托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試:鳥鳴
托福閱讀加試分為經(jīng)典加試和非經(jīng)典加試,一般情況下考生遇到的情況都是經(jīng)典加試,即所加試的題目都是固定的幾篇。這里小編為就為大家整理了托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試?guó)B鳴內(nèi)容分享給大家,希望對(duì)大家托福備考有幫助。
托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試:鳥鳴
版本一:
本文主要討論鳥叫這種本領(lǐng)究竟是先天遺傳的還是后天習(xí)得的,并為此做了三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),得出了不同的結(jié)論。
1. 概述:雖然鳥類都會(huì)唱歌,但它們唱歌的旋律、調(diào)調(diào)是各有差異的。為了研究它們唱歌的技能是a先天遺傳(基因)?b還是后天習(xí)得(外界因素)的?researchers 做了很多實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2. 試驗(yàn)一中研究人員如何對(duì)待小chaffinch?Researchers 首先把剛出生的一只小chaffinch 帶離_,放在另外一個(gè)地方單獨(dú)養(yǎng),與其他大chaffinch 隔離isolate,不讓它聽到大鳥唱歌song。
3. 試驗(yàn)一的結(jié)果如何?結(jié)果顯示該chaffinch 還是會(huì)唱這種歌,只是調(diào)子有方言(variation)、很簡(jiǎn)單、不連續(xù)(disconnected)。這就證明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本領(lǐng)的。
4. 試驗(yàn)二中white necked crow是否被隔離?Researchers 首先把剛出生的一只小white necked crow與其它大鳥隔離,不讓它聽到大鳥的歌。
5. White necked crow學(xué)習(xí)唱歌的過(guò)程?在剛開始的3 個(gè)月,還沒(méi)有形成自己的歌聲前,給小鳥聽其它鳥唱歌的磁帶recording。它很快就學(xué)會(huì)了recording 里的鳥的叫聲(dialect)。
6. 試驗(yàn)二的結(jié)果是?White necked crow的dialect 不是由基因決定,而是與環(huán)境有很大關(guān)系。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)4 個(gè)月以后,它都只會(huì)唱自己的調(diào)調(diào),再給它聽別的recording,它也學(xué)不會(huì)了。說(shuō)明后天學(xué)習(xí)也有時(shí)間限制.
7. 詞匯:unreceptive無(wú)法接受的
8. 試驗(yàn)三的內(nèi)容?另一種鳥,F(xiàn) 開頭的。說(shuō)這種鳥如果不讓它們聽到自己的聲音,它們就只能形成破碎的音節(jié)而已,連不成歌。一定要讓它們聽見自己在發(fā)什么音,才能讓它們唱好。
9. 詞匯:ultimately最后 最終—finally
10. 詞匯:reinforce增強(qiáng)加強(qiáng)—intensify strengthen
11. 詞匯:proliferate激增 迅速繁殖-reproduce rapidly
12. 詞匯:superb出色的極好的—excellent grandiose
13. 詞匯:optimal最佳的 最優(yōu)的—best
14. 詞匯:blur模糊,使。。。變模糊—cloud dim
版本二:
雖然鳥類都會(huì)唱歌,但它們唱歌的旋律、調(diào)調(diào)是各有差異的。為了研究它們唱歌的技能是先天遺傳(基因)的還是后天習(xí)得(外界因素)的,researchers 做了很多實(shí)驗(yàn)。Chaffinch 和北美的white X crow (X可能=necked,winged,billed 等)的幼鳥是如何學(xué)會(huì)唱歌的。
試驗(yàn)一、Researchers 首先把剛出生的一只小chaffinch 帶離鳥巢,放在另外一個(gè)地方單獨(dú)養(yǎng),與其他大chaffinch 隔isolate,不讓它聽到大鳥唱歌song。在三個(gè)月以后,到雄性該求愛(ài)時(shí)放回自然,聽它的song是怎樣的。結(jié)果顯示該chaffinch 還是會(huì)唱這種歌,只是調(diào)子有方言variation、很簡(jiǎn)單、不連續(xù)disconnected。這就證明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本領(lǐng)。
試驗(yàn)二、Researchers 首先把剛出生的一只小white X crow/sparrow 帶離鳥巢,放在另外一個(gè)地方單獨(dú)養(yǎng),與其它大white X crow 隔離,不讓它聽到大鳥的歌。在剛開始的3 個(gè)月,還沒(méi)有形成自己的歌聲前,給小鳥聽其它鳥唱歌的磁帶recording。它很快就學(xué)會(huì)了recording 里的鳥的叫聲(dialect),它的調(diào)子很快就和那些鳥的調(diào)子一樣了。此研究顯示:它的dialect 不是由基因決定,而是與環(huán)境有很大關(guān)系。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)4個(gè)月以后,它都只會(huì)唱自己的調(diào)調(diào),再給它聽別的recording,它也學(xué)不會(huì)了unreceptive(考了這個(gè)詞的意思)。說(shuō)明后天學(xué)習(xí)也有時(shí)間限制。
試驗(yàn)三、另一種鳥,F(xiàn) 開頭的。說(shuō)這種鳥如果不讓它們聽到自己的聲音,它們就只能形成破碎的音節(jié)而已,連不成歌。一定要讓它們聽見自己在發(fā)什么音,才能讓它們唱好。
單詞題:ultimately, reinforce, proliferate/proliferation, superb, optimal, blur。
最后大題相當(dāng)變態(tài)啊!分三欄。分別是①chaffinch能做的但Sparrow不能做的 ②Sparrow能chaffinch不能的 ③它們都不能的
托福閱讀背景材料之性格影響外表
If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.
The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who exhibit negative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physically attractive to observers.
In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.
After personality information was received, participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.
Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.
"Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind," said Lewandowski.
The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and, ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.
The findings remained consistent regardless of how "attractive" the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.
What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?
"This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are," said Lewandowski.
如果你表現(xiàn)出誠(chéng)實(shí)和樂(lè)于助人等美好品質(zhì),那么別人會(huì)覺(jué)得你的外表也很迷人。一項(xiàng)最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)人的性格會(huì)影響別人對(duì)他或她的外表吸引力的看法。
該項(xiàng)由蓋里?W?勒萬(wàn)多維斯基負(fù)責(zé)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人們認(rèn)為,表現(xiàn)出不誠(chéng)實(shí)和粗魯?shù)葠毫悠焚|(zhì)的人外表也不夠吸引人。
研究對(duì)象首先觀看了一組異性的照片,隨后分別在得知照片中人物的性格特點(diǎn)之前和之后給他們的外表評(píng)分。
研究對(duì)象在得知照片中人物的性格特點(diǎn)后,還對(duì)與其中每個(gè)人交朋友或做戀人的期望值進(jìn)行了評(píng)分。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),有關(guān)人物性格特點(diǎn)的信息大大改變了之前的喜好度評(píng)分,研究對(duì)象的認(rèn)知過(guò)程改變了他們對(duì)照片中人物外表的評(píng)價(jià)。
勒萬(wàn)多維斯基說(shuō):“總的來(lái)說(shuō),如果人們認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的性格較好,那么他們會(huì)覺(jué)得無(wú)論與這個(gè)人做朋友還是做戀人都更合適?!?/p>
研究結(jié)果表明,人們更期望與性格較好的人交朋友、成為戀人,從而會(huì)認(rèn)為他們的外表更迷人。
無(wú)論照片中人物給人的“第一印象”怎樣、或者研究對(duì)象目前的情感關(guān)系狀況以及與伴侶的親密程度如何,研究結(jié)果都是一致的。
勒萬(wàn)多維斯基說(shuō):“該研究提出了一個(gè)更為積極的觀點(diǎn),它提醒人們,性格在很大程度上能決定你的吸引力;性格甚至能夠改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)于你外表的印象?!?/p>
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)之如何保持好記憶
Being in a good mood decreases the brain's working memory, US researchers say.
“This explains why you might not be able to remember a phone number you get at a party when you are having a good time,” Elizabeth Martin, a doctoral student of psychology at the University of Missouri, says in a statement. “This research is the first to show that positive mood can negatively impact working memory storage capacity.”
The researchers gauged study participants’ mood before and after showing them a video clip - some saw a bit of a stand-up comedy routine, while others saw a video on how to install flooring.
Those who viewed the comedy routine were in significantly better moods after viewing the video, while the mood of flooring group had not changed. Both groups were then given a memory test.
The study, published in the journal Cognition and Emotion, found those who watched the comedy routine performed significantly worse on the task.
美國(guó)研究人員稱,好心情可能會(huì)降低大腦的工作記憶(屬程序性記憶、短時(shí)記憶,是一種短暫時(shí)刻的知覺(jué))能力。
“這就能解釋為什么明明在派對(duì)上玩得很開心,卻記不住從派對(duì)上得到的電話號(hào)碼,”密蘇里大學(xué)心理學(xué)博士伊麗莎白馬丁在一份報(bào)告中指出?!霸撗芯渴状握f(shuō)明,積極情緒有損于工作記憶容量?!?/p>
研究人員在受試者觀看視頻片段前后對(duì)其情緒進(jìn)行了測(cè)量。其中一部分受試者所看的是輕松喜劇節(jié)目,另一些人所看的視頻則關(guān)于如何鋪地板。
那些看了喜劇的受試者觀后情緒更佳,而“地板視頻”受試者觀前觀后情緒并無(wú)波動(dòng)。兩組都接受了記憶測(cè)試。
此項(xiàng)刊登于《認(rèn)知與情感》雜志的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),觀看了喜劇的受試者在記憶測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)明顯差于另一組受試者。
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