新托福寫作如何選用好的例子
在大多數(shù)的中國考生中，最讓他們頭疼的就是如何能更有效地用互動性好的例子打動美國考官?下面小編給大家?guī)硇峦懈懽魅绾芜x用好的例子，希望對大家有所幫助。
新托福寫作如何選用好的例子
新托福寫作是美國人命題的考試，考生的文章免不了要符合美國考官的興趣和習(xí)慣，這樣才能達(dá)到良好的互動性。如果舉一些中國人的例子勢必會讓考官覺得很陌生，一方面是文化差異，另一方面，一些考生的語言表達(dá)也不能有效地表達(dá)到位。這樣就限制了考生的寫作質(zhì)量。比如，有一些考生用一些在某些培訓(xùn)學(xué)校里的模版例子，for example, my uncle, Mark或者John 等等，這些例子讓考官覺得太假，你是中國人，怎么會有Mark，John之類的親戚呢? 第二，這些例子很多學(xué)生都在用，已經(jīng)是老婆娘的臭腳，又臭又長了。如果這樣的例子用的話，即使論據(jù)再好，也會是考官大跌眼鏡，分?jǐn)?shù)自然不會高的。為了有效地給考官很好的印象，我在授課中給學(xué)生整理了一些美國文學(xué)的例子，如：Scarlet Letter 的女主人公，Hester,為了履行自己的諾言，不向虛偽投降，用生命捍衛(wèi)真誠。The Grapes of Wrath 的主人公為了追求美國之夢，當(dāng)理想破滅時的沮喪和無助。 The Great Gatsby中男主人公的虛偽來尋求愛情.這些例子如果把它們用好的話能夠使得考官覺得考生的知識的淵博并且更重要的是使得例子與論據(jù)相得益彰。
用美國歷史著名的事件和人物，能使得考官一目了然更清晰地了解考生的寫作思路。比如，獨立戰(zhàn)爭，南北戰(zhàn)爭，重建時期，大蕭條時期羅斯福的新政，冷戰(zhàn)時期艾森豪威爾和肯尼迪，時期，失落的一代，以及80年代美國一批的未來學(xué)家如：奈斯比特，托夫勒引導(dǎo)了第三次工業(yè)革命以網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)為先導(dǎo)，硅谷的建立。
用美國最近的人們街談巷議的話題 主要登載美國主流媒體上的文章，Washington Post, New York Time，比如:美國國債，美國宇航計劃，蘋果公司的創(chuàng)新，Google和MOTORALA的合并，校園槍殺案，TIGER Mum 的爭論等等。 這些新的素材如果用的得體，能使得考官覺得舉得例子很貼近生活，并且讓他覺得考生融入了美國的生活，自然好的印象分就有了。 給學(xué)生講授這些例子是要讓學(xué)生有一種接近美國的文化和人文，并且養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣，通過這一段時間的培訓(xùn)，學(xué)生覺得眼前一亮，一掃過去的沒有例子的窘迫以及抄襲別人的無奈。還是要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，在講解這些例子的時候，還是要求學(xué)生的語言組織能力要特別重視。書山有路勤為徑， 只要我們給學(xué)生很好的方法，倡導(dǎo)多讀書，夯實知識，新托福寫作就能有很大的突破。
霍兆明，David Huo，英國格拉斯哥大學(xué)實用英語語言博士，山東自主招生培訓(xùn)領(lǐng)軍人物，濟(jì)南、青島新航道自主招生培訓(xùn)主講、托?？谡Z主講。資深雅思、新托福英語教學(xué)專 家，被譽(yù)為托福界“點題大王” 、“口語神侃”。曾任教北京知名外語培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，CCTV 希望之星英語評委，長期在英美國家的大學(xué)做為客座教授。從事英語教育多年，準(zhǔn)確把握雅思、新托福、自主招生考試命脈，深諳英語口語及寫作的地道表達(dá)方法， 熟悉考試技巧，使學(xué)員觸類旁通，出奇制勝，輕松應(yīng)對考試。
托福作文怎樣吸引考官注意?文學(xué)大師給你支招!
OG對于托福寫作中開頭段的解釋是這樣的：
It makes the reader want to read the essay.
It tells the overall topic of the essay.
It tells the main idea of the essay.
這三個特點中，第一個就是對趣味性的強(qiáng)調(diào)，雖然這點并不像后兩點那么關(guān)鍵和不可或缺，但它對于那些想沖擊寫作高分的同學(xué)來講卻是一個很好的突破策略，試想如果在文章開篇就可以最大程度上調(diào)動考官的興趣，肯定從整體上為你的文章加分。
而很多文學(xué)作品本身對于開頭都是極其重視，畢竟如果讀者連你的開頭都不下去，那消耗他們更多的時間去讀完整本書就是不可能的。我們也可以從這些作品中借鑒開篇的風(fēng)格和寫法，從而為我們的寫作提供素材和靈感。
1 dramatic statement
第一種文學(xué)作品中用到開頭引入方法叫做dramatic statement，也就是用一個非常戲劇性的開篇來沖擊讀者的感官，將讀者從平淡的柴米油鹽的日常生活中喚醒，同時也極大地調(diào)動讀者的好奇心，促使他們讀完文章的剩余部分。
比如加繆在《異鄉(xiāng)人》中，是這樣開篇的：“Mother died today. Or maybe, yesterday; I can't be sure”。
讀者用母親的死亡的開頭做為話題引入，一方面使得讀者從情緒上為之一振，勾起讀者本身的好奇心，讓他們想要去了解母親過世背后的故事以及其后續(xù)的進(jìn)展，另一方面也奠定了文章本身的深沉的基調(diào)。
而我們也可以在托福寫作過程中運用dramatic statement作為開篇來調(diào)動讀者的情緒和興趣，比如對于這個題目：When teachers assign projects on which students must work together, the students learn much more effectively than when they are asked to work alone on projects.這個題目本身在討論teamwork，我們就可以通過一些戲劇性的點，作為引入技巧：
There are no superheroes in this real world. Great projects cannot be accomplished just by one person alone, no matter how capable s/he is. We need teamwork to achieve our goals in every single professional field of the society because only by working with others can we have a chance to overcome our limits and achieve something significant. If there`s a project assigned by teacher, without any doubt, I would choose to cooperate with other students to accomplish that project.
2 quotation
另外一種常用開頭引入方法叫做quotation，利用一句哲理性的引言來引入要討論的話題，通過利用更有經(jīng)驗性引言的引入，不僅可以增加趣味性和哲思性，同時好比“站在巨人的肩膀”一樣，從而提高本身的論證高度和說服力。
比如F. Scott Fitzgerald在《The great Gatsby》的開頭就是利用主角叔叔的告誡作為開頭：
In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since. Whenever you feel like criticising any one, he told me, “ just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.”
在托福獨立寫作中，我們也可以通過這種方法進(jìn)行引入，比如對于此題：To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors.我們就可以通過Mandela對于教育的引言引入。
Nelson Mandela once said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” In recent years, more and more attention was paid to how to improve the quality of the university`s education. A suggestion has been put forward that more money should be spent on salaries for university professors in order to improve the quality of education, which I totally agree with.
托福寫作：簡析“展開論證”
寫作，作為語言類考試中較為主觀類型的考察形式，特別提到的是第二部分任務(wù)，考生應(yīng)當(dāng)確切地陳述觀點，并能清晰地論證展開。題目要求學(xué)生能運用reasons and examples來支撐觀點，而評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對于展開論證作出了確切的要求。
來看滿分5分的內(nèi)容要求：
評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中明確表示論證需要使用以下論證手法：解釋、例證及細(xì)節(jié)，因此許多學(xué)生會了解到這些論證方式，而且通過一些培訓(xùn)課程會有意識地使用，今天我們就來概括性地理一理展開思路。
例題：
STEP 1審題及文章布局
是否同意過去的食品比現(xiàn)在的更加健康?題目非常清晰的出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞：食品、古今對比、健康。所以在思考及最后文章寫作的時候，學(xué)生必須考慮到這三個方面的相關(guān)性。接著，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這道題可以用一邊倒的方式寫作，根據(jù)自己的主張找到三個簡單直接的理由證明即可。
STEP 2 Main Idea
a. Fast pace of life
b. Modern agriculture
c. Overeating fatty food
STEP 3 Well Developed
在此，要提前提醒同學(xué)們，在主題句展開的時候需要緊扣題目，再次重申關(guān)鍵詞：食品、古今對比、健康。
a. Fast pace of life
本段的展開中需要同學(xué)可以圍繞針對以下這些問題：
什么是快節(jié)奏的生活：忙于工作、交通、會議、出差
引起什么問題：快餐-垃圾食品
First, the fast pace of life makes our food less healthy than before. Fast food is a good example. In the past, life was relatively easy for people. They did not need to go all the way to their companies, transferring buses and trains several times on the way. Their daily schedules were not as filled with meetings and business trips as today. They could all go home to enjoy dinners prepared at home by their family members. However, presently, almost everyone has to focus most of his or her hours on studying or working, while still trying to squeeze time for dinner. That is where fast food comes in. The sad truth today is that knowing about the risk of eating junk food, people still rush into KFC and McDonald’s to grab a bite in order to keep their timetable.
b. Modern agriculture
本段的展開中需要同學(xué)可以圍繞針對以下這些問題：
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)有什么：科技(殺蟲劑&化肥)
引起什么問題：有毒-疾病
What is more, the development of modern agriculture has contributed to unhealthy food.Before modern agriculture developed, every farmer just used natural fertilizer and focused on their limited farmland. However, the population explosion inevitably led to a revolution in modern agriculture technology, which greatly increased crops yields, and meanwhile, generated many food security risks. Agood case in point is the wide spread usage of chemical pesticide and fertilizer to protect crops from harmful insects and to increase production, but the residue of these chemicals directly caused many diseases, such as food poisoning, cancer, mal formation and mutation.
c. Overeating fatty food
本段的展開中需要同學(xué)可以圍繞針對以下這些問題：
飲食習(xí)慣：暴飲暴食
引起什么問題：過渡攝入-富人病
Finally, but most importantly, overeating fatty foods has also affected our health adversely. The increase in material wealth of the entire population has created an environment of gluttony and overindulgence in food. For instance, meat, egg and milk now make up a larger proportion of people’s diet than before, increasing the average person’s intake of calories, oil and salt.In many hospitals, rich man’s diseases, like overweight, high blood pressure and diabetes are now commonly seen. This phenomenon, though people are aware of the problem, will continue to last, for we still continue to eat unhealthy food every day.
托福范文分析：要不要交讀小說
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that are about real events, real people, and established facts. Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion.
Fiction is as valuable as nonfiction in many ways. It can educate us about real things. In addition, its helps us foster our creativity and explore our emotions. Thus, I advocate reading fiction as well as nonfiction.
In the first place, fiction can provide us with information about real things and invited a deeper understanding of them. Nonfiction serves as facts on file whereas novels provide us with facts and their implications for real people. Reading novels by Hemingway, for example, helps us understand the consequences of way in the 20th century.
In the second place, fiction helps us develop our imagination and creativity. When we read stories, we try to visualize what the characters and settings look like. We even try to picture what it feels like to live a character’s life. This kind of empathy is conductive to developing imagination and creativity. For example, by reading novels about people who have scaled high mountains, I gain a vicarious experience and give full play to my imagination. Interestingly, imagination and creativity developed this way has enhanced my understanding of many real life situations, for example, when I have difficulties to surmount.
Finally, fiction helps us understand and express our emotions. Novels are a mirror of our lives, and in particular our emotions. By reading them, we develop a sharper understanding of our real feelings and learn to explore or even vent them in new ways. Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austin’s best novel, has taught me more about the way our emotions work than the events and facts talked about in many psychology textbooks. For example, Darcy, one of the major characters in the novel, shows both pride and prejudice. The way that he maintains and manages both helps me better understand how emotions work.
It is important to learn facts, but it is also important to develop imagination and explore emotions. In order to achieve this deepen our understanding of ourselves and of the world around us, we need to read fiction as well as nonfiction.
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