托福閱讀時(shí)間分配及閱讀步驟
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x時(shí)間分配以及閱讀步驟，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請(qǐng)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
托福閱讀時(shí)間分配以及閱讀步驟
托福閱讀包含3篇閱讀，每篇閱讀的時(shí)間為20分鐘。建議是每篇文章，無論難易，都用17分鐘做完，剩下的9分鐘一律補(bǔ)充到較難的文章中去。如何補(bǔ)充呢?大家可以在做題的過程中一邊做題一邊將難題記錄下來，最后的9分鐘用來檢查或者重做這些難題。
托福閱讀這些部分應(yīng)該詳讀
剛才建議大家一篇文章用17分鐘做完，這個(gè)時(shí)間包含了全文閱讀的時(shí)間和做題的時(shí)間，比較合理的安排是3-4分鐘用來閱讀，剩下的時(shí)間用來做題。3-4分鐘是無法將整篇文章逐字逐句地進(jìn)行閱讀的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要詳讀，有些部分要略讀。而不管詳略，主要的目的是為了讀出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和討論的主要內(nèi)容。下面講講詳讀的具體步驟。
1 讀標(biāo)題
文章的標(biāo)題能透露不少的信息，在看到文章的標(biāo)題后對(duì)全文的結(jié)構(gòu)可以進(jìn)行一個(gè)預(yù)測。比如說Applied Arts and Fine Arts，這個(gè)標(biāo)題很明顯是對(duì)比類型的標(biāo)題，文章中應(yīng)該會(huì)有兩個(gè)討論對(duì)象，而且是分類進(jìn)行闡述的。
2 讀主題句
有一個(gè)很好的技巧就是直接從最后一題中尋找線索，因?yàn)樽詈笠坏劳俏恼滦〗Y(jié)題或者填表題，最后一題能很快幫助你鎖定文章討論的對(duì)象甚至結(jié)構(gòu)。然后還可以從文章的首位句群中尋找主題句，記住，是句群而不是段落。因?yàn)橛械闹黝}句并不在第一段，具體的尋找方法在課內(nèi)可以跟學(xué)員們分享。
3 讀段落的首位句群
我們一般要讀的是段落開頭的兩句和結(jié)尾的一句，要特別留心開頭部分的轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
托福閱讀可以略讀的部分一覽
為了將更多的時(shí)間用于詳讀部分，我們必然要對(duì)文章其他部分進(jìn)行略讀。下面這些部分是要略讀的部分。
1.重復(fù)與進(jìn)一步解釋的內(nèi)容;
2.完全相反的情形;
3.具體的原理和過程;
4.目的已知的例子和引入;
5.重心在后面，前面略讀。
提升閱讀效率畫邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)圖
在進(jìn)行完前面兩步后，對(duì)于文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和主要內(nèi)容都會(huì)有比較好的把握，筆者建議學(xué)生可以在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中將文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)畫出來，經(jīng)過這樣的練習(xí)，閱讀的理解能力肯定會(huì)有提升。
托福閱讀TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock
【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.
【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.
【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.
【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.
【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.
【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.
1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?
A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.
B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.
C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.
D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.
2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT
A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.
B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.
C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.
D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.
3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?
A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.
4.The word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.actual.
B.important.
C.official.
D.effective.
5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer to
A.water clocks.
B.the sun.
C.mechanical clocks.
D.the church.
6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to
A.rare.
B.small.
C.impractical.
D.basic.
7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?
A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.
B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.
C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.
D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.
8.The word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.required.
B.expected by the majority of people.
C.standardized.
D.put in place.
9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers
A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.
B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.
C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.
D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.
10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.
A.How did early mechanical clocks work?
B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?
C.How were mechanical clocks made?
D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?
11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to
A.leaders.
B.opponents.
C.employers.
D.guardians.
12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?
A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.
B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.
C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.
D.It led to a focus on productivity.
13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.
Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.
A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.
B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.
C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.
D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.
E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.
F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.
托福閱讀答案
1.從第一段的第二句開始，原文列舉了這兩種device各種的缺點(diǎn)，最后一句前半句說它們work，后面but表轉(zhuǎn)折，證明要說有些情況它們不能用。所以選擇B。A說人們在各種情況下都在使用這兩種方法，與原文表達(dá)的意思相反，C將兩種方法比較，原文沒有這層意思。D整個(gè)和劃線部分相反，原文說在northern Europe不能用。
2.雖然原文提到說城與城之間要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。 而collective activity對(duì)應(yīng)了選項(xiàng)B，C對(duì)應(yīng)set time to go to sleep,也就是結(jié)束工作的時(shí)間。D對(duì)應(yīng)開頭catholic church的prayers活動(dòng)。
3.對(duì)應(yīng)原文的第二句話，可根據(jù)alarm arrangement定位，前文說one of which was at night，后面說to waken monk before dawn，這兩個(gè)都可以算是原因，選項(xiàng)中符合的只有D。
4.authoritative是權(quán)威的，A是真實(shí)的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正確的。文章中也說only one怎樣的time keeper，所以應(yīng)該是官方準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間。
5.前文說需要它去check 這個(gè)machines，which前面說的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。
6.rudimentary是基礎(chǔ)的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切實(shí)際的，D是基本的。所以根據(jù)詞義D正確。這里我們可以看并列的詞都是負(fù)面的，這里的rudimentary也是在強(qiáng)調(diào)未發(fā)展，有落后的意味。如果按照負(fù)面詞來判斷，C可能成為迷惑選項(xiàng)，但其詞義不符。
7.可定位至相關(guān)段落，關(guān)鍵詞為resisted，not coming over，所以證明church在拒絕新的計(jì)時(shí)方法，也就是在試著保護(hù)自己的方法。
8.installed被安裝的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人們希望的，C是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原詞的后面也跟了地點(diǎn)，所以用D最合適。
9.根據(jù)clockmaker定位至倒數(shù)第二句，說制表人是正確和精密的領(lǐng)路人然后就對(duì)他們各種贊揚(yáng)。B，C，D選項(xiàng)都是在貶低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D選項(xiàng)又和最后一句話明顯沖突。 A符合原文。
10.第五段主要說clockmaker引領(lǐng)了準(zhǔn)確，精準(zhǔn)工程的發(fā)展，他們是master，teacher等等，然后說他們是先鋒，但這些都是因?yàn)樗麄兪侵票砣?。所以這道題選B。 ACD原文都沒提到。
11.pioneer是先驅(qū)，A是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，B是對(duì)手，C是雇主，D是監(jiān)護(hù)人。原文單詞所在句后半句也說道他們作teacher，所以很容易理解他們是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。
12.定位到原文最后一句，說使人們從task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式變?yōu)閙aximize product per unit of time，從而提高了productivity，所以選擇D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是轉(zhuǎn)化前的狀態(tài)，C沒提到。
13.原句中no longer反應(yīng)宗教儀式了，那么此句前后應(yīng)該有對(duì)現(xiàn)在的計(jì)時(shí)制度的描寫，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也應(yīng)該有對(duì)宗教組織的態(tài)度描寫，滿足這兩個(gè)條件的位置是C。
14.A對(duì)應(yīng)第二段倒數(shù)第一句和倒數(shù)第二句后半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock."正確。B與原文第一段矛盾。不選。C原文并沒有提到說有大量的timekeepers，而第三段還說只能有一個(gè)權(quán)威的timekeeper不選。D對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段，說應(yīng)用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被棄用了，但sun clock依然留下用來對(duì)照mechanical clock的準(zhǔn)確性，錯(cuò)，不選。
托福閱讀譯文
【1】在歐洲，在機(jī)械表被引入以前，人們利用太陽(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水鐘來確定時(shí)間。當(dāng)然，太陽鐘只能用于晴天使用，而水鐘表在水溫下降到冰點(diǎn)時(shí)會(huì)出錯(cuò)，長期漂浮的東西因?yàn)橄鲁粱蚨氯鵁o法工作。這兩種儀器在晴天都運(yùn)行的很好，但北歐，太陽可能會(huì)藏在云后長達(dá)一周，同時(shí)，溫度不僅會(huì)隨季節(jié)中變化，也因晝夜而不同。
【2】中世紀(jì)歐洲使得可靠的時(shí)間變得更重要。天主教堂每天有七次的禱告，有一個(gè)是在晚上，它要求設(shè)定鬧鐘以便在破曉前叫醒布道師。另外新的城市和小鎮(zhèn)，由于其空間的限制，他們必須要知道并且安排時(shí)間去組織集體活動(dòng)和分配空間。他們設(shè)定時(shí)間睡覺。所有這些用老的儀器都是可以一致的，只要只有一個(gè)權(quán)威的時(shí)間記錄者。但是隨著城市的發(fā)展和報(bào)時(shí)信號(hào)的倍增，時(shí)間錯(cuò)亂導(dǎo)致了不和與爭吵。社會(huì)需要一個(gè)更加可靠的工具去衡量時(shí)間，這個(gè)儀器就是機(jī)械鐘表。
【3】我們并不知道是誰發(fā)明了這個(gè)機(jī)器，或者在哪。它好像是出現(xiàn)在意大利或是英國(也許是同時(shí)發(fā)明的)在1275年到1300之間。一旦被人們所知，它就快速傳播并替代了水鐘表，但日晷依然存在，用來對(duì)照這個(gè)新儀器與原來的計(jì)時(shí)法。早期的版本很原始，不準(zhǔn)確且易壞。
【4】諷刺的是，新儀器有破壞天主教堂權(quán)威性的傾向。雖然幾世紀(jì)以來，盡管城市瓦解，羅馬沒落，但教堂儀式一直保持著對(duì)時(shí)間記錄的興趣，教堂時(shí)間是自然的時(shí)間。白天和黑夜被分為均等的部分，所以除去晝夜平分點(diǎn)，白天和黑夜時(shí)間是不均等的;當(dāng)然因此，這些時(shí)間的長度也隨著季節(jié)變化。但是，機(jī)械時(shí)鐘時(shí)間間隔相等，這意味著新的時(shí)間計(jì)算法。天主教會(huì)進(jìn)行反抗，將近一個(gè)世紀(jì)都不肯轉(zhuǎn)化到新的時(shí)間。但一開始，城鎮(zhèn)都接受了均等時(shí)間作為他們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且安裝公共的時(shí)鐘在城鎮(zhèn)大樓和市場變成了新的世俗市政權(quán)威的標(biāo)志。每個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)都想要一個(gè);勝利者視它們?yōu)檎滟F的戰(zhàn)利品，在游人去神圣古跡朝圣的路上，他們專程去看并聽這些鐘表。
【5】鐘表是中世紀(jì)機(jī)械精巧裝置的最大成就。它的正確性的可以通過簡單地可觀察日出日落等常見現(xiàn)象來證明。這樣的結(jié)果是對(duì)技術(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)步的殘酷的壓力。在每個(gè)階段，制表人引領(lǐng)者準(zhǔn)確與精度，他們成為了微型化的大師，錯(cuò)誤的探測器和校正者，更新更好的搜尋者。因此他們是機(jī)械工程的先驅(qū)，是工程學(xué)其它分支的典范和老師。
【6】鐘表帶來了秩序和控制，既有集體的也有個(gè)人的。它的公開展示和私人擁有鋪設(shè)了短期自治的基礎(chǔ)：人們現(xiàn)在可以不用根據(jù)上層的命令來調(diào)整去留。鐘表也為集體活動(dòng)提供了時(shí)間提示，同時(shí)使個(gè)人能夠安排他們自己的工作，以加強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)力。事實(shí)上，生產(chǎn)力的準(zhǔn)確概念是時(shí)鐘的副產(chǎn)物，一旦一個(gè)人可以將其表現(xiàn)用統(tǒng)一的時(shí)間單位衡量，那么工作就永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)一樣了。人們從農(nóng)民以任務(wù)為導(dǎo)向的工作方式(在時(shí)間和光線條件允許的情況下，一件工作接著一件的干)和家奴以時(shí)間為導(dǎo)向的工作方式(總有事情做)中轉(zhuǎn)變到了將單位時(shí)間的生產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大化的努力中。
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