TPO1托福閱讀原文翻譯+解析
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托福閱讀原文
Groundwater is the word Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.
The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
托福閱讀試題
1.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
A.It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
B.It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
C.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
D.It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
2.The word “incredible” in the passage (paragraph 1) 1is closest in meaning to
A.confusing
B.comforting
C.unbelievable
D.interesting
3.The word “out of sight” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.far away
B.hidden
C.partly visible
D.discovered
4.According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
A.Inside pieces of sand and gravel
B.On top of beds of rock
C.In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
D.In spaces between pieces of sediment
5.The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage (paragragh 2) refers to
A.fast rivers
B.glaciers
C.the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting
D.the particles carried in water from melting glaciers
6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT
A.A mountain valley
B.Flat land
C.A lake floor
D.The seafloor
7.The word “overlie” in the passage (paragragh 4)) is closest in meaning to
A. cover
B. change
C. separate
D. surround
8.The phrase “So much for” in the passage (paragragh 5) is closest in meaning to
A.that is enough about
B.now let us turn to
C.of greater concern are
D.this is related to
9.The word “plugged” in the passage (paragragh 5) is closet in meaning to washed
A.dragged
B.filled up
C.soaked through
10.According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
A.It is unusually solid.
B.It often has high porosity.
C.It has a low proportion of empty space.
D.It is highly permeable.
11.What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?
A.To explain why water can flow through rock
B.To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock
C.To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable
D.To distinguish between two related properties of rock
12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragragh 9)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?
Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock willdrain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. █ 【 A】But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. █ 【 B】It is held there by the force of surface tensionwithout which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving ittotally dry. █ 【 C】The total volume of water in the saturated sample musttherefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot,drain away. █ 【 D】
Where would thesentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.
A.Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.
B.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.
C.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.
D.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.
E.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.
F.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.
托福閱讀答案
1.以ground作為關(guān)鍵詞定位至全段最后一句，說At first sight土地是不可能有那么大的空間去容納這些水的，at first sight第一眼看上去的意思是這個不是事實，而且事實剛好與這個相反，也就是說土地是有空間的，所以C正確
2.incredible令人難以置信的，想到credit card信用卡，credit指的是信用或者學(xué)分ible或者able表示可以……的，credible可信的，incredible難以置信的，不知道的話看上題也知道是不可能
3.out of sight表面意思就是在視野之外，也就是看不見， C和D都說看見，所以錯。而且far away離得很遠也不一定就看不見，所以也不對。不知道的話說beneath the soil在土下面，當(dāng)然也是看不見之意，所以B正確
4.問的是地下水在哪兒最經(jīng)常在哪兒發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到第二句中的the commonest spaces are……最常見的地方是blablabla，這個blablabla就是我們要的答案。在那些顆粒之間的空隙里，所以首先正確的答案應(yīng)該是space，答案D是正確的
5.glacial是冰川的，與冰川有關(guān)的，outwash是個合成詞，表面意思就是沖出來的，不知道的讀原文，原文說pebble, gravel and sand, known as glacial outwash，也就是說前面的三個都叫做glacial outwash，其中sand是一定知道的，不是水，所以AC錯，更不是冰，B錯，應(yīng)該是包括沙子在內(nèi)的一堆小顆粒
6.排除題，可在第一句找到flat land，在第二句的前半句Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea找到C和D，A雖然有說到，但不是沉積物沉積的地點，所以要選的答案是A
7.over表在……上，lie表躺，所以overlie的意思是躺在……上，也就是cover，原文說低地國家地上的任何一點都可能覆蓋原來的河床，B改變C分開D圍繞全都不對
8.so much for表面意思就是已經(jīng)很多了，也就是足夠的意思，代入原文，說unconsolidated未固結(jié)的沉積物已經(jīng)說了很多了，下面就說說固結(jié)的沉積物了，所以A正確，B和C都說我們馬上要討論的是未固結(jié)的沉積物，所以說反了;D表示與……相關(guān)，完全不沾邊，錯
9.plug的意思是插入，填滿。原文說原來顆粒之間的空隙沒有被混凝土怎么樣，而前一句說固結(jié)的沉積物之間有很多能夠存水的空隙，既然是有空隙，就說明沒被填滿，所以答案是filled up，A洗B拖曳D浸透都不沾邊
10.以crystalline rock和basalt為關(guān)鍵詞定位至第六段的最后一句，原文說大部分crystalline rock是固化比較好的，但basalt是個例外，說basalt更加porous，孔隙率更高，所以B正確
11.問的是第七段的目的，看本段的第一句，解釋了孔隙度的概念，后來又說孔隙度和滲透率的概念不同，后面又解釋了什么是滲透率，其實就是說著兩個率不同，答案當(dāng)然是區(qū)分這兩個東西，D正確
12.原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是如果孔隙大，就怎么怎么樣，如果孔隙小，就又是另外一個樣;選項B說反，應(yīng)該是孔隙大的話水會流走;C孔隙大的時候與表面張力無關(guān)，所以不是both;D選項在若干處都偷換了原文的概念，完全不對
13.待插入句說多少流走多少剩下是什么決定的，所以之前必須得說一部分流走了一部分剩下了，原文最后一句才說到這個，所以D是答案。貌似B選項之前也說了流走和剩下，但B之后有個it is held there，這個it指的是前文的留下來的水，所以與上文過渡緊密，不能插入句子。
14.Sediments選項對應(yīng)第二段的尾句和第三段的首句，正確
water對應(yīng)第二段的第二句和第五段的第二句，正確
the size選項對應(yīng)第八段最后一句，正確
剩下的三個選項都太細節(jié)，不具有概括性，不選
托福閱讀譯文
地下水是指滲入到地下并將所有巖石孔隙填滿的水。到現(xiàn)在為止，大氣水是最豐富的地下水資源，是地下水在水循環(huán)中的一個環(huán)節(jié)。普通的大氣水會從地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到地下。在再次冒出地表之前，這些地下水有時會長時間留在地下。最初讓人覺得難以置信的是，在我們腳下“堅實的”土地中竟然有足夠的空間能儲存這么些水。
然而，地下水所需的儲存空間多種多樣。松散的砂子和礫石間有許多顆粒，如沙粒和小石子，它們之間的孔隙是最常見的儲存地下水的空間。由這些顆粒組成的水床非常普遍，通常位于看不見的土壤下方，在攜帶粗糙沉淀物的湍急的河流曾流過的地方都能找到它們的蹤跡。比如，冰河時代覆蓋北美的巨大冰層逐漸融化，大量水從那兒流出。水里總會攜帶些石子、礫石和沙石，這些顆粒會隨著水流的減速而沉淀，這就是所謂冰河期的冰水沉積。
現(xiàn)代也有冰水沉積，盡管規(guī)模相對較小。凡是有攜帶沙石的河流或者溪流從山谷流至相對平坦的地面時，砂石就隨著水流速度的減慢逐漸沉淀;水流通常呈扇形擴散，它們所攜帶的沙石也會沉淀為光滑的扇形斜面。當(dāng)河流匯入湖泊和海洋的時候也會有沉淀，這些沉淀最初在湖底或海底，但將來海平面下降或者陸地崛起時，它們就會分布于內(nèi)陸，通常厚達幾千米。
低地區(qū)域上的任何位置可能就是曾經(jīng)的河床，后續(xù)被土壤覆蓋而變成現(xiàn)在的樣子。如果那些過去的河床和沙洲現(xiàn)在位于地下水位之下，一定會有大量的地下水浸在它們的沙子和礫石之間。
以上說的都是松散的沉積物，那些堅固的沉積物，也擁有以數(shù)萬計的毛細孔來容納水。因為最初顆粒間的縫隙通常并未完全被黏固的化學(xué)物質(zhì)塞滿，而且部分顆粒很可能在固化時或固化后被滲入的地下水溶解;結(jié)果這些砂巖最終變得和形成它的散沙一樣多孔。
因此，不管沉積物是疏松還是堅固，它們中一定有空間。大部分結(jié)晶體巖石都非常堅硬，但也有例外，最常見的就是玄武巖，它是一種固化的火山熔巖，經(jīng)常充滿了微小氣泡，從而變得十分多孔。
巖石的孔隙度就是指其中空間的比例。但需要注意的是，孔隙度與滲透率是不同的。滲透率衡量的是水滲透物質(zhì)的難易程度，它取決于與單個空隙以及連接孔隙間裂縫的大小。
當(dāng)充滿水分的沉淀物或者巖石樣本被放置在適宜的干燥環(huán)境中時，大部分的水分會流失，但仍有部分水會繼續(xù)附著在堅實的表面上。要不是因為表面張力，這些水分也會立刻蒸發(fā)，僅留下完全干燥的樣本。因此，試驗樣本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包括不能流干的水。
這兩種水的相對含量因巖石或沉積物種類不同而改變，即便它們有相同比例的孔隙，還取決于孔隙的大小。如果孔隙很大，其中的水會形成水滴，太重足以克服吸引它的表面張力，就會流走;但如果孔隙夠小，水會像薄膜一樣，太輕無法克服表面張力，從而穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地附著在孔隙表面上。
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