雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1原文及答案!雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6第一篇文章為The risks agriculture faces in developing countries，考生可以多積累相關(guān)閱讀背景知識(shí)。下面是雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1練習(xí)題和解析，供大家練習(xí)?！?strong>　

雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1原文及題目

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　The risks agriculture faces in developing countries

　　Synthesis of an online debate

　A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business. At the same time, cultural values are highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.

　　B Farmers everywhere face major risks, including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc., and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world.

　　C Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system’s inability to ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.

　　D On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists called for greater state intervention. In his essay, Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.

　　_he personal names in the text refer to the authors of written contributions to the online debate.

　　E Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute, held up social safety nets and public welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not necessarily translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always strengthen food production or raise incomes. Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha, commented in her essay that these ‘have not compensated for the stranglehold exercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders.’

　　F Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like private insurance, commodity futures markets, and rural finance can help small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements. Kabir warned that financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may raise production costs beyond the value of their harvests. Murphy noted that when futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility, which increases farmers’ food insecurity. Many participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are available. Others contended that agribusiness companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.

　　G Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that ‘in addition to reducing crop yields, climate change increases the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events, which increase smallholder vulnerability.’ The growing unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty in managing weather-related risks. According to this author, one solution would be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if we are to survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and animal species and varieties/breeds that make up our menus.’

　　H Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of community- based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such groups enhance market opportunities for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. According to Murphy, ‘collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.’ One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to ‘a(chǎn)pply what we already know’, all stakeholders, including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.

　　I Some participants explained that market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility by selling directly to consumers. Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE), India, wrote that community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only encourage small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over the food they consume, she wrote.

　　List of People

　　A Kanayo F. Nwanze

　　B Sophia Murphy

　　C Shenggen Fan

　　D Rokeya Kabir

　　E Pat Mooney

　　F Giel Ton

　　G Sonali Bisht

　　Questions 10 and 11

　　Choose TWO letters, A-E.

　　Write the correct letters in boxes 10 and 11 on your answer sheet.

　　Which TWO problems are mentioned which affect farmers with small farms in developing countries?

　　A lack of demand for locally produced food

　　B lack of irrigation programmes

　　C being unable to get insurance

　　D the effects of changing weather patterns

　　E having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers

　　Questions 12 and 13

　　Choose TWO letters, A-E.

　　Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.

　　Which TWO actions are recommended for improving conditions for farmers?

　　A reducing the size of food stocks

　　B attempting to ensure that prices rise at certain times of the year

　　C organising co-operation between a wide range of interested parties

　　D encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming

　　E making customers aware of the reasons for changing food prices

　　雅思劍12答案解析Test6閱讀Passage1

　　Test 6 Passage 1

　　Question 1

　　答案：A

　　關(guān)鍵詞：food production

　　定位原文：A段第一行：“Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first…”

　　解題思路：A段提到了食品生產(chǎn)與其他生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)有兩點(diǎn)不同，第一每個(gè)人每天都需要食物并且有權(quán)享有食物，第二食品生產(chǎn)很大程度上依靠自然。所以A段提到了僅適用于食品生產(chǎn)的特征。

　　Question 2

　　答案：B

　　關(guān)鍵詞：farmers in certain parts of the world

　　定位原文：B段前兩句：“Farmers everywhere face major risks… However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural… and human...”

　　解題思路：B段一開頭就提到全球的農(nóng)民都會(huì)遇到極端天氣、長(zhǎng)期氣候變化及價(jià)格波動(dòng)這些問題，后面又提到發(fā)展中國(guó)家的小農(nóng)又要額外處理一些問題，包括自然問題及人為問題。題目中的certain parts of the world對(duì)應(yīng)文中的developing countries。

　　Question 12&13

　　答案：CD

　　關(guān)鍵詞：improving conditions for farmers

　　定位原文：H段第一句：“… in favour of community-based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups…” H段第三句：“collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.”I段第三句：“community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention”

　　解題思路：H段第一句提到很多作者及評(píng)論員都支持集體形式的自治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理策略，建立集體行動(dòng)小組、合作企業(yè)或者生產(chǎn)商小組，H段第三句提到Murphy的觀點(diǎn)，即這種集體行動(dòng)能讓農(nóng)民增強(qiáng)他們?cè)谡魏徒?jīng)濟(jì)上的交涉能力，并且削減他們的市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，與C選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。I段第三句提到在社區(qū)支持的農(nóng)業(yè)中，顧客通過認(rèn)購的方式投資當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民，能保證比較合理的價(jià)格，這種形式分散了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，值得更多關(guān)注，對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。

　　雅思閱讀常見八大題型做題技巧

　　1、identify the writer’s overall purpose, target audience, sources etc.

　　辨識(shí)作者的寫作目的，目標(biāo)讀者，和文章來源這種閱讀技能需要學(xué)生從文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容、用詞通篇考慮。往往對(duì)應(yīng)的是文章最后的一道選擇題。一般說來，雅思閱讀文章的寫作目的一般是介紹某個(gè)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，目標(biāo)讀者一般都是普通的具有一定認(rèn)知能力的非專業(yè)性讀者，文章都來自一些偏學(xué)術(shù)化的雜志和書籍。但具體的寫作目的目標(biāo)讀者和文章來源要具體分析了。那么同學(xué)們平時(shí)讀一些文章的時(shí)候就下意識(shí)地問問自己作者為什么寫這篇文章，作者希望什么樣的人來讀這樣的文章等等這樣的問題，其實(shí)問這些問題既是讀懂一篇文章的手段也是目的。如果讀完了一篇文章還不能回答這樣的問題證明可能有些地方確實(shí)沒讀懂。

　　2、identify and follow key arguments in a text

　　識(shí)別并讀懂文章中的主要論述觀點(diǎn)這種閱讀技能是指從整體去把握一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，并對(duì)相應(yīng)的重要的文章觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行提煉理解的能力。雅思的閱讀文章比較學(xué)術(shù)性，所以相對(duì)與其他的文體而言結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是比較容易把握的。但還是需要經(jīng)過真題文章的仔細(xì)分析體會(huì)去學(xué)習(xí)英文議論說明性文字的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，尤其注意體會(huì)區(qū)別出作者自己的觀點(diǎn)和別人的觀點(diǎn)，以及先負(fù)后正的寫法。

　　3、identify opinions and attitudes as opposed to facts

　　區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度能夠區(qū)分文章中的內(nèi)容是觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度或者是事實(shí)是一個(gè)閱讀者應(yīng)該具備的基本技能。如果閱讀的時(shí)候不分青紅皂白都認(rèn)為是事實(shí)，我們就缺失了對(duì)文章信息的判斷能力，閱讀將可能是極其混亂的。人們不只在閱讀外語文章的時(shí)候會(huì)犯這種錯(cuò)誤。那么在文章中如果出現(xiàn)一些類似表示觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞(比如maintain, argue)要注意，這些詞后面出現(xiàn)的應(yīng)該就是觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度是主觀的，不能被證明的。但如果是這樣的表達(dá)：evidence show, experiment suggest后面跟的就應(yīng)該是事實(shí)，可以被證明的。

　　4、locate specific information

　　定位細(xì)節(jié)信息雅思閱讀有一種比較難的題型which paragraph contains the following information考察的就是定位細(xì)節(jié)信息的能力。這種能力是考察學(xué)生能不能在海量的信息里找到你最想找的信息然后進(jìn)行閱讀的能力。這反應(yīng)了國(guó)外大學(xué)閱讀量巨大的要求。學(xué)生不可能每個(gè)字都讀，得具備這種找到最有價(jià)值的一點(diǎn)然后再進(jìn)行相關(guān)閱讀的能力。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練這種scanning的閱讀技能。當(dāng)然如果對(duì)全文結(jié)構(gòu)不做一個(gè)skimming也就是大致了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)而大致知道在哪幾段中尋找，這種任務(wù)基本上是不可能完成的。這也反應(yīng)了讀書的一個(gè)基本步驟，拿到一本書我們應(yīng)該先看目錄，知道書的大致結(jié)構(gòu)再由此在最相關(guān)的段落中尋找閱讀興趣點(diǎn)。因此這種題型需要skimming+scanning兩種閱讀技能的結(jié)合才能準(zhǔn)確快速地解題。

　　5、extract relevant information

　　摘取相關(guān)信息當(dāng)定位到最相關(guān)的句子之后，雅思閱讀考試是希望學(xué)生能細(xì)致閱讀并摘取出相關(guān)的信息答案的。而不是像那種不需要讀原文就能解出答案。那么平時(shí)大家也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的精讀訓(xùn)練，把一些平時(shí)難以讀懂的句子仔細(xì)通過各種方法真正讀懂其意思。當(dāng)然閱讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)該帶著問題去有針對(duì)性的閱讀，搜尋我們想通過閱讀得出的最相關(guān)的信息。這些閱讀技能對(duì)應(yīng)的是雅思絕大部分的細(xì)節(jié)題：包括填空題，表格題，句子完成題。

　　6、recognise key points for a summary

　　辨識(shí)概要里面的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)這兩種閱讀技能在一定程度上都要求同學(xué)們能在閱讀的時(shí)候區(qū)分出主旨和細(xì)節(jié)，以及主旨里面最核心的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。這兩種閱讀技能往往對(duì)應(yīng)的就是heading題和summary題。要知道往往一篇文章其實(shí)都可以用幾句話甚至是幾個(gè)詞來概括，那么平時(shí)同學(xué)們?cè)陂喿x時(shí)一定要隨時(shí)問自己一個(gè)問題：這段話可以用哪一句話概括，這一句話中最重要的一個(gè)單詞是什么?其他的信息和這個(gè)核心句或核心詞之間的關(guān)系是怎樣的?細(xì)節(jié)和主旨，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)和其他細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別在哪里?如果能回答這幾個(gè)問題，這個(gè)閱讀技能你也應(yīng)該掌握了。但其實(shí)掌握了某種閱讀技能就意味著你在閱讀時(shí)要隨時(shí)使用這種技能，技能不拿來應(yīng)用又有什么意義呢?

　　7、group pieces of information in a text in accordance with salient criteria

　　根據(jù)明顯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)文章中的信息進(jìn)行歸類這種閱讀技能反映在題型上就是分類題或者是配對(duì)題。作者在論述過程中的很多信息其實(shí)是有內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)的，文章之所以是一個(gè)整體就是因?yàn)檫@種關(guān)聯(lián)性。在閱讀過程當(dāng)中要隨時(shí)問問自己句子之間的關(guān)系是什么，信息和信息之間的關(guān)系是什么，作者是按照一個(gè)什么樣的邏輯順序來展開他的文章的。只有這樣你才能真正看出那么多紛繁復(fù)雜的信息之間的關(guān)系并為它們進(jìn)行歸類。其實(shí)這和上文中提到的很多閱讀技能一樣，既是有效閱讀的手段，也是檢驗(yàn)?zāi)闶欠裼行ч喿x的工具。

　　8、extract information from a prose text to put into a diagrammatic representation

　　從文章中摘取相關(guān)的信息填入圖表圖表在雅思聽力，閱讀，寫作中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)。而使用圖表來一幕了然地表達(dá)相關(guān)的文字信息或者用文字信息簡(jiǎn)潔地表示出圖表也是一種非常重要的工作學(xué)習(xí)技能。因此同學(xué)們平時(shí)在閱讀時(shí)候碰到帶有圖表的文字要留意圖表和文字之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

　　雅思閱讀應(yīng)試技巧及方法

　　在雅思閱讀考試前考生除了需要有扎實(shí)的閱讀功底，還需要掌握一定的應(yīng)試技巧和考場(chǎng)臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮應(yīng)變能力。今天小編為大家準(zhǔn)備的是雅思閱讀應(yīng)試技巧及方法，希望大家在考試前做一些這方面的功課，不要在考試當(dāng)天再去臨時(shí)抱佛腳。

　　技巧分享

　　首先考生要明白，雅思閱讀考試考察的閱讀理解能力和閱讀技巧，而不是你能否看懂文章。建議考生多做閱讀速讀訓(xùn)練，也就是學(xué)會(huì)掃讀和略讀。掃讀就是根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位到相關(guān)語段，迅速尋找答案，略讀適合應(yīng)用在雅思閱讀題型中的段落標(biāo)記題，略讀能更好的抓住文章的中心句段及關(guān)鍵信息。

　　文章難易度預(yù)判

　　雅思閱讀文章是有難易度的，考生要根據(jù)文章難易度合理安排做題時(shí)間，本身時(shí)間就很緊張，第一篇文章預(yù)留10-12分鐘，第二篇和第三篇文章難度大預(yù)留20分鐘，留下5分鐘檢查答案，基本就差不多了。建議考生在?？紩r(shí)進(jìn)行計(jì)時(shí)，精確到每一篇文章的做題時(shí)間，先易后難提升做題效率，難題后做，難度大的文章后做。

　　具體步驟如下：

　　閱讀文章前先掃讀題目，根據(jù)題型及關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行掃讀和略讀。特征性強(qiáng)的題目先做，遇到需要同義替換或細(xì)節(jié)題，可放到最后做。按照題目順序做題，如遇到信息匹配題等亂序題，則考慮放到最后做。

　　審題重要性

　　審題是最為關(guān)鍵的，做好審題包括：題型分析、關(guān)鍵詞劃分、題目意圖分析等。根據(jù)題型分析，考生可選擇做題順序;而劃分關(guān)鍵詞則能幫助考生盡快定位文章答案范圍;做好題目意圖分析也就是掌握文章大意。

　　雅思閱讀臨場(chǎng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之適當(dāng)取舍

　　考試過程中難免會(huì)遇到難題，生詞和不確定的答案，考生不要過度糾結(jié)在題目上，遵循一個(gè)原則，能拿到的分一個(gè)不能少，難拿的分?jǐn)?shù)盡量拿。不要在個(gè)別題目上停留太久，撿了芝麻丟了西瓜。

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