體信息可能是為了給某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)舉例子,下定義,或者是為了闡述、解釋、對(duì)比、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)、批評(píng)某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。而這里說(shuō)的具體信息可能是一個(gè)詞、一句話甚至是一個(gè)段落。
二、考察什么能力?
如果說(shuō)事實(shí)信息題是問(wèn)作者給出了哪個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或信息的話,修辭目的題則是問(wèn)為什么給出某個(gè)具體信息或細(xì)節(jié)。由此我們可以知道修辭目的題實(shí)際考察的同學(xué)們?cè)陂喿x中"角色轉(zhuǎn)換"的能力,也就是把自己想成是作者,揣摩作者寫(xiě)某個(gè)詞、某句話,或某一段的意圖能力。說(shuō)到這兒同學(xué)們可能會(huì)說(shuō):考試的時(shí)候我很緊張,根本沒(méi)有心思把自己想成是作者,再去猜他/她當(dāng)時(shí)寫(xiě)的時(shí)候是怎么想的,是不是這道題我就做不對(duì)了?"。其實(shí)大可不必?fù)?dān)心,因?yàn)樽髡邔?xiě)作是有一定的邏輯順序在里面的,具體信息出現(xiàn)的位置也是有一定規(guī)律的,下面我將給大家分析一下托福閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu),看完這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)大家就會(huì)對(duì)作者的寫(xiě)作順序有一個(gè)較明晰的了解。
三、托福閱讀結(jié)構(gòu)分析--作者寫(xiě)作意圖的線索
托福閱讀的題材多種多樣,但總體而言議論文、說(shuō)明文偏多,也有少數(shù)是記敘文,如名人生平等。但不管哪一種其文章結(jié)構(gòu)都有基本的規(guī)律,即"板塊式結(jié)構(gòu)"。也就是說(shuō)文章有總論點(diǎn)(Thesis Statement),每段也有各自的論點(diǎn),段落中的內(nèi)容是為了闡述段落論點(diǎn),最終是為了論證文章論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的。為一目了然,以下圖表示文章結(jié)構(gòu):
由此可見(jiàn),文章段落中具體的信息應(yīng)該是為段落論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的,而其最終目的是文章的總論點(diǎn)。
四、題目分類
修辭目的題按提問(wèn)對(duì)象分大致可分三類:一是問(wèn)具體信息的目的、二是問(wèn)段落目的、三是問(wèn)段落組織結(jié)構(gòu)。其中第一種出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)最多,其中又以舉例目的題出現(xiàn)頻率最高。因而以下重點(diǎn)介紹第一類的解法
五、找答案--三步走
舉例目的題是修辭目的題中出現(xiàn)多、代表性強(qiáng)的一類。經(jīng)過(guò)上述分析,相信大家已經(jīng)對(duì)舉例的目的有所了解,即:例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)的。而很多時(shí)候在具體信息,也就是例子之前還有一個(gè)具體的論點(diǎn)(statement),因此例子的目的也就有三個(gè)層次:
1. 例子之前general statement
2. 段落的TS
3. 文章的TS
這也就意味著我們?cè)俳庑揶o目的題的時(shí)候有了尋找的目標(biāo)和方向。也就是,當(dāng)問(wèn)到修辭的目的,尤其是具體信息的目的時(shí),首先需要關(guān)注的就是具體信息之前的那句話,如果選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有則尋找其所在段落的中心句,(具體尋找中心句的方法請(qǐng)關(guān)注新東方教師講解系列的其他文章),如果還沒(méi)有則需要回顧一下全文的中心句,再比照選項(xiàng),選擇意義相同的選項(xiàng)。
為了讓大家進(jìn)一步體會(huì)這個(gè)"三步走"戰(zhàn)略,這里以Test Practice Online 中的一道題為例實(shí)踐一下我們的解法:
Paragraph 1 : The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862-1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenth century artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer, and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists。
Paragraph 5 : As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always open to scientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated the phosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films-then in an early stage of development-and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by René Clair, later a leading French film director。
9. Why does the author mention Fuller's The Sea?
A.To point out a dance of Fuller's in which music did not play an important role
B.To explain why Fuller sometimes used music by progressive composers
C. To illustrate a particular way in which Fuller developed as an artist
D. To illustrate how Fuller's interest in science was reflected in her work
這是一道修辭目的題中問(wèn)舉例目的的題,這道題得答案如果沒(méi)有"三步走"的解法指導(dǎo)一時(shí)間很難看出來(lái)。但根據(jù)"三步走"解法,大家便能在比較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)找到答案。首先發(fā)現(xiàn)the sea 所在的段落中心句應(yīng)該是第一句:As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. 也就是說(shuō)她除了舞蹈中的科技水平提高以外,其它方面也提高了。那這一段應(yīng)該將具體哪幾個(gè)方面有了提高。由此這一段又可以分成四個(gè)部分,也就是TS之后的四句話,每句話講了她一個(gè)方面的提高??梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)The Sea是出現(xiàn)在這一段除TS之外的第2句話中,而這句話前半部分給出了一個(gè)general statement, 即She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances。此時(shí)如果選項(xiàng)中有意思相同的就可以選出正確答案了,和可惜這道題的答案并不那么明顯,所以我們繼續(xù)走第二步,找段落TS。這一段的TS是這一段的第一句,即As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. 發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中也沒(méi)有明顯與之對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)。那只剩下第三步,找文章的TS。這篇文章的TS比較明顯,在第一段的后半部分(事實(shí)上第一段本身就很短,可以看做一個(gè)整體作為T(mén)S)。大家可以看出第一段是說(shuō)Loie Fuller這個(gè)人不滿足于19世紀(jì)晚期的戲劇性舞蹈,她認(rèn)為自己是一位藝術(shù)家而不僅僅是位舞者。由此我們可以看出全文的中心應(yīng)該是論證她為成為藝術(shù)家而努力,這和選項(xiàng)C的意思是吻合的。因而此題根據(jù)三步法,答案在第三個(gè)層面,及全文的TS, C 是正確選項(xiàng)。
托福閱讀中的修辭目的題考察了考生的角色轉(zhuǎn)換能力。通過(guò)對(duì)出題原理和作者寫(xiě)作邏輯的分析我們可以總結(jié)出"三步走"的解法規(guī)律,以在考場(chǎng)上用最短的時(shí)間找到正確答案。相信有了這個(gè)框架,大家一定能明白考場(chǎng)上修辭目的題得答案應(yīng)該往哪兒找,從而層層考察,找出答案。 最后,預(yù)祝大家都能在新托福閱讀中取得好成績(jī)!
新托福閱讀修辭目的題實(shí)例分析
修辭目的題(Rhetorical Purpose):考查讀者透過(guò)表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。要求讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的。
例題:
Fine-art objects are not constructed by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress.
Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demand of the laws of physics, not the sculptor’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).
Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?
A. To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that an artist tries to overcome. B. To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics
C. To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics
D. To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology
這一段的第一、二句話告訴我們:“fine-art objects在應(yīng)用物理規(guī)律時(shí)是與applied-art objects不同的。與applied-art objects不同,fine-art objects在應(yīng)用物理規(guī)律時(shí)不注重功能,更加關(guān)注的是材料的使用”。這些信息就排除了選項(xiàng)B,因?yàn)樵谥谱鱢ine-art objects的時(shí)候藝術(shù)家們也是要關(guān)注物理規(guī)律的,只是從功能轉(zhuǎn)到了材料應(yīng)用上。在接下來(lái)的幾句中,作者提供的是具體的細(xì)節(jié),考生完全沒(méi)有必要太拘泥于理解細(xì)節(jié)中的每一個(gè)詞,相反,考生應(yīng)該通過(guò)這接下來(lái)的幾句話了解到一下信息:為了使雕塑作品穩(wěn)定,藝術(shù)家必須了解properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress這些物理規(guī)律。畫(huà)家也必須了解一些物理規(guī)律,這樣才能使自己的畫(huà)避免 “canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor”這樣的損害。在講完這兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)之后,作者說(shuō)“These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work”,“這些問(wèn)題是藝術(shù)家在完成作品是必須克服的”。然后用for example來(lái)帶出一個(gè)具體的例子,這也是細(xì)節(jié)。而引用這個(gè)例子的目的就是為了說(shuō)明“這些問(wèn)題是藝術(shù)家在完成作品是必須克服的”,所以顯而易見(jiàn)的是符合選項(xiàng)A。
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