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學(xué)習(xí)啦>學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)>英語(yǔ)知識(shí)大全>

學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

時(shí)間: 美婷1257 分享

  英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在語(yǔ)法書上都有詳略不同的交代,但大都著重它的構(gòu)成形式,例證則往往不夠。接下來,小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),歡迎大家參考與借鑒。

  學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎在英語(yǔ)句子中比在漢語(yǔ)句子中更多出現(xiàn),這點(diǎn)是我國(guó)初學(xué)者所經(jīng)常忽略的。在某些句子中,英語(yǔ)總是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、而漢語(yǔ)則絕不能用,如“Shakespeare was born in 1564./Moliere was born in Paris”。初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的人接觸到這樣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子恐不免感到奇怪,因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)跐h語(yǔ)中慣于說"生于某某年"或"某某年生","生于巴黎"或"在巴黎出生",從來不說一個(gè)人"被生出"。

  在另一些句子中,英語(yǔ)可用主動(dòng)及被動(dòng)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài),漢語(yǔ)則傾向于用主動(dòng),如“Everybody likes him./He is liked by everybody”。漢語(yǔ)"人人喜歡他"看來比"他被人人喜歡"更現(xiàn)成和自然。有人以為這有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的問題,用作主語(yǔ)的詞是加以強(qiáng)調(diào)的。即令如此,按照英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)寫成的"他被大家喜歡"這樣的句子,總是別扭。

  下面就十個(gè)類別,舉出一些句子,說明英語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞用于某一意義或在某一場(chǎng)合中常作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。類別當(dāng)然不能只是十個(gè),這兒僅舉常見的。每個(gè)類別下也只舉五個(gè)句子,句子中的動(dòng)詞彼此不一樣。為方便起見,句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English(ALD),其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(LDCE),必要時(shí)從其他英美書刊補(bǔ)充少數(shù)句子,但不注明出處。

  1.關(guān)于生病

  The left lung is affected1. _____ALD

  He is confined to the house by illness. ____ ALD

  He was seized with sudden chest pains. ____LDCE

  He’s been troubled with a bad back since he was a child. ____LDCE

  John was Invalided2 out of the army.

  上面這些句子中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中很習(xí)慣化,如將動(dòng)詞改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),有不同程度的不順。用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)這些句子中的同樣的概念,就可以不一定用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

  2.關(guān)于疲倦困乏

  He was doneup afterthe long ride. ALD

  He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb. _____ ALD

  He was almost fagged out. ______ ALD

  I’m completely exhausted3.____LDCE

  I was spent with the fatigue4 of the voyage.

  漢語(yǔ)說"累了"、"累垮了"極普通。如說由于某種原因而"累了"、"累垮了",至少在結(jié)構(gòu)上不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這和第一類的例子是一致的。

  3.關(guān)于喜悅、高興

  I was delighted to hear the news of your success._____ALD

  We’re very pleased to see you here._____ALD

  On hearing of the victory,the nation was transported with joy._____ALD

  She was enchanted5 with the flowers you sent her. _____ALD

  The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows._____ ALD

  漢語(yǔ)如說"被高興",將不成文理,說"使……高興"或"為……高興",那也不能照英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)去處理。事實(shí)上這頭一句話照漢語(yǔ)是"我高興地聽到……"這雖帶點(diǎn)歐化,但目前也通行了。最常見的恐怕還是"聽到……我高興"。無論如何。漢語(yǔ)說"高興",不能如英語(yǔ)那樣用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

  4.關(guān)于阻塞、拖延:

  We’re been held up by fog. _____ ALD

  The mountain roads were obstructed6 by falls of rock._____ALD

  The train was delayed two hours. _____ALD

  I was hindered from getting here.____ALD

  The harbour was blocked by ice._____ALD

  這第二句ALD英漢雙解本譯成"山路被落下石頭所阻塞"。嚴(yán)格地說這句譯文似乎欠流暢,尤其不能用于口語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然,凡是阻力,總是外來的阻力,施于受事的主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)處于被動(dòng)地位,但漢語(yǔ)不能采取英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式而完全不加變動(dòng)。

  5、關(guān)于習(xí)慣

  He is quite used to hard work.____ALD

  This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to. _____ALD

  He is addicted8 to smoking. _____ALD

  The old soldier was inured9 to danger. ____LDCE

  He is given to long walks. _____LDCE

  英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞,由于常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),詞典中對(duì)它們的分詞(participle)形式另立專條著錄,成為獨(dú)立的詞,其功能相當(dāng)于形容詞。以上例句中的動(dòng)詞就是典型的例子。例如,詞典一般既有use這一專條(不定式動(dòng)詞),又有 used;既有 accustom7,又有 accustomed;既有g(shù)ive,又有g(shù)iven。但如inure及addict,在 ALD上只注明"常用于被動(dòng)"(usu.passive),尚未另立inured和 addicted專條,其他詞典也大體是這樣,雖然addicted還可以作為形容詞,看成是獨(dú)立的詞條。然而不管這些詞是否帶有形容詞的性質(zhì),在上面的句子中卻具有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的作用。

  6.關(guān)于苦惱、心煩意亂

  He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.____ALD

  She is easily upset emotionally.____ALD

  He was vexed10 at his failure. ____ ALD

  He was disturbed to hear of your illness.______ALD

  I felt harassed11 by all the work of the office._____LDCE

  苦惱等情緒當(dāng)然是引起的,因此英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎說明了是由于什么引起的,但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally.不必指出原因。

  7.關(guān)于驚訝或震驚

  I was astonished to see him there. ____ALD

  I’m surprised he didn’t come._____ALD

  He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing. _____ALD

  He was startled to see him looking so ill._____ALD

  He was astounded12 when he heard he had won._____ALD

  一個(gè)正常的人無故不會(huì)大驚小怪。但是我們說"吃驚"、"大吃一驚"或"使……吃驚"和"使……大吃一驚"等也就夠了,不同于英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)表現(xiàn)形式。

  8.關(guān)于圍繞、包圍

  His land is fenced with barbed wire.____ALD

  Troy was besieged13 by the Greeks for ten years._____ALD

  The troops were surrounded._____ALD

  The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed._____LDCE

  Japan is compassed about by the ocean.____LDCE

  對(duì)于以上第二句,第三句及第五句,漢語(yǔ)是可以用"被包圍"這類說法的,但對(duì)第一句的"is fenced with,"如說"有籬笆圍住"就行了,不一定要說"被用籬笆圍住"。至于第四句中"should be railed",英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在漢語(yǔ)中也難以表達(dá)。我們通常說:應(yīng)該用欄桿圍起來",或"應(yīng)該把它用欄桿圍起來",而不是"應(yīng)該被用欄桿圍起來"。

  9.關(guān)于玷污、污染

  His reputation is tarnished14._____ALD

  My car was mired15. ____ ALD

  The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE

  Your fingers are stained with ink.

  That cheese is mildewed16.

  和第三句的contaminated意義近似的動(dòng)詞如pollute及 defile等,也常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。我們說,"出污泥而不染",不是"……而不被染"。

  10.關(guān)于惶惑、慌亂

  I was confounded to hear that. ____ALD

  They sked so many questions that I got confused. _____ALD

  Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.____ALD

  He was puzzled what to do next. ____ ALD

  The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed17 as to what to do.

  以上可和第六和第七兩類聯(lián)系起來看。

  綜觀以上的例子,我們覺得中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)不只是要記住動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式,尤其要留心,在什么情況下,英語(yǔ)一定比漢語(yǔ)更常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);要留心哪些動(dòng)詞是這樣用的,哪些動(dòng)詞雖有各種不同用法,但專指某一特殊意義時(shí)一定用被動(dòng)形式。有些特殊被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),幾乎習(xí)語(yǔ)化了,也是不可忽視的,如下面兩個(gè)句子:

  My hints were lost upon him.___ ALD

  My advice was thrown away upon him.___ALD

  下面這類以it開頭的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),初學(xué)者不會(huì)使用的大有人在,以致語(yǔ)言死板,并違反英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。

  It is observed that…

  It may be observed that…

  It will be observed that…

  It remains18 to be observed that…

  如此等等。他們只知說“We may observe that…”之類,因?yàn)檫@與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)接近。



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學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在語(yǔ)法書上都有詳略不同的交代,但大都著重它的構(gòu)成形式,例證則往往不夠。接下來,小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),歡迎大家參考與借鑒。 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎在英語(yǔ)句子中比在漢語(yǔ)句子中
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