老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE30
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老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 30
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word "consequence" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word "striking" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word "exceed" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word "generated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
正確答案： DABCC CBCB
托福閱讀出題點列舉
托福閱讀出題點一、列舉和并列句
列舉指的是： First,... Second,... Third,.。。等逐條列出。并列句是指：A ，B and C，即逐項列出。它們共同的特征是列出二點或三點以上的條目。該類型語言點?？嫉念}型是“細節(jié)性問題”，主要有兩種：
1. Which 題型
該題型只要求從并列的三頂中選一項作為答案，其它條目與題目無關。在這種情況下，往往題目的答案出自最后一個選項。
2 . EXCEPT 題型
該題型俗稱“三缺一”題型，即題目 4 個選項中有三個符合文章內(nèi)容，剩下一個不符合，題目便是要求選出這個不符合文章內(nèi)容的選項。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ??? 這種題型只適合于考并列、列舉句，這是因為它要求其三個選項一定是文章中出現(xiàn)的，也就是并列或列舉之處。利用這一特點。我們在讀文章的時候就可多留意，如看到并列、列舉句，可預想其有可能被考到;如發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中有“三缺一”題型，則應到并列、列舉處找答案。
托福閱讀出題點二、否定及轉(zhuǎn)折句
托福聽力段落題型及解題要點
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否定句是指帶有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定詞的句子，而轉(zhuǎn)折句則指帶有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或RATHER 等關聯(lián)詞引導的句子，它們可以用下面的句型說明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。對于以上的句型常出“推斷性問題”。
托福閱讀出題點三、舉例句
句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引導的短語或句子為舉例句，?？肌巴茢嘈詥栴}”和“細節(jié)性問題”。上面句型中的 as C 為插入的舉例句。
托福閱讀出題點四、數(shù)字與年代
文中的數(shù)字、年代、日期等常常是出題者注意的考題點，如 1996 年 10 月第 48 題。
托福閱讀出題點五、最高級及絕對性詞匯
文章中若出現(xiàn) must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等絕對性詞匯或 first ， most beautiful 等最高級詞匯，往往是考題要點，一般出“細節(jié)性題目”。這是因為它們都有一個共同的特點，那就是 概念絕對 ， 答案唯一 ，無論是出題還是做題，不會產(chǎn)出歧義和疑問，因此很容易出題，答案絕對正確。相反地，如果文章中出現(xiàn)相對性的詞匯、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 為相對性詞匯，如果我們出這樣一道題： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就沒有唯一正確的答案，因為有可能為 red,green 或 blue ，給評卷帶來困難。
托福閱讀出題點六、比較級及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as ，like ( a fly )等句型，則為比較級或比喻句結(jié)構，往往也是考題點，一般出“推斷性題目”。
托福閱讀出題點七、同位語及插入語
文章中帶有由 that is ，i.e. ，or 等詞匯引導的名詞詞組，放在一個名詞后面，為同位語;插入語是指副詞、不定式、分詞、從句等結(jié)構故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修飾整個句子、表達作者感情的語法結(jié)構。 這些用逗號隔開的持殊結(jié)構往往也是考查的重點，一般會出“細節(jié)性題目”。
托福閱讀出題點八、因果句
句中若有如下結(jié)構或詞匯的稱為因果句：
(1) 因果連詞：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，consequently 等
(2)表示因果的動詞：cause ，result in ，originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名詞： base, basis, result,consequence 等，這些因果句都是指明某兩個事件之間因果關系的，尤為出題者所青陳。因為通過出題可以考查文中兩個事件內(nèi)在的因果關系。此種句型一般出“推斷性問題”。
托福閱讀出題點九、段落句
文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段員后一句( 文尾句 )都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表達中思想，進行總結(jié)綜述的地方，因此常出(1)主題性問題，(2)細節(jié)性問題(3)結(jié)構性問題。
托福閱讀出題點十、特殊標點
有一些特殊標點的含義也屬于考查范圍，它們是：
(1) 破折號，表示解釋?？技毠?jié)性問題;
(2) 括號，表示解釋。考細節(jié)性問題;
(3) 冒號，一股同上，有時冒號也表示列舉，則考“ EXCEPT ”題目;
(4) 引號。表示引用，考細節(jié)性問題：
(5) 驚嘆號，表示作者感情，考態(tài)度性問題。
綜上所述，我們可以利用上面所介紹的考題點，作為“路標”，迅速地指引我們找到正確答案;問時作為出題規(guī)律，檢驗自己所選答案的正確性。
托福閱讀常見的詞根總結(jié)1
1) aer, ar, 含義是“空氣，大氣” aeroplane, aerial,
2) ag, act, ig, 含義是“做，動作” active, agent, reaction,
3) alt, 含義是“高”， altitude,
4) alter, altern, altr, 含義是“其它，變更” alternate,
5) bio, bi, bion, 含義是“生物，生命” biology, bionics(仿生學)
6) brev, bri, brief, 含義是“短” brief, abbreviation, abridge(節(jié)略)
7) cap, capt, cept, cip, 含義是“取，獲” capture, except, concept, capacity
8) ced, ceed, cess, 含義是“行，讓步” proceed, succeed, excess(過度)
9) centr, centr, 含義是“中心” concentrate, eccentric(偏心的)
10) clain, clam, 含義是“呼喊” claim, proclaim, exclaim
11) clos, clud, 含義是“閉合” conclude, enclose, include
12) col, cult, 含義是“耕耘” colony, cultivate, agriculture
13) cor, cord, 含義是“心” cordial, record, accord
14) curr, cur, cour, 含義是“跑，動作” current, occur, concurrence(同時發(fā)生)
15) dic, dict, 含義是“說，示” dictate, edit, indicate, predict
16) doc, doct, 含義是“教” doctor, document.nbsp
17) duc, duct含義是“引導，傳導” introduce, produce, conduct, deduct( 推論)
18) fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 含義是“做，創(chuàng)造” factory, effect, profit, faculty, perfect
19) fend, fens, 含義是“打，擊” defence, offence
20) fer, 含義是“搬運，移轉(zhuǎn)” ferry, transfer, defer(遲延)
21) fin, finit, 含義是“終，極” final, finish, confine
22) firm, 含義是“堅固” firm, confirm, affirm(斷定)
23) fix, 含義是“固定” prefix, affix(附加)
24) flect, flex, 含義是“彎曲” flexible, reflex
25) flor, flour, flower, 含義是“花” flower, flourish
26) form, 含義是“形” uniform, formula, transform, reform, deform
27) forc, fort, 含義是“力，強度” force, enforce, effort
28) gen, genit, 含義是“生產(chǎn)，發(fā)生” generate, generation
29) gram, graph, 含義是“書寫，記錄” telegram, diagram, photograph
30) grad, gress, gred, gree, 含義是“步，階段” gradually, degree, progress
31) hab, habit, hibit, 含義是“保持，住” inhabit, exhibit, prohibit
32) her, hes, 含義是“粘附” adhere, cohesion
33) ject, jet, 含義是“拋射” project, inject
34) jour, 含義是“日，一天” journal(日記), journey, adjourn(延期)
35) jug, junct, 含義是“結(jié)合，連合” conjunction, junction(連合)
36) labour, labor, 含義是“勞動，工作” labourer, elaborate, collaborate
37) lect, leg, lig, 含義是“挑選，采集” collect, select, lecture
38) lif, liv, 含義是“生活，生存” life, alive, live
39) loc, 含義是“場所，位置” location, dislocate(脫位)
40) long, leng, ling, 含義是“長的” length, prolong, linger
41) loqu, locut, 含義是“說話” colloquial, eloquent,
42) mand, mend, 含義是“命令” command, demand, recommend
43) man, manu, 含義是“手，手法” manage, manual
44) memor, menber, 含義是“記憶” memory, remember, memorial
45) mind, ment, 含義是“心” mind, remind, mental
46) merc, merch, 含義是“貿(mào)易” commerce, merchant
47) meas, mens, meter, metr, 含義是“測量，度量” measure, meter, diameter
48) min, 含義是“小” diminish, minority
49) miss, mit, 含義是“派遣，送” mission, dismiss, transmit, missile
50) mob, mot, mov, 含義是“動” movement, motion, mobile, remove
托福閱讀常見的詞根總結(jié)2
51) nect, nex, 含義是“捆扎” connect, disconnect, annex(合并)
52) not, 含義是“記號，注意” note, denote, annotation(注釋)
53) onom, onym, 含義是“名字” synonym, antonym, anonymous
54) pair, par, 含義是“a)相同，對等b)準備” compare, prepare
55) pel, puls, 含義是“追逐” expel, impel(推進)
56) pend, pens, pond, 含義是“懸掛” depend, independent, expense(支付)
57) phon, 含義是“聲音” symphony, telephone, microphone
58) plac, 含義是“位置，場所” place, replace
59) peopl, popul, publ, 含義是“人民，民眾” public, republic, popular, people
60) port, 含義是“搬運” export, import, deport(輸送)
61) press, 含義是“壓，壓制” pressure, express, oppress, impression
62) prob, proof, prov, 含義是“實驗，驗證” prove, approve,
63) quer, quest, quir, quis, 含義是“尋找，探問” inquiry, question, inquisition(調(diào)查，追究)
64) rang, rank, 含義是“排列” arrange, rank,
65) rect, right, rig, 含義是“正，直” correct, direct, erect
66) riv, 含義是“河流，流遠”，river, arrive, derive
67) rupt, 含義是“破壞，毀壞” eruption, bankrupt, corruption
68) sci, 含義是“認識，知識” science, conscious
69) scrib, script, 含義是“書寫，記錄” describe, script
70) sens, sent, 含義是“感覺，情感” sensation, sentiment
71) sign, 含義是“標記，符號” signal, signature, design
72) sembl, simil, 含義是“相似，類似” similar, resemble, assimilate(同化)
73) soci, 含義是“結(jié)合，社交” social, association
74) spec, spect, spitc, spis, 含義是“看，視” inspect, spectator, conspicuous, respect
75) struct, 含義是“建筑，構造” structure, construct, instruct, destruction
76) tect, teg, 含義是“遮蔽，掩蓋” detect, protect
77) temp, tens, 含義是“時間，時機” tense, contemporary, temporal
78) tend, tes, tent, 含義是“傾向, 伸張” tendency, intension, extend, intend
79) test, 含義是“證明，證實” testify, protest, contest(爭論)
80) text, 含義是“編織， 構成” textile, texture, context
81) tract, trail, 含義是“拖拉，吸引” attract, tractor, abstract, contract(收縮)
82) tribut, 含義是“給予” contribution, distribute
83) us, ut, 含義是“用，使用” usable, utilize, abuse
84) vac, van, 含義是“空，虛” vacancy, vanity, evacuate(清空)
85) vad, vas, wad, 含義是“走，去” invade, wade, evade(逃避)
86) vers, vert, 含義是“旋轉(zhuǎn)，反轉(zhuǎn)” convert, inversion(倒轉(zhuǎn))， reverse, divert(使轉(zhuǎn)向)
87) vid, vis, vey, view, 含義是“觀看，看見” television, visible, evident, interview, survey
88) viv, vit, 含義是“生，活” vivid, vital, survival,
89) war, ward, 含義是“注意，保護” aware, wary(謹慎)， ward(守護)
90) way, 含義是“路” way, away, subway, always
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