英語中的非謂語動(dòng)詞
在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。接下來，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了英語中的非謂語動(dòng)詞,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
英語中的非謂語動(dòng)詞
在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式(the Infinitive);動(dòng)名詞(the Gerund);現(xiàn)在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
一、非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞
1.相同點(diǎn)：
(1)如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語連用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng), “體”式(一般式;進(jìn)行式;完成式)的變化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài))
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí))
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動(dòng)詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done. (現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、不同點(diǎn)：
(1)非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞)，在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞)，在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。
(3)非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞)，在句中作狀語。
二、非謂語動(dòng)詞用法：
(一)動(dòng)詞不定式：(to)+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。
1.不定式的形式：
否定式：not + (to) do
(1)一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：
The boy pretended2 to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能：
(1)作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means3 failure.
動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend1, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語(不定式)后置，放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
在復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit4, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語：
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：
?、賱?dòng)賓關(guān)系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
?、谡f明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
?、郾恍揎椕~是不定式邏輯主語：
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結(jié)果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：
I visited him only to find him out.
?、郾碓颍?/p>
They were very sad to hear the news.
?、鼙沓潭龋?/p>
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨(dú)立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動(dòng)名詞：
動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動(dòng)名詞的形式：
否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞
(1)一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。
(2)被動(dòng)式：
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會(huì)。
(3)完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動(dòng)式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動(dòng)名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：
(1)作主語：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。
(3)作賓語：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted5.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay6, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認(rèn))，deny(否認(rèn)), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險(xiǎn)), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged7 in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains8 unchanged.
他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。
(三)現(xiàn)在分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：
否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍，這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
2.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：
(1)作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長的父親。
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
(3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：
?、僮鲿r(shí)間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。
②作原因狀語：
Being a League member, he is always helping10 others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。
?、圩鞣绞綘钫Z，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
?、茏鳁l件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。
⑤作結(jié)果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。
?、拮髂康臓钫Z：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
?、咦髯尣綘钫Z：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
?、嗯c邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly11.
所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting12, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。
有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。
?、嶙鳘?dú)立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance13, he must be an actor.
從外表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細(xì)心。
(四)過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1.過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee14 members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。
注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語：
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。區(qū)別：
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動(dòng))
有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如：
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly15 arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時(shí)過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。(表示時(shí)間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。(表示讓步)
由于自身的特點(diǎn)和復(fù)雜性，非謂語動(dòng)詞是中學(xué)生較難掌握語法項(xiàng)目之一，也是短文改錯(cuò)命題的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。非謂語動(dòng)詞內(nèi)容很多，因此命題的知識(shí)點(diǎn)也有很多。短文改錯(cuò)除了考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本功能外，還考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式變化以及動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的不同搭配等。
三、易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)回顧：
1. 下面短語中的to是介詞，后面只能跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞：
devote16 oneself/one’s time, energy, etc. to(投入……)，get down to(著手干……)，lead to (通向，導(dǎo)致)，object to(反對)，pay attention to (注意)，look forward to (盼望)，be used to (習(xí)慣于)，stick to (堅(jiān)持)等。
〔誤〕 His whole family objected to his give up the job.
〔正〕 His whole family objected to his giving up the job.
2. 下列動(dòng)詞后只能跟不定式：
afford, agree, ask, attempt, choose, decide, hope, expect, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
〔誤〕 He offered helping me.
〔正〕 He offered to help me.
3. 下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語的后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞：
admit(承認(rèn))，appreciate, avoid, can’t help(禁不住)， stand(忍受)， consider (考慮，打算)，enjoy, escape (躲避)，excuse, finish, give up, imagine, insist on, mind, miss(錯(cuò)過), practise, put off, risk, set about, suggest(建議)等。
〔誤〕 He admitted to break the window.
〔正〕 He admitted breaking the window.
4. 下列動(dòng)詞后既可跟不定式，也可跟動(dòng)名詞，但含義不同：
forget to do (忘記了要干什么) forget doing (忘了干過的事情)
regret to do (指當(dāng)時(shí)或現(xiàn)在遺憾地做什么) regret doing (后悔做了什么事情)
try to do ( 試圖干) try doing (嘗試干)
stop doing (停止干) stop to do (停下來去干另一件事情)
mean to do (打算干) mean doing (意味著干)
go on to do (繼續(xù)去干另一件事情) go on doing (繼續(xù)干同一件事情)
〔誤〕 He regretted to hurt his best friend.
〔正〕 He regretted hurting his best friend.
〔析〕表示"后悔干過……"，regret后跟動(dòng)名詞。
5. 下列動(dòng)詞后跟帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn17, wish等。
〔誤〕 My father had expected me going to college.
〔正〕 My father had expected me to go to college.
〔析〕"期望某人干……"是expect sb. to do sth.。
6. 下列動(dòng)詞后在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中用不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要加上to：
make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, look at, listen to等。
〔誤〕 The boy was made wash the truck as a punishment.
〔正〕 The boy was made to wash the truck as a punishment.
7. 在easy, difficult, hard, interesting, pleasant等形容詞后的不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
〔誤〕 I find the article difficult to be understood.
〔正〕 I find the article difficult to understand.
8. 在be worth, want, need, require后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
〔誤〕 The plant needs be watered.
〔正〕 The plant needs watering.
〔析〕need to be done=need doing,動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。
9. 由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成不定式且不定式與其有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的后面需加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~補(bǔ)充說明前面的名詞或代詞。
〔誤〕 He is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry.
〔正〕 He is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry about.
〔析〕worry是不及物動(dòng)詞，且與前面的名詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此后面需加介詞。
10.典例題
〔例1〕 Having passed all the tests , she felt a great weight taking off her mind. taking→taken。此句的意思是"通過了所有的測驗(yàn)，她感到去掉了一塊心病"。weight 與take off 是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞形式，taken off 在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
〔例2〕In spite18 of his breaking English ,he can make himself understood.
breaking→broken。broken English 表示不連貫的英語。
〔例3〕I didn’t go to visit the Science Museum on National Day but I hope it soon.
it→to。 為了表達(dá)簡練，我們可把不定式中的動(dòng)詞和后面的部分省略，而僅僅保留不定式符號to。
〔例4〕 The new college graduate insisted on sent where he was most needed.
sent前加being。 insist 一詞后接從句或on doing 短語，動(dòng)詞send和主語graduate 是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以需用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。
四、指導(dǎo)借鑒
非謂語動(dòng)詞具有靈活多變的特點(diǎn)，大家在判斷使用何種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式時(shí)，可遵循以下規(guī)律：
1. 對比時(shí)間：對照謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間，確定非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式
非謂語動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式都是依據(jù)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式而變化的。一般情況下，如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，我們就用不定式的一般式;如果表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，我們就用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式或不定式的進(jìn)行式;如果表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，我們就用現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式或動(dòng)名詞的完成式(特殊情況下，也可用動(dòng)名詞的一般式)。
2.辨明邏輯：從非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
如果非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，即兩者之間存在主謂關(guān)系，就用非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式;如果邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者，即兩者之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，就用非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式。
3. 兩方面結(jié)合，判斷時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)混合形式
有些非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式把時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化融合在一起，這時(shí)，我們可以把上述兩方面結(jié)合起來判斷。在非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者的情況下，a)如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，就用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式;b)如果動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，就用不定式的被動(dòng)式;c)如果動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，就用現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞或不定式的完成被動(dòng)式。
五、簡明記
在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式，動(dòng)名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。
1)不定式
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)動(dòng)名詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動(dòng)名詞， not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
六、現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別
I.動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時(shí)的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，回答 what的問題;現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞作表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征等，回答how的問題。如：
?、貽ne of the best exercises is swimming.游泳是最好的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目之一。
?、赪hat pleases him most is bathing19 in the sea.最使他高興的事是在海中沐浴。
?、跿he situation both at home and abroad is very in- spiring9.國內(nèi)外的形勢都很鼓舞人心。
④The color is pleasing to the eye.顏色悅目。
2.動(dòng)名詞作表語，表語和主語幾乎處于同等地位，可以互換位置，其句意不變;現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表語和主語則不能互換位置。如：
?、貽ur work is serving the people.(=Serving the people is our work.)我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
?、赥he news was disappointing.那消息令人失望。
3.作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞前可以用very，quite，rather， greatly等副詞修飾，而動(dòng)名詞則不可以。如：
①What he said was very encouraging.他的話很鼓舞人心。
?、贠ur goal is realizing the four modernizations20 in the near future.我們的目標(biāo)是在不久的將來實(shí)現(xiàn)四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化。
4.現(xiàn)在分詞與形容詞一樣可以和more，the most構(gòu)成形容詞的比較級和最高級，而動(dòng)名詞則不可以。如：
The story is the most fascinating21.那個(gè)故事最迷人。
5.作表語用的現(xiàn)在分詞除了和be連用以外，還可以和其它的系動(dòng)詞連用;而作表語的動(dòng)名詞則通常只能和be連用。如：
?、?His speech seems inspiring.他的演講似乎很鼓舞人心。
②His interest is writing for the newspapers.他的愛好是給報(bào)社寫文章。
6.有些用作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化了。常見的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting， disappointing等。
II.動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí)，表示它所修飾的名詞的性能和用途，和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示它所修飾的名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，常可以擴(kuò)展成一個(gè)定語從句。如：
a swimming girl =a girl who is swimming一個(gè)在游泳的姑娘
a walking stick =a stick that is used for walking一根拐杖
2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語有時(shí)可以后置，而動(dòng)名詞則通常只能放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如：
?、賂he girl wearing glasses is one of his students.戴眼鏡的那個(gè)女孩是他的一個(gè)學(xué)生。
?、贗 bought some reading materials.我買了一些閱讀材料。
七、動(dòng)詞不定式和其它非謂語動(dòng)詞用法比較
1、動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語比較
動(dòng)名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動(dòng)作，不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作。例如：
_______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(MET 1992)
A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk(Key：B)
2、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞作表語比較
(1)不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別同作主語一樣。
His job is building houses.
Our task now is to increase food production.
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特征，過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_______ it more difficult.(NMET 1999)
A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make (Key：B)
3、動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語比較
(1)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如：want，wish，hope，manage，de- mand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect等。
We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.(NMET 1995)
A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met (Key：C)
(2)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，con- sider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape， excuse，finish，forgive，imagine， keep，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny等。
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