托福閱讀考試中不可忽略的重要標(biāo)點符號
為了幫助大家備考托福。提高閱讀成績，打有準(zhǔn)備的仗，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x考試中不可忽略的重要標(biāo)點符號，希望大家喜歡。
托福閱讀考試中不可忽略的重要標(biāo)點符號
托福閱讀常見標(biāo)點符號及作用
冒號在中文或英文中都是一個常見的標(biāo)點符號，在中英用法上也大致相同。冒號的主要作用有兩種：一是用在總說性話語或需要解釋的詞語后邊，引起下文的分說或引出解釋和說明;二是引出引語。在托福閱讀中，第一種用法對于我們理解文章和解題更加重要。
破折號在托福閱讀中也是尤為常見，其主要作用是引入一個解釋性的插入語，放在插入語的前面或者后面，破折號中的內(nèi)容一般是對主句中的某個單詞或短語進(jìn)行修飾或者解釋，作用相當(dāng)于一個括號?？忌涂梢岳闷普厶栔g的解釋來理解主句中的某個概念。
英語中，圓括號最常見的用法是補(bǔ)充說明和解釋生詞，它們不同于逗號和破折號的用法，去掉后不會影響句子的理解，但是括號內(nèi)的信息同樣對考生的理解有很大的幫助。
案例分析
例1，TPO18閱讀 R-3冒號
The negatively charged region is large： several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter.
前半句說帶負(fù)電negatively charged的區(qū)域region非常大，冒號后面描述了負(fù)電荷是怎么大，對前半句又進(jìn)一步的表述。知道冒號的作用對于預(yù)測文章下文來說也很重要，前半句是帶負(fù)電的區(qū)域非常大，那冒號后面就是描述如何大。這句話完整的意思是帶負(fù)電的區(qū)域非常大，厚度達(dá)數(shù)百米，直徑達(dá)幾千米。因此冒號對于理解文章來說有很大的幫助。
例2，TPO19閱讀 R-3-破折號
The fossils buried in Pleistocene and earlier ocean sediments were of foraminifera—small, single-celled marine organisms that secrete shells of calcium carbonate, or calcite.
在本句話中foraminifera—small，single-celled marine organisms，small和single
對foraminifera和single進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行描述，埋在更新世時期的化石和更早的海洋沉積物是有孔蟲類 ，它們是一種小的單細(xì)胞海洋生物，會分泌碳酸鈣殼或者方解石。幫助我們進(jìn)一步了解孔蟲類foraminifera。
例3，TPO20-3 Fossil Preservation-圓括號
來自第七段中的兩句話The Middle Eocene Messel Shale(from about 48 million years ago)of Germany accumulated in such an environment. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons(hard outer coverings),frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.
from about 48 million years ago對于前面的The Middle Eocene Messel Shale做了詳細(xì)的解釋，hard outer coverings對iridescent exoskeletons進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行解釋。
在本篇文章的第11題中的四個選項中，通過定位答案為D選項，但是如果利用排除法的話就需要結(jié)合括號中的信息，對于主題句進(jìn)一步的解釋，幫助我們更好的理解段落主題。
托福閱讀練習(xí)：女性28歲時最幸福
Women are at their happiest at the age of 28, a study has found.
Researchers discovered women feel most confident and happy with their love life and body shape shortly before they reach 30.
It is also the period in their life when they enjoy the best sex – but the happiness is relatively shortlived.
Because by the time they have turned 30 they start worrying about growing old and developing grey hair and wrinkles.
A spokesman for home hair colour brand Clairol Perfect 10, which carried out the study of 4,000 women, said: "Everything in life hits its peak at some point, and nearly reaching your thirties isn't so bad now.
"The age of 28 has been pinpointed as the time in a woman's life their hair looks the best, body shape is at its peak and confidence is at an all-time high.
The survey of 25-65 year olds recorded the age at which women were most content in 12 key areas of their life.
According to the results, women are happiest in their career at 29 and most content with their relationships one year later at 30, despite having the best sex at 28.
But all is not lost for the over 30s, as women feel most content with their financial situation at 33 and at ease with their home and family life at 32.
The research found two thirds of women feel they age more quickly than men. It also emerged that 56 per cent of women worry about losing their looks as they get older
But drinking from the fountain of youth doesn't come cheap as the average woman will spend ￡600 every year on beauty products in a bid to stay looking young.
The research also found women spend over five days a year on their beauty routine – an average of 22 minutes every day.
Vocabulary:
shortlived：living or lasting only a little while(短暫的)
fountain of youth：青春泉，長生不老泉(傳說飲此泉者可恢復(fù)健康和返老還童，長生不老)
一項最新研究表明，女性在28歲時最幸福。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在即將“奔三”之際，女性對自己的愛情生活最自信，感覺最幸福，同時也對自己的身材最滿意。
也正是在這段時期，女性享受到質(zhì)量最高的性生活，但這種幸福感持續(xù)的時間相對較短。
因為到那時，已屆30歲的女性們開始擔(dān)心衰老、長白頭發(fā)和出現(xiàn)皺紋。
國內(nèi)染發(fā)品牌“伊卡璐10分鐘快速完美染發(fā)”對4千位女性進(jìn)行了此項調(diào)查，該品牌的一位發(fā)言人說：“人生的每種經(jīng)歷都在某一時期達(dá)到頂點，現(xiàn)在看來，接近30歲并沒有那么糟?！?/p>
“28歲被認(rèn)定為女性一生之中頭發(fā)最健康，身材最棒，最自信的年齡?！?/p>
受訪女性年齡在25歲至65之間，研究人員記錄了她們何時對生活中12個最關(guān)鍵的領(lǐng)域感覺最滿足。
結(jié)果顯示，女性29歲時在職場最開心，一年之后的30歲時對感情生活最滿足，而在28歲時性生活質(zhì)量最高。
但對女性來說，過了30歲也不會失去一切。女性在33歲時對經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況最滿意，在32歲時感覺家庭生活最舒心。
研究結(jié)果表明，2/3的女性認(rèn)為自己比男性衰老更快。結(jié)果還表明，56%的女性擔(dān)心隨著年齡的增大，自己容顏盡失。
但想要容顏永駐可不便宜。為了看上去一直年輕，每位普通女性每年會花費600英鎊購買美容產(chǎn)品。
研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，女性每年用于日常美容的時間累計多于5天，平均每天22分鐘。
托福閱讀練習(xí)：你是否適合創(chuàng)業(yè)
Adapted from the upcoming book THE WALL STREET JOURNAL COMPLETE SMALL BUSINESS GUIDEBOOK (Three Rivers Press, Dec. 29, 2009).
Starting a business is a lot like becoming a parent. Not only do you have to prepare for your start-up emotionally and financially, but you have to be committed to its constant needs until it's mature enough to hum along on its own. And even then (much like a child) it will always need you in some capacity, no matter how old it gets.
創(chuàng)業(yè)很像當(dāng)父母。你不僅要在感情上和財務(wù)上為自己的企業(yè)做好準(zhǔn)備，還必須滿足它持續(xù)不斷的需求，直到它足夠成熟可以自行運轉(zhuǎn)。即便到了那個時候(很像長大的孩子)，它仍然總是需要你投入一定的精力，無論它有多么成熟。
Here are five questions to ask before you start your own business:
在你考慮自立門戶之前，不妨問問自己以下五個問題：
1. Am I passionate about my product or service? 我對自己的產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)充滿熱情嗎?
Let's face it: the start-up phase is stressful. You will find yourself questioning whether you've made the right decision, especially when the hours are long and the initial profits (if any) are lean. As the business owner, you're also chief salesperson for your company. Your enthusiasm for your product or service— whether it's hand-knit sweaters or top-notch tax preparation— is often the difference that hooks customers, lands deals and attracts investors. It's unwise to start down the path of entrepreneurship unless you've got a zeal that will get you through rough patches and keep you interested long after the initial enthusiasm has faded.
讓我們直面這樣的事實：創(chuàng)業(yè)初期你會面臨壓力很大。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在不斷質(zhì)疑是否做出了正確的決策，尤其是在工作時間很長、但最初的利潤卻很少的情況下。作為企業(yè)所有人，你還是企業(yè)的主要銷售人員。你對于自己產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)──無論它是手織毛衫還是一流的稅務(wù)服務(wù)──的熱情常常是抓住客戶、取得合約以及吸引投資者的與眾不同之處。除非你抱有能夠幫助自己度過艱難時日并且在最初的熱情逐漸消退之后的很長時間里仍能保持濃厚興趣的熱忱，否則開始創(chuàng)業(yè)之路將是不明智的選擇。
2. What is my tolerance for risk? 我容忍風(fēng)險的程度如何?
Whether it's quitting your day job or signing a lease on a new space, nothing about starting a business is for the faint of heart. Just ask Ina Garten, who bought a specialty-foods store called The Barefoot Contessa in East Hampton, New York, in 1978 and has since branched out into cookbooks, television and a line of products. Garten tells aspiring entrepreneurs that you have to 'be willing to jump off the cliff and figure out how to fly on the way down.' Even with enough passion to launch a thousand ventures, you could find any number of circumstances hastening your failure: a location that turns out to be less than ideal, a problem with city or state zoning boards or a kink in the supply chain that can't easily be ironed out. There's no guarantee of success, or even a steady paycheck. If you're risk-averse, entrepreneurship probably isn't the right path for you.
無論是辭掉平日的工作，還是簽署新的租約，創(chuàng)業(yè)的方方面面都不是為意志薄弱的人準(zhǔn)備的。問問艾娜 加滕(Ina Garten)就好了。她在1978年買下了紐約州東漢普敦的一家特色食品商店The Barefoot Contessa，從此一發(fā)不可收拾，擴(kuò)展至烹飪書籍、電視等領(lǐng)域，并推出了一系列產(chǎn)品。加滕告訴那些滿懷抱負(fù)的企業(yè)家，你必須“愿意跳下懸崖，搞清楚在下降的過程中如何飛行。”即便你有足夠的熱情推出一千家企業(yè)，你還是可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)加速失敗的各種情形：不太理想的地點，與城市或者州分區(qū)有關(guān)的麻煩，無法輕易擺脫的供應(yīng)鏈問題等等。沒有成功的保證，甚至是穩(wěn)定的薪水。如果你不愿冒險，創(chuàng)業(yè)恐怕不是適合你走的路。
3. Am I good at making decisions? 我善于做出決策嗎?
No one else is going to make them for you when you own your own business. Consider how you might handle these early decisions: Do I work from home or do I lease office space? Do I hire employees? Do I pursue high-end clients or sell to the masses? Do I incorporate? Do I advertise? Do I borrow money from friends or family? Do I use my entire savings? Keep in mind that the decision-making process only gets more complicated as time goes on, once you have employees or clients depending on you. The choices you make can lead to success or downfall, so you must feel confident in your ability to make the right call.
當(dāng)你擁有自己的企業(yè)后，別人不會為你做出決策。想想你可能會怎么應(yīng)對這些早期的決策：我是在家辦公，還是在外租用辦公室?我要不要雇傭員工?我要爭取高端客戶，還是面向大眾銷售?我要不要組建法人公司?我要不要打廣告?我要不要從朋友或者家人那里借錢?我要不要用掉自己所有的積蓄?記住，一旦你開始有員工或者客戶依賴于你，決策的過程只會隨著時間的推移愈加復(fù)雜。你所做出的決策可能會直接導(dǎo)致成功或者失敗，因此你必須對自己做出正確決策的能力充滿信心才行。
4. Am I willing to take on numerous responsibilities? 我愿意承擔(dān)多方面的責(zé)任嗎?
While a corporate employee focuses on a special skill or role within the larger corporation, a business owner must contribute everything to the business. Solo entrepreneurs in particular must be versatile and play a number of roles, from chief salesperson and bookkeeper to head marketer and bill collector. If juggling many roles doesn't suit you, entrepreneurship probably won't, either. The recent economic downturn has made it more important than ever for business owners to have a good working knowledge of their companies' finances. While you will undoubtedly learn much on this topic from getting your hands dirty, the more knowledge you have in advance, the better prepared you'll be.
雖然企業(yè)的員工往往會關(guān)注一種特殊的技能或者角色，但是企業(yè)主必須為企業(yè)盡其所能。尤其是單打獨斗的創(chuàng)業(yè)者必須是多面手，發(fā)揮多種作用，從銷售、會計，到市場營銷、收款，他要無所不能。如果在許多角色之間不斷轉(zhuǎn)換不適合你的話，創(chuàng)業(yè)可能也不會適合你。最近的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退更使企業(yè)主深諳企業(yè)財務(wù)變得無比重要。雖然你無疑將會從實踐中不斷學(xué)習(xí)財務(wù)知識，但是你提前知道的越多，你就越有準(zhǔn)備。.
5. Will I be able to avoid burnout? 我能夠避免身心透支嗎?
Working seven days a week, losing touch with friends, abandoning old hobbies and interests and not making time for loved ones can quickly lead to burnout in the midst of starting up— and ultimately to business failure. That's what happened to James Zimbardi, an entrepreneur in Orlando, Florida, who says he didn't know any better when he started his first company in 1997 and worked as hard as possible, for as long as possible, until his creativity, enthusiasm and energy were sapped. By 2002, he was a broken man— the business took a downturn, and so did his personal life. Now Zimbardi is at work on his second company, Allgen Financial Services, and sticking to better habits to maintain work/life balance, such as not working on Sundays, making time for hobbies such as sailing and salsa dancing, and building close ties with other business owners through a faith-based support network.
一周七天整日忙于工作，與朋友失去聯(lián)系，放棄原來的愛好和興趣，無法為自己所愛的人抽出時間，這些都可能會很快導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)業(yè)過程中的身心透支──并且最終導(dǎo)致企業(yè)破產(chǎn)。這正是佛羅里達(dá)州奧蘭多的創(chuàng)業(yè)者詹姆斯 辛巴迪(James Zimbardi)的經(jīng)歷。辛巴迪說，他在1997年成立自己第一家公司的時候懵懵懂懂，只會拼命努力工作，廢寢忘食，直到他的創(chuàng)造力、熱情和精力消失殆盡。到2002年的時候，他已經(jīng)是一個散了架的人──企業(yè)陷入了低迷期，而他的個人生活也遭遇了挫折。如今，辛巴迪正在組建他的第二家公司Allgen Financial Services，這次他堅持保持良好的習(xí)慣維持工作、生活平衡，比如說周日不工作，為帆船和風(fēng)情拉丁舞等愛好留出時間，通過一個宗教信仰支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)與其他企業(yè)主建立密切的關(guān)系等等。
Take some time to mull over these questions, do some soul-searching, and then if you think you have what it takes, go for it.
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托福閱讀考試中不可忽略的重要標(biāo)點符號
