雅思閱讀中破折號(hào)的作用
大家在雅思閱讀中遇到破折號(hào)，是不是對(duì)它的作用也摸不著頭腦呢？下面小編和大家分享一下雅思閱讀中破折號(hào)的作用。
雅思閱讀中的破折號(hào)有什么作用嗎?
閱讀文章當(dāng)中破折號(hào)主要有兩個(gè)個(gè)作用。破折號(hào)寫(xiě)法上共有兩種，一種為兩個(gè)破折號(hào)搭配使用，兩破折號(hào)中間部分為細(xì)節(jié)即—……—，而第二種情況為—…….的情況。針對(duì)這兩種寫(xiě)法，在語(yǔ)義上共有兩種作用。
(1) 專有名詞。若破折號(hào)后內(nèi)容是對(duì)破折號(hào)前單詞的解釋說(shuō)明，則要求破折號(hào)前的單詞為有實(shí)際意義的名詞。
(2) 插入語(yǔ)。若破折號(hào)前為非實(shí)際意義的詞匯，如sometimes，and等詞，則破折號(hào)后內(nèi)容為插入語(yǔ)，用于引出下文內(nèi)容或加入附加信息。如劍五The birth of scientific English中，首先闡述compass的發(fā)明，后鏈接and —may be the most important—， 在此寫(xiě)法中，破折號(hào)前and 為非實(shí)際意義的連接詞，破折號(hào)中間指明下文為最重要的發(fā)明，從而引出天文學(xué)發(fā)展。
請(qǐng)問(wèn)老師，雅思閱讀中破折號(hào)“-”的用法有哪些，在C8-Test1P3中35題答案的破折號(hào)不是很理解
破折號(hào)表對(duì)之前內(nèi)容的解釋或進(jìn)一步描述。原句的意思是：這些可能性即包括“感覺(jué)泄露”——即與圖片有關(guān)的線索意外地傳給了接收者——也包括徹底的欺詐
搞定這些特殊符號(hào)，雅思閱讀你就贏了一半
搞定這些特殊符號(hào)，雅思閱讀你就贏了一半!眾所周知，雅思閱讀多數(shù)題目考查，原文段落中一些重要的細(xì)節(jié)，比如舉例或者段落的分論點(diǎn)。
許多考生為此困擾不已，覺(jué)得定位困難，找不到出題的句子，越來(lái)越多的考生發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中曾經(jīng)的“原詞”定位大法不再適用，更多題目會(huì)替換掉這些題目中的”定位詞”，讓定位出題句變得頭痛。
在經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的觀察后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的現(xiàn)象除了一貫的“不審清題目”、“不讀懂題目的idea”、和“盲目亂撞”。
考生們往往忽視了，原文的重要“信號(hào)”，—特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，這些符號(hào)包括常見(jiàn)的破折號(hào)、引號(hào)，和相對(duì)少一些的冒號(hào)、括號(hào)和問(wèn)號(hào)(設(shè)問(wèn))。
然而，這些符號(hào)恰恰有很好的提示性，出現(xiàn)的句子往往出題，下面以破折號(hào)和引號(hào)為例，展示下他們的強(qiáng)大。
01.Developed most probably as a defense againstforest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure —with about 40 million cells per cubic centimeter — that technology has neversucceeded in replicating.
這句話破折號(hào)起到句中停頓作用，補(bǔ)充解釋"a particular cellular
structure"，去掉這個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分，此句要說(shuō)明的是軟木作為木材有抵御森林火災(zāi)的天然優(yōu)勢(shì)，而人類(lèi)技術(shù)從未能企及。對(duì)應(yīng)地，后面的判斷題目scientists have developed a synthetic cork
with the same cellular structure as natural cork.(Question 2) 題目說(shuō)“科學(xué)家已經(jīng)研發(fā)出合成軟木，跟天然橡木有相同的纖維質(zhì)地(也就是防火的特點(diǎn))”，顯然題目與原文矛盾，判定為false。
02.If the bark is stripped on a day when it's toocold — in when the air is damp— the tree will be damaged.
此句說(shuō)“如果在寒冷或潮濕的日子里剝樹(shù)皮，樹(shù)會(huì)遭損傷”，通過(guò)"if"可以看出是講“條件”，對(duì)應(yīng)到后面一判斷題：Cork bark should be stripped indry atmospheric conditions.(Question 4)
此題就在講剖樹(shù)皮的條件，顯然干燥與“潮濕”(damp)矛盾，判定false. 這里有個(gè)小插曲，有的童鞋不認(rèn)識(shí)damp一詞，恐怕只好通過(guò)語(yǔ)境猜詞義，前面說(shuō)cold，搭配一起是“寒冷干燥”還是“陰冷潮濕”，這里就得想想出題的是英國(guó)人，恐怕他們字典里很難找“寒冷干燥”吧，于是這是潮濕的意思。
The Montreal study
Participants, who were recruited for the studythrough advertisements, had their brain activity monitored while listening totheir favorite music. It was noted that the music stimulated the brain'sneurons to release a substance called 27 _______ in two of the parts of thebrain which are associated with feeling 28________.
Researchers also observed that the neurons in thearea of the brain called the 29_______ were particularly active just before theparticipants' favourite moments in the music - the period known as the30_______. Activity in this part of the brain is associated with theexpectation of 'reward' stimuli such as 31_______.
這組考題可謂把標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用到極致，從空格考點(diǎn)來(lái)看，五道題目有三題明顯考術(shù)語(yǔ)(往往有引號(hào))，而最后一空前“reward”作為術(shù)語(yǔ)可以容易定位到。如此，在利用標(biāo)題定位段落后，找到一兩段話中的術(shù)語(yǔ)，題目就迎刃而解。具體來(lái)看，空格27考一種物質(zhì)(化學(xué)物質(zhì)名稱，早在劍橋4里就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)類(lèi)似考察)substance往往就指hemical。 空格29考的是大腦區(qū)域的名稱，空格4考的是“時(shí)間段或階段'名稱，空格31考察舉例名稱，但給出有引號(hào)的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)定位。
原文The first thing they discovered is that musictriggers the production of dopamine — a chemical with a key role in setting people'smoods— by the neurons(nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral regions ofthe brain.
此處對(duì)應(yīng)的是空格27 主要的提示信號(hào)仍是破折號(hào)，起到補(bǔ)充解釋'dopamine'的作用，于是此處答案即使'dopamine'。What is rather more significant is the finding thatthe dopamine neurons in the caudate — a region of the brain involved inlearning stimulus— response associations, and in anticipating food and other'reward' stimulus — were at their most active around 15 seconds before theparticipants' favorite moments in the music.
此句中破折號(hào)再次起到信號(hào)作用解釋'caudate' 是大腦中的一個(gè)區(qū)域，于是空格29答案便是這個(gè)詞，而另一處破折號(hào)前出現(xiàn)空格31的定位詞'reward' stimulus，于是它對(duì)應(yīng)的舉例就是空格5'food'。The researchers call this 'anticipatory phase' andargue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival ofour favorite part.
緊接著一句中提到的這一術(shù)語(yǔ)正是空格30 的答案，如果詞匯量充分，也很容易理解'anticipate'本來(lái)就與'predict' 和'before'對(duì)應(yīng)到，'phase'指時(shí)期或階段，可以對(duì)應(yīng)'period'。總結(jié)：此類(lèi)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的運(yùn)用在幾乎所有文章里都有體現(xiàn)，建議考生們不要忽視。除了題目中關(guān)鍵詞的把握，其實(shí)了解出題句常見(jiàn)位置和提示信號(hào)也是必要的答題技巧。
雅思閱讀速讀八大技巧 拿走不謝
雅思閱讀速讀技巧1：因果關(guān)系，看果
在文章當(dāng)中，“因?yàn)椤币龑?dǎo)的內(nèi)容，往往是一段陳述或鋪墊，“所以”引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容，才是結(jié)論和總結(jié)。所以速覽時(shí)，我們可以暫且把“原因”的部分略過(guò)，先看“結(jié)果”的部分，從而減省把握文章重點(diǎn)的時(shí)間。
引出“原因”的常用表達(dá)：because, because of, as a result of, result of, due to, thanks to, owing to, since, for, grateful for等，如：
“Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another.”
(劍橋雅思真題6, Test 3, Reading Passage 2)
“Since”所在的前半句是原因，關(guān)鍵看后半句的結(jié)果(結(jié)論)。
引出“結(jié)果”的常用表達(dá)：so, therefore, hence, thus, result in, lead to, consequently, as a result等，如：
“Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.”
(劍橋雅思真題6, Test 3, Reading Passage 2) ：重點(diǎn)看“so”所在的后半句;
“Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviours of the participants, and about the context in general.”
(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 3, Reading Passage 3)：重點(diǎn)看“therefore”所在的第二句。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧2：轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，看但是!
“讓步”的內(nèi)容再豪華，都敵不過(guò)一個(gè)“但是”。這個(gè)道理很顯淺，就不多作解釋了。而快速瀏覽文章時(shí)，我們就可以暫且只看“轉(zhuǎn)折”部分的內(nèi)容。反之，遇到“讓步”的內(nèi)容，我們則可暫時(shí)忽略不看。
(1)常見(jiàn)表“轉(zhuǎn)折”的說(shuō)法
常見(jiàn)表“轉(zhuǎn)折”的說(shuō)法還有：but，however，nevertheless，yet，nonetheless等，如：
“Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse…”
(劍橋雅思真題10, Test 1, Reading Passage 1) ：無(wú)論前面說(shuō)了什么，也改變不了“the majority (of wells)”被棄用的現(xiàn)實(shí)。重點(diǎn)顯然在轉(zhuǎn)折詞“but”之后。
(2)引導(dǎo)“讓步”的常用說(shuō)法
引導(dǎo)“讓步”的常用說(shuō)法有：whereas，although，though，while，whereas，despite，in spite of，for all等，如：
“Where as most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power – the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.”
(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1) “whereas”所在的半句為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，重點(diǎn)看另一個(gè)半句(轉(zhuǎn)折的內(nèi)容)。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧3：遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，看后句
所謂遞進(jìn)，即前后保持一致意見(jiàn)的情況下，后者在態(tài)度和語(yǔ)氣上更進(jìn)一步。故，讀懂后者，即可得知前者。速覽文章時(shí)，重點(diǎn)先讀遞進(jìn)后面的內(nèi)容。
常見(jiàn)表達(dá)“遞進(jìn)”的說(shuō)法有：furthermore，moreover，not only…but also…，in addition等，如：
“The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts. ”
(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2) 即便不讀前面的句子，光靠“Furthermore”后面遞進(jìn)的內(nèi)容也可知，精神病學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)：會(huì)執(zhí)行高伏電擊的人是少之又少的。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧4：關(guān)注承上啟下，找關(guān)鍵句
承上： 以“代詞”或“所以”為開(kāi)頭的段落首句，一般都是承接或總結(jié)上一段話的內(nèi)容。借助這樣的句子，可以得知上一段話的內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)。如：
“代詞”開(kāi)頭：
“These research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that…”
(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 3, Reading Passage 1) 這是文中最后一段的開(kāi)頭。
從首句的代詞“These”可知，首句是對(duì)上一段內(nèi)容的承接，并可知上一段講述的是一些“exciting research findings”。
“所以”開(kāi)頭：
“Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system…”
(劍橋雅思真題8, Test 3, Reading Passage 3) 從段落首句的“Thus”可知，首句是對(duì)上一段內(nèi)容的承接，而并非本段內(nèi)容的重點(diǎn)。
啟下：“問(wèn)句”和“量詞+復(fù)數(shù)詞”通常是引出下文，通過(guò)它們能了解所在段落或緊隨其后的段落的內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)。如：
“問(wèn)句”： “What were the actual results? (借此問(wèn)句可知本段的重點(diǎn)是“actual results”)Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?
(最后的問(wèn)句揭示，后面段落的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是解釋“this vast discrepancy”的原因)” (劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2)
“量詞+復(fù)數(shù)詞”：“Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.”
(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 3) “four factors”告訴我們，接下來(lái)的段落中，重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是關(guān)于這四種因素的描述。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧5：重視“what”句
“what”經(jīng)常用作表目的或具總結(jié)性的句子的開(kāi)頭，因此，遇到what開(kāi)頭的句子要多看兩眼，如：
“…If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was ‘you have no other choice. You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.”
(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2) 原文中，此段很長(zhǎng)，但全部都只是屬于一次實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程的描述。最后才以“what”為開(kāi)頭的句子，總結(jié)性地道出了實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的，使得此句成為全段重點(diǎn)。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧6：不看：換句話說(shuō)
“換句話說(shuō)、也就是說(shuō)”意味著后面的內(nèi)容與前面一致或是對(duì)前面的解釋，因此只用看前面的內(nèi)容即可。
常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)有：that is (to say)，i.e.，namely，put another way，in other words等。如：
“The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself.”
(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 3) 略掉“Put another way”后面的內(nèi)容，只看前面。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧7：不看：論據(jù)內(nèi)容
為了論證觀點(diǎn)，文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)大量出現(xiàn)各式各樣的論據(jù)，但它們并不是文章的重點(diǎn)。故概覽文章時(shí)，論據(jù)可以先忽略不看。而常見(jiàn)的“論據(jù)”形式有：
含“舉例”的句子：for example / instance，e.g.，such as，like等;
含“數(shù)據(jù)”的句子：百分比(%，percentage)，描述統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果的數(shù)字;
引用名人/專家言論(直接/間接引語(yǔ))的句子：特別是“引號(hào)(‘’)”中的內(nèi)容;
以some，a few，others等表達(dá)“某些”的單詞為開(kāi)頭的句子。
雅思閱讀速讀技巧8：排除標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的干擾
冒號(hào)(“：”) / 一個(gè)破折號(hào)(“-”) ，引出解釋，看前面。如：
“冒號(hào)”：
“In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: that ‘a(chǎn)n organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors’.”
(劍橋雅思真題10, Test 4, Reading Passage 3)
“一個(gè)破折號(hào)”：
“...plyometrics focuses on increasing power – the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.”
(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)
兩個(gè)破折號(hào) / 括號(hào)：信息插入或解釋，不用看。如：
“兩個(gè)破折號(hào)”：
“For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump – times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent.”
(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)
“括號(hào)”：
“This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development).”
(劍橋雅思真題9, Test 4, Reading Passage 2)
看到這里，烤鴨們是否有點(diǎn)感覺(jué)了呢?現(xiàn)在，我們就以一個(gè)完整的段落，來(lái)演示一下這些信號(hào)詞是如何幫助大家節(jié)省閱讀時(shí)間的吧：
(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)：
Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events - that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump - times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent(數(shù)據(jù)). In the endurance events(具體到某類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)，類(lèi)似“某些”的用法) the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics. John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18(數(shù)據(jù)). In 1999, Morocco's Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42(數(shù)據(jù)), almost thirty per cent(數(shù)據(jù)) faster. (雖然段落原本有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)，但借助各類(lèi)小信號(hào)，我們能快速地把文段刪減一大半，最終只剩下第一句話，那么自然，閱覽的時(shí)間也就跟著縮了一大半。)
有了這些信號(hào)，我們就能更快速地掌握各段落大意，了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅讀文章快了，找答案時(shí)也能更有目的性，能避免在與題目不相干的段落里浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，答題準(zhǔn)確率自然也會(huì)有所提升。那么，這些信號(hào)，今天你掌握了嗎?友情提示：“信號(hào)”雖然能很大程度上協(xié)助閱讀，但語(yǔ)言本身是靈活的，任何“信號(hào)”都只是一個(gè)參考方向，并非時(shí)刻萬(wàn)能。最重要的，還是要大家多練多積累，提升自身綜合理解能力。
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雅思閱讀中破折號(hào)的作用
