托福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Arch托福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Architecture
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托福閱讀原文
Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built onehundred years ago.
Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.
托福閱讀試題
1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
A.Architecture isvisual art.
B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.
C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.
D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.
2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.in existence
B.without question
C.achievable
D.most likely
3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.protect
B.improve
C.organize
D.match
4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.
B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.
C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.
5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest in meaning to
A.combined
B.created
C.introduced
D.suggested
6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
A.essential
B.variable
C.practical
D.independent
7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings?
A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.
B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built.
C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings?
A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.
C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?
A.Complex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body.
B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.
10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to
A.difficult
B.necessary
C.skilled
D.shared
11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?
A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structures
B.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu
C.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches wereinvented
D.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone
12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?
A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.
B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.
D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.
13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage.
█ 【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █ 【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █ 【C】Ofcourse in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. █ 【D】
Where would thesentence best fit?
14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.
A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for humanuse.
B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.
C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function.
D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.
E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of MachuPicchu.
F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures.
托福閱讀答案
1.EXCEPT題排除法，以visual art做關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段最后一句，A對(duì)，不選;以cultural values做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，B對(duì)，不選;以artistic and scientific dimensions做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，C對(duì)，不選;D選項(xiàng)與A選項(xiàng)在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文說反，錯(cuò)，選
2.feasible可行的，原文說了建筑的若干優(yōu)點(diǎn)，比如提供遮風(fēng)避雨的場(chǎng)所，豐富了空間，經(jīng)濟(jì)上怎么樣，肯定是個(gè)正面的詞，A存在中性，錯(cuò);B沒有問題，雖然是正面但太過，不選，C正確，D非常可能雖然正面，但程度不足，不選
3.詞匯題，問的是第二段第三句中的enhance，備選項(xiàng)分別是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中與enhance their way of life并列的動(dòng)詞是shelter，庇護(hù)之意，所以再選protect的話重疊，而且也不應(yīng)該是保護(hù)他們的生活方式;organize組織match搭配都不能與庇護(hù)并列，所以improve改善生活方式最靠譜
4.In order for只是一個(gè)表目的的狀語，暫時(shí)放棄不看，同時(shí)because那部分插入語不看，整個(gè)句子就變成了建筑師們采用的方法是不變的，盡管建筑材料發(fā)生了很大變化。A沒說原文的建筑材料發(fā)生了很大變化，而且law沒有限制size and strength，所以完全不對(duì);B錯(cuò)在in order的那個(gè)狀語部分，increase原文沒說;C說not based on physical laws與原文相反，錯(cuò)，D正確
5.devise設(shè)計(jì)，所在句說全世界的建筑也要怎么樣根據(jù)簡(jiǎn)直材料的限制，因?yàn)橛衋lso，所以是接著前一句的，前句在上題中已經(jīng)分析過了，說建筑師為了達(dá)到要求采用了多種方法，說明建筑的產(chǎn)生應(yīng)該是一個(gè)從無到有的過程，所以B選項(xiàng)create最合適，A聯(lián)合C介紹，引進(jìn)D建議，表明都不對(duì)
6.integral完整的，構(gòu)成整體的，原文說建筑材料和建筑方法是建筑什么樣的部分，代入選項(xiàng)也知道應(yīng)該是A重要的部分，B可變的C實(shí)際的都不靠譜，D獨(dú)立的雖然意思基本說的通，但明顯違反原文，建筑材料和方法應(yīng)該是互相影響的，不能獨(dú)立
7.以material為關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段第二句和第三句，說以前必須根據(jù)建筑材料來設(shè)計(jì)建筑，現(xiàn)在我們可以發(fā)明新材料，A說不容易找到新材料，反了;C的三種材料應(yīng)該是以前不是現(xiàn)在;D沒說;B說現(xiàn)在建筑材料充分，不會(huì)再影響建筑設(shè)計(jì)，是原文的意思，正確
8.以modern buildings做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，說比較現(xiàn)在和一百年前大小相似的建筑的重量我們就能發(fā)現(xiàn)建筑技術(shù)所取得的進(jìn)步，也就是以前的重現(xiàn)在的輕，所以答案是C，其他的都沒說
9.本段將建筑結(jié)構(gòu)與人體的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了比較，發(fā)現(xiàn);額三個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，排除法，A以equipment做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句的最后半句，equipment像的應(yīng)該是vital organs and systems，不是一個(gè)component;以early building做關(guān)鍵詞定位至文章最后一句，skeleton和skin是一樣的，所以和人不同;C的change原文沒說;D正確因?yàn)樵恼f現(xiàn)代建筑像人體，以前的建筑的skeleton和skin是一個(gè)，所以現(xiàn)代建筑比之前的建筑更像人體
10.arduous艱巨的，困難的。原文說過去整個(gè)城市都是靠切割和堆積石頭搞定的，這個(gè)任務(wù)肯定是比較困難的，而代入原文的話似乎有技巧的和有必要的也是靠譜的，但D分享的一定不對(duì)，如果說切割是需要技巧的話，堆積應(yīng)該是不需要的，注意不要聯(lián)想。堆積和切割石頭一定是造城市的必要任務(wù)么?可以用木頭和其他的建筑材料，所以necessary太偏了，正確答案difficult
11.修辭目的題，讀doorways and windows所在的一句話，說門窗是通過把承的石頭橫梁放在space上面形成的，讀前一句的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)也是個(gè)例子，所以不是答案，往下句看，說想克服石頭帶給建筑的障礙，必須有一個(gè)新發(fā)明。按照原文，門窗的形成是一種克服石頭帶來的障礙的一種方法，所以答案是C
12.以arch為關(guān)鍵詞定位至thatinvention was the arch句，接上題看到的那句，想克服石頭帶給建筑的障礙，必須有一個(gè)新發(fā)明，這個(gè)發(fā)明就是arch，所以說arch的出現(xiàn)使得其他建筑方法成為可能，B正確。羅馬人是第一個(gè)把a(bǔ)rch廣泛用在地上建筑的，不是第一個(gè)用arch的，A錯(cuò)，也沒follow前人的方法，D錯(cuò);是把壓力分散，divert，不是往中點(diǎn)集中，C說反
13.however和again unifying都說明正確插入點(diǎn)之前必須說把skeleton and skin分開，所以A和B不對(duì)，C之后的suchequipment指代C之前的內(nèi)容，過渡緊密，不適合插入句子，所以D是正確答案
14.Architects選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)全文首段首句，正確
Over選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)第四段第三句和第三段首句，正確
Throughout選項(xiàng)與第五段首句相反，錯(cuò)
Both選項(xiàng)是細(xì)節(jié)，不選
Modern選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)，因?yàn)樵臎]說現(xiàn)代的建筑不好看，不選
The discovery選項(xiàng)第六段最后一句，正確
托福閱讀譯文
建筑是一門出于實(shí)用和象征的雙重目的，通過組織和利用空間來實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。。因?yàn)榻ㄖ从谌祟惖男枨蠛驮竿瑯右部梢郧宄貍鬟_(dá)文化價(jià)值。在所有的視覺藝術(shù)中，建筑最直接地影響了我們的生活，因?yàn)樗诤芏喾矫鏇Q定了我們生存的環(huán)境特征。
建筑是一種利用空間、質(zhì)量、紋理、線條、光線和顏色的三維立體形式。一幢建筑物必須實(shí)現(xiàn)各種要素的和諧搭配。人類本能地希望可以提供居住并且改善他們生活質(zhì)量的建筑。建筑師們創(chuàng)造出來的建筑物不單純的是建筑物，還為人們帶來了靈感和喜悅。建筑物為人類的生活提供了遮蔽處和豐富的空間、增加人們的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所、完善人們的居所、幫助人們適應(yīng)氣候的變化，同時(shí)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上也可承受。建筑團(tuán)隊(duì)中，最重要的是那些為建筑支付建設(shè)費(fèi)用并且設(shè)計(jì)其功能的人，許多當(dāng)代建筑平庸的根源在于客戶和建筑師雙反。
為了達(dá)到建筑的目的，一定的大小和強(qiáng)度是必須的。盡管建筑材料已經(jīng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化，建筑采用的各種支撐方法自從人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們以來鮮有改變，因?yàn)檫@些方法都建立在物理定律的基礎(chǔ)上。世界的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)也因?yàn)榭朔牧舷拗频哪康亩l(fā)展起來。建筑師們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候需要將重力對(duì)材料的影響考慮在內(nèi)，通過結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)使建筑不同部分能抵抗壓力、拉力、彎曲力或混合的壓力。
甚至建筑的發(fā)展也是由重大的技術(shù)變革造成的。材料和建設(shè)方法是建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)整體的組成部分。早期，人們必須設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)來配合當(dāng)前可用的材料，如木頭、石頭和磚?，F(xiàn)今的技術(shù)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到能夠創(chuàng)造新的建筑材料來適應(yīng)想要應(yīng)用的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。近幾代建筑材料和科技的巨大變化使得包圍空間更加簡(jiǎn)單、快速，并且用更少的材料。在這一領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步可以用現(xiàn)在修建的建筑和100年前建造的同規(guī)模建筑之間的重量差異來衡量。
類似人類的身體結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)代建筑可以劃分為三個(gè)獨(dú)立的部分：支撐骨架或框架、圍住內(nèi)部空間的外殼以及像人體內(nèi)器官一樣重要的設(shè)施。這些設(shè)施包括管道、電線、熱水和空調(diào)。當(dāng)然，在早期的圓頂建筑和土坯建筑中并沒有這樣的設(shè)施，皮膚和骨骼也往往是合在一起的。
世界上大多數(shù)偉大的建筑都是石料建筑，因?yàn)槭辖ㄖ粌H外形漂亮、持久耐用，而且石頭隨處可得。在過去，整個(gè)城市的建筑物都是從艱苦的石塊切割和堆砌發(fā)展起來的。在秘魯安第斯山脈東部的馬丘比丘印加古城遺址，可以看到世界上最棒的石質(zhì)建筑。在開闊的空間上放置厚石板來支撐上面的石頭，使門和窗的修建成為可能。設(shè)計(jì)師們必須在克服石頭的物理限制以及新建筑形式發(fā)展之前發(fā)明出建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，這就是拱形結(jié)構(gòu)，即最初由分段的石頭或磚塊構(gòu)成的弧形結(jié)構(gòu)。拱最初在地中海早期文化中用來建設(shè)地下水渠，但古羅馬人最先開發(fā)和廣泛的利用它作為地上建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)，他們完善了由分段的石塊組成的半圓形拱。作為跨越空間的一種方式，拱可以比水平橫梁支撐更大的重量。它使得其上的壓力轉(zhuǎn)移到兩側(cè)，由兩側(cè)垂直的部分來承擔(dān)壓力。拱形結(jié)構(gòu)只是近百年來眾多重要建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的突破之一。
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