托福寫(xiě)作—你的例子舉好了嗎
相信很多烤鴨們?cè)谕懈＊?dú)立寫(xiě)作中，都喜歡舉例子，具體怎么樣使用才能拿高分……下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福寫(xiě)作—你的例子舉好了嗎?來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下!
托福寫(xiě)作—你的例子舉好了嗎?
從小，語(yǔ)文老師都會(huì)教導(dǎo)我們，例子可以使我們想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)或者要闡述的概念更加生動(dòng)形象，以使得觀點(diǎn)更加地具有說(shuō)服力。而且針對(duì)托福寫(xiě)作來(lái)講，ETS考官比較青睞例證比較好的文章。一般來(lái)講，在托福的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作當(dāng)中，我們常用的例子包括兩種，第一種就是假設(shè)一個(gè)一般化的例子，通過(guò)假設(shè)一個(gè)場(chǎng)景來(lái)說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，而這種例子的寫(xiě)法一般比較適合比較大的一些話(huà)題，比如“Do you agree or disagreewith the following statement? Landneeds to be used to meet human need rather than to protect endangered animals.”。另一種例子是去描述特別具體的某個(gè)人或者某一件事情，這種例子一般比較適合與我們的生活，工作和學(xué)習(xí)緊密相關(guān)的話(huà)題。比如“Do you agree or disagreewith the following statement ? Keeping old friends is more important thanmaking new friends.”;今天我們就來(lái)展示怎樣把這兩種例子寫(xiě)好。
一、假設(shè)性的例子
假設(shè)性的例子有兩點(diǎn)好處。其一就是別人不會(huì)懷疑我們寫(xiě)的這個(gè)例子的真實(shí)性，二就是假設(shè)性的例子其實(shí)是analytic example，這種伴隨著分析的例子其實(shí)要更符合托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的風(fēng)格，更能夠體現(xiàn)一個(gè)學(xué)生的分析能力與水平，畢竟議論文的特點(diǎn)就是分析和證明。
Topic：Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Land needs to be used to meet human need rather than to protectendangered animals.
Position：Protect endangered animals
Reason:Anotherimportant reason to protect endangered animals is that the delicate ecologicalbalance of an area might be irreparably harmed by their extinction.
Exemplification:For example,if humans chop down forests and use the land to grow corn, they mightsimultaneously destroy the habitats of a kind of bird that eats locusts. Thenext year because the locust population can grow unchecked, locusts mightdestroy the entire nearby corn crop. Not only do the birds lose their homes,but humans are also harmed. The ecological balance of many natural habitats isstill not well understood and humans interfere in it at their peril.
通過(guò)這一段，大家可以看到假設(shè)性的例子的威力。整段文章不長(zhǎng)，例子也不多，但是卻非常有效地證明了段首的觀點(diǎn)即保護(hù)生態(tài)平衡的重要性。所以，文章不一定要寫(xiě)很多，但是一定要寫(xiě)好，永遠(yuǎn)不要忘了，獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的靈魂和核心就是去證明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的合理性和說(shuō)服力，所以你用的手段很重要。
二、具體的例子
Topic: Do youagree or disagree with the following statement? The students in universityshould not do any part-time jobs.
Position: Disagree
Reason:Doing part-time jobs can intensify our social ability.
Exemplification:Take myselffor example. When I was a fresh man，I found it really hard to get along with people around me . Then Iwas advised to take a job as a waiter in the restaurant during which I had chancesto communicate with different customers, making them satisfied with my “smile” service. After a year, I myself can realize that I have becomemore outgoing and understanding.
寫(xiě)一個(gè)很具體例子的時(shí)候同學(xué)們要注意幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1、不要寫(xiě)得特別長(zhǎng)，寫(xiě)太多就變成了記敘文，而我們的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作是議論文體;
2、這種例子一定要和說(shuō)理分析性的內(nèi)容結(jié)合在一起才能夠支撐起來(lái)一個(gè)主體段。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作高分小技巧：Rhetorical Questions
如果說(shuō)參加托福考試時(shí)在綜合寫(xiě)作中還可以適當(dāng)使用“模板”的話(huà)，那么獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作里“模板”的使用往往會(huì)被并標(biāo)以“pre-prepared”，因此考生想通過(guò)這種“捷徑”提高得分的結(jié)果不會(huì)特別理想。獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作提高得分的關(guān)鍵還是“實(shí)力說(shuō)話(huà)”。
盡管“模板”效果有限，但短期提高得分的技巧還是很多，如活用“萬(wàn)能理由”和巧用“論證方法”等。本文主要介紹在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中很多考生沒(méi)有注意的一個(gè)加分“小”技巧—rhetorical question的使用。
在托福寫(xiě)作實(shí)戰(zhàn)中，rhetorical question的使用能夠起到很好的加分作用。為了說(shuō)明rhetorical question的加分作用，請(qǐng)看托福Official Guide評(píng)卷人對(duì)一篇題為Dishonesty Kills Reliability的滿(mǎn)分作文的點(diǎn)評(píng)。下面是點(diǎn)評(píng)中關(guān)于language的comment：
The writer's language is fluent, accurate, and varied enough to effectively support the progression and connection of ideas. There is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.
評(píng)卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分點(diǎn)!
從上面的點(diǎn)評(píng)中，我們可以清楚的得出這個(gè)結(jié)論——至少評(píng)卷人把上述段落中的反問(wèn)句視作一種“句型變化”而加以肯定和褒揚(yáng)。
那么，何謂rhetorical question?Rhetorical question會(huì)不會(huì)很難?
我們先來(lái)看在托福Official Guide里備受評(píng)卷人贊譽(yù)的rhetorical question實(shí)例。在原文第四段中，為了說(shuō)明honesty的重要性作者是這樣寫(xiě)的：
In any relationship of mine, I would wish that first of all, the person I'm dealing with is honest.Even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that I wouldn't like,s/he'd better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, that'd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.……
提問(wèn)而不需對(duì)方回答，提問(wèn)只是為了表明并強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的立場(chǎng)。這不就是漢語(yǔ)中的“反問(wèn)”嗎?維基百科對(duì)反問(wèn)句的定義是：
A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. Though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended message.
還有學(xué)者對(duì)反問(wèn)的定義更加清楚：
A rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.
那么，rhetorical question為什么能夠收到評(píng)卷人的贊譽(yù)而得到加分?這就要從托福作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說(shuō)起了。托福Official Guide里面對(duì)于高分作文的要求(Scoring Rubic)描述如下：
_ffectively addresses the topicand task
_s well organized and well developed, appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and / or details
_isplay Unity, progression, and coherence
_isplay consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity
從上面的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能夠幫助我們滿(mǎn)足實(shí)現(xiàn)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第四條中的“demonstrating syntactic variety”。這也正是官方指南中評(píng)卷人的點(diǎn)評(píng)。
其實(shí)，除了體現(xiàn)“句型變化”，合理使用rhetorical question還能幫助我們滿(mǎn)足評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第一條的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事實(shí)上，rhetorical question不僅能夠有效的回應(yīng)主題，還能強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的觀點(diǎn)從而獲得讀者的認(rèn)同。rhetorical question的這種強(qiáng)調(diào)作用最著名的范例可能算是雪萊《西風(fēng)頌》Ode to the West Wind的結(jié)尾了：
“O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”
另外，問(wèn)句，尤其是設(shè)問(wèn)的合理使用還能起到很好的銜接作用，也就是評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第三條“Display Unity, progression, and coherence”。因此，有學(xué)者把rhetorical question的篇章作用總結(jié)如下：
? Emphasize a point
? Persuade powerfully
? Influence subtly
? Provoke thinking
? Help smooth transition
限于篇幅，對(duì)這些作用就不一一舉例了。順便說(shuō)一下，rhetorical question后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)并不一定總是question mark，有時(shí)也可以是句號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)。
下面，本文作者提供一篇自己寫(xiě)的樣文，請(qǐng)大家分析問(wèn)句在開(kāi)頭、中間和結(jié)尾段中的使用。
Some people prefer to ask others for help; others prefer to solve the problem with their own knowledge. Which is your choice?
Such is human nature that everyone longs for happiness in our life. Unfortunately, on the path to pursue happiness, we are likely to face various problems. How to solve them? Should we rely on ourselves to remove the obstacle or turn toothers for a cure?From my perspective, it is more reasonable to ask others for help.
Admittedly, always hinging on others to solve problems might be irrational in some cases. For example, if you ask an acquaintance with whom you haven’t a close tie to lend you a hand, he might be reluctant, because most of us have our own care and concern. Besides,some people are unwilling to shoulder the responsibility for the advice they offer. It’s not a rare case when we ask our friend for advice on what major to choose only to get a reply: “Well, it’s really hard to say. Who knows what your real interest is? Who knows what major will be popular when you graduate?”
In spite of the points mentioned above, I still cling to the idea that we should depend on others for the following reasons.
First of all, asking others for help can save us much valuable time, time that we can use for other purposes. As is known to all, most people in contemporary society are always burdened with endless stress and strain. To be admitted to prestigious universities, schoolchildren have to burn midnight oil to out do their peers in exams; likewise,university students can do nothing but to work against the clock to lend themselves an edge over others in the talent market so that they can land adecent job. Given the quickening pace of life, how can we expect us to remove all the obstacles only by ourselves?
In addition, turning to others for help is an efficient way for us to enlarge our circle of friends. It is not a rare case that friendship might be formed after we ask others for help. Take myself as an example. After helping me find a cure for my personal health problem, one of my colleagues has become my best friend. Now, when in trouble,he also asks for my advice. No wonder some even state that it is an efficient way to find friends by “bothering” others for their help.Sounds surprising?It is a discovery revealed inrecent research conducted by a group of leading experts.
Most importantly, it is the only choice to call for help when the solution to a problem requires expertise. Itis known to all that today’s society differs greatly from what it was before. Even a century ago, most folks could be self-sufficient: they grew grain on their own land and wove cloth on their own looms, which seems unimaginable in modern society. Unlike the “good old days”, modern society is a huge complex machine in which each person can serve only as a tiny part.For example, City dwellers depend on farmers for grain while farmers rely on factory workers for industrial products; in the same way, factory workers may temporarily drown our worries in soap operas shown on the screen while film-makers cannot have a film produced, however talented they might be, without the talents of play wrights,directors, photographers, actors or actresses.
Why not ask others for solution when necessary?Good or bad, this might be the best choice left to us.
托福范文分析：要不要進(jìn)行太空探索
Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the Moon and other planets). Other people disagree ant think governments should spend this money for our basic needs on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
Even people born after 1968 can easily name the first man to land on the moon; we have all seen the black and white footage of Neil Armstrong in a space suit taking slow, bounding steps to plant an American flag on the moon’s surface. Now, forty years later, some might suggest that governments should continue exploring outer space, and should even devote a healthy amount of money from their budgets to this end. However, the needs of our world have changed, and we must prioritize our spending accordingly and allocate our financial resources to helping the Earth itself.
When we consider the exploration of outer space that had its heyday in the 1950’s and 1960’s, we must also consider the political factors that were present here on Earth. During the Cold War, countries like the United States and the Soviet Union were interested in displaying their intellectual, scientific and financial resources, and outer space became the arena in which this took place. The ‘‘Space Race’’ culminated in 1968 when the United States landed the first astronauts on the moon. Space exploration was of the extreme interest to ordinary citizens, but was connected to themes of national strength and patriotism.
Now, as we consider whether to continue the exploration of outer space, our world is faced with a different set of circumstances. Governments are less preoccupied with their standing in the world, and more interested in the well-being of those who live in it. The greatest threat to our well-being is our damaged environment, and this is a concern of the entire world. For example, pollution caused by factories in South America might contribute to rising water levels in Bangladesh. Space exploration would require a great outlay of money on equipment, personnel and fuel; instead we must allot our financial resources toward cooperating with other countries to improve the environment and help make life more bearable for our fellow citizens on earth.
In summary, those who were alive during the Age of Exploration of the 1950’s and 1960’s can remember the excitement of that era; the scientific findings of those missions to outer space have provided precious insights into the universe beyond Earth. However, one of the goals of governments pursuing space exploration was to provide a show of strength for their countries. Now, the best way a government can show its strength is to show that it cares for its fellow citizens around the world.
托福寫(xiě)作范文：新建大學(xué)
The government has announced that it plans to build a new university. Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion.
I was fortunate enough to grow up in a small town where the state university is located, and my family’s life was richer as a result of having this university in our midst. Living in a “college town” can have its disadvantages, but I would readily advocate having a new university established in my community.
One of the primary advantages of having a university situated in a community is the economic boost it would enjoy. First and foremost, the community could look forward to the creation of steady jobs, including chefs to cook in the dining room, librarians to catalog books, and gardeners to landscape the grounds. Local restaurants, movie theaters and bookstores would benefit from the spending power of young college students, and new cafes and bars might even spring up.
However, a college town finds itself enriched not just financially but in other, less tangible ways. University life consists not just of academic but of extracurricular pursuits. Professors regularly give lectures on their fields of expertise, from Dostoevsky and Russian literature to American Civil War history, and these lectures are usually open to the public, as are concerts, poetry readings and plays. Especially in a small town, international students provide glimpses into other cultures that would otherwise not be so readily available. In the town where I grew up, a large number of doctoral students came from India with their families. The daughter of one such family eventually became my best friend; her family brought me to local Indian cultural events and I grew to love the culture and now consider Indian food to be practically my native cuisine.
It would be inaccurate, though, to portray a college town as a utopia. It’s an unavoidable fact that some undergraduates consider partying to be central to the college experience, and when such students live off campus in apartments, their lifestyles are likely to cause tension among their neighbors. Longtime residents who relish their communities as peaceful, family-oriented places to live are naturally disturbed when a group of students rent the house next door and create an atmosphere of drinking, parties and loud music at odd hours. There is no easy solution, but communication between the university administration and the community is an essential part of the planning process before the university is established.
When a university is established, it becomes inextricably connected to the community where it is located. Alumni who return, years later, for reunions might have some of their fondest memories away from campus, for example in the coffee shop where they spent hours studying, or at the ice cream shop that was a Friday night destination. Planning and discussion between the administration and the community will always be necessary to reduce conflict, but if given the opportunity to welcome a new university to my community, I would be more than enthusiastic about the prospect.
Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.
Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.
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7.托福寫(xiě)作模板:適應(yīng)變化比擁有知識(shí)更重要
托福寫(xiě)作—你的例子舉好了嗎
