劍橋雅思閱讀10原文翻譯答案精講(test3)
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劍橋雅思閱讀10原文(test3)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet
List of Headings
i Economic and social significance of tourism
ii The development of mass tourism
iii Travel for the wealthy
iv Earning foreign exchange through tourism
v Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism
vi The contribution of air travel to tourism
vii The world impact of tourism
viii The history of travel
Example Answer
Paragraph A viii
1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism
A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.
B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.
D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.
E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.
Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .
12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .
13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Autumn leaves
Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall
A One of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.
B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees — evergreen conifers being an exception — the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis_until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.
C The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins — why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?
D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.
_photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
E It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.
F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?
G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.
H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.
I What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves
15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn
16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves
17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll
18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal
Questions 19-22
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?
?The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 .
The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.
Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny.
The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 .
Questions 23-25
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.
24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.
25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.
Question 26
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.
For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?
A why conifers remain green in winter
B how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumn
C how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs in
D why anthocyanins are restricted to certain trees
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Beyond the blue horizon
Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean
An important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave — the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.
They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.
The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’
DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’
There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.
‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?
The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.
For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.
All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’
Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these ‘super El Ninos’ might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.
However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands — more than 300 in Fiji alone.
Questions 27-31
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your sheet.
The Efate burial site
A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 , was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.
The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.
The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.
A proof
B plantation
C harbour
D bones
E data
F archaeological discovery
G burial urn
H source
I animals
J maps
Questions 32-35
Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because
A the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.
B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.
C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.
D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.
33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?
A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.
B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.
C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.
D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.
34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?
A the Lapita’s seafaring talent
B the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of land
C the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the region
D the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home
35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?
A It played an important role in Lapita culture.
B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.
C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.
D It made a large number of islands habitable.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.
37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.
38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.
39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.
40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文參考譯文(test3)
Passage 1參考譯文：
旅游的背景，意義和范疇
A. 自從上帝創(chuàng)造了萬物以來，旅行就已經(jīng)存在了：那時原始人啟程，常常穿越很遠(yuǎn)的距離搜尋獵物，這些獵物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。貫穿人類歷史，人類為了貿(mào)易、宗教信仰、經(jīng)濟(jì)所得、戰(zhàn)爭、移民以及其他同樣具有吸引力的動機(jī)而旅行。在羅馬時代，獨有的貴族以及高級政府官員同樣為了享樂而旅行。坐落在Pompeii和Herculaneum的海邊度假勝地給人們提供了一個逃離到度假別墅的機(jī)會，從而避免了羅馬夏日的酷暑。除了在黑暗時代，旅游是一直在發(fā)展的，而且人類歷史自從有記錄以來，旅游在文明發(fā)展以及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展當(dāng)中起到了極為關(guān)鍵的作用。
B.如今，我們知道的大眾旅游的形式是20世紀(jì)獨有的現(xiàn)象。歷史學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，大眾旅游的出現(xiàn)開始于英國工業(yè)革命時期，因為它伴隨著中產(chǎn)階級的崛起和容易獲取到的相對廉價的交通方式。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)過后的商業(yè)、航空工業(yè)的創(chuàng)造以及之后20世紀(jì)60年代的噴氣式飛機(jī)的發(fā)展，標(biāo)志著跨國旅游的快速增長與擴(kuò)張。這種增長導(dǎo)致了一個主要的新的工業(yè)的發(fā)展：旅游業(yè)。反過來，國際旅游的發(fā)展成為眾多國家的要事，因為它不僅提供了新的就業(yè)機(jī)會，也產(chǎn)生了創(chuàng)造外匯的新途徑。
C.今天，在經(jīng)濟(jì)以及社會價值方面，旅游業(yè)地位都顯著提升。大多教的工業(yè)化國家在過去的幾十年，都在服務(wù)業(yè)領(lǐng)域經(jīng)歷了最快速的發(fā)展。盡管在有些國家當(dāng)中，旅行和旅游業(yè)在很大程度上并不被認(rèn)為是一個實體，但他們卻是服務(wù)業(yè)最大的幾個板塊之一。根據(jù)世界旅游與旅游協(xié)會的資料(1992)，‘幾乎用任何一種經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)衡量，旅行和旅游業(yè)都是世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)，這些指標(biāo)包括增值資本投資、就業(yè)以及稅收貢獻(xiàn)?！?992年，工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值估計為3.5萬億美元，比全部消費(fèi)支出的12%還要多。創(chuàng)造了 1.3億個就業(yè)崗位(差不多全部就業(yè)人口的7%)，旅行和旅游業(yè)雇傭的人數(shù)最多。這一產(chǎn)業(yè)是世界領(lǐng)先的產(chǎn)業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)者，每年它產(chǎn)出了超過6%的世界國民生產(chǎn)總值，占據(jù)了超過來源于直接、間接以及個人稅收4220億美金的資本投資。因此，旅游業(yè)不僅對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響，而且由于旅游的教育性意義和對就業(yè)的作用，對社會本身也有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
D.旅行和旅游業(yè)隱藏了或者模糊了它的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，其主要問題是這一工業(yè)的多樣性與不完整性。旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)包括：酒店、汽車旅館和其他形式的住宿業(yè);餐廳以及其他形式的食物供應(yīng)行業(yè);交通服務(wù)以及設(shè)施;游樂場、旅游景點、和其他休閑設(shè)施;禮品商店以及大量的其他企業(yè)。因為很多這些企業(yè)也服務(wù)本地居民，游客消費(fèi)的影響容易被忽略或者低估。另外，Meis (1992)指出旅游業(yè)涉及一些對于分析家以及政策制定者而言都覺得無定形的、抽象的概念。更進(jìn)一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅游業(yè)難以開發(fā)任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息庫來測算旅游業(yè)對地區(qū)、國家甚至全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。但是這種多樣性的本質(zhì)使得旅行和旅游業(yè)成為許多國家、地區(qū)或者是社群經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的理想工具。
E.旅行和旅游業(yè)過去曾經(jīng)是有錢人獨享的領(lǐng)城，現(xiàn)在卻已成為大多數(shù)人習(xí)慣的生活方式。事實上，McIntosh和Goeldner (1990)指出，對于很多國家，旅游業(yè)已成了跨國貿(mào)易中的最大的商品，對于其他一定數(shù)量的國家而言，旅游業(yè)也排在了第二位或第三位。例如，旅游業(yè)是百慕大、希臘、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多數(shù)加勒比海國家的最大收入來源。另外，Hawkins和Ritchie引用美國運(yùn)通公司的數(shù)據(jù)，指出旅行和旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)在巴哈馬、巴西、加拿大、法國、(前)西德、香港、意大利、牙買加、日本、新加坡、英國、美國是雇傭員工最多的產(chǎn)業(yè)。但是由于定義的問題直接影響到了統(tǒng)計性的測量，確定地提出精確、有效、可靠的關(guān)于世界范圍旅游業(yè)參與程度以及其經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的數(shù)據(jù)是不大可能的。在很多情況下，當(dāng)人們試圖測量國內(nèi)的旅游業(yè)時，相似的問題也出現(xiàn)了。
Test 3 Passage 2參考譯文：
秋葉
加拿大作家Jay Ingram調(diào)查樹葉在秋關(guān)變紅的秘密
A.每年北美多個地區(qū)里最為迷人的自然事件之一，就是秋葉變色之時。葉子的顏色都很壯觀美麗，但一個確切的問題還久久地困擾著科學(xué)家們，就是為什么一些樹會變成黃色或橙色，而 其他樹則變?yōu)榧t色或紫色。
B.夏天樹葉是綠色的，因為它們有足夠的葉綠素，而這些分子能捕捉到陽光，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成作為樹木生長新原料的能量。當(dāng)北半球秋天臨近時，太陽能的可利用成分會大量地減少。對于很多樹種來說——常綠松柏類植物是個例外——最好的應(yīng)對措施是停止光合作用，直到春天到來。所以，樹木與其在整個冬天里保留現(xiàn)有的多余葉子，倒不如保存珍貴的養(yǎng)料而丟棄它們。但在這些葉子凋落之前，樹木會拆分它們的葉綠素分子，并將這些分子內(nèi)有用的氮傳送回細(xì)枝里。一旦葉綠素被耗盡，在夏天里因葉綠素的主導(dǎo)作用，而被抑制的其他顏色便開始顯現(xiàn)。這個發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了秋葉的黃與橙，卻并未解釋出如同楓樹和漆樹一般的燦爛的紅色和紫色。
C. 紅色的原料是眾所周知的：它由不同的花青素提煉出來，一種在可見光譜中能顯現(xiàn)紅到藍(lán)的水溶性植物色素。他們屬于一個級別的糖本化合物，也稱之為類黃酮。令人困惑的是花青素是新制成的，即樹木準(zhǔn)備讓葉子凋零的時候才在葉子中生成。但樹木生成花青素的行為難以被理解一為什么樹木在它現(xiàn)有的葉子中吸收和保存花青素，還要忙著在葉子里制作新的這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)?
D. 一些關(guān)于花青素的理論認(rèn)為它們是用作防止昆蟲和真菌傷害的化學(xué)防御，或是用于吸引以食果類為生的鳥類，或是增大葉子的耐寒能力。然而這些理論個個都存在問題，包括下面的事實：葉子保持紅色的時期如此之短，以至于在該時期內(nèi)制造花青素所需消耗的能量大于任何抗菌或抵抗食草動物活動所需的能量。
E. 它(理論)也建議，樹木可以生成鮮艷的紅色，讓食草昆蟲相信他們自身是健康強(qiáng)壯的，并能輕易地增加化學(xué)防御來抵抗感染。如果昆蟲們注意到這些樹木類似的“宣傳”信心，它們可能更多地在一些暗沉的，抵擋性較弱的寄主上產(chǎn)卵。這個理論上的錯誤就在于缺乏事實依據(jù)的支撐。到現(xiàn)在為止，沒有人能確定是否越強(qiáng)壯的樹越能展示出明亮的樹葉，或昆蟲是否會根據(jù)顏色亮度來選擇樹木。
F. 或許看似最有理的推斷是一個被稱為“光屏”的假設(shè)。該假設(shè)解釋了為什么葉子在忙著準(zhǔn)備過冬時，不顧麻煩也去制造花青素。這聽起來是矛盾的，因為這假設(shè)背后的想法是紅色素是在秋葉中生成的，以此來保護(hù)葉綠素，這個吸光化學(xué)物，免受過強(qiáng)光源的傷害。為什么葉綠素需要保護(hù)，當(dāng)它是自然界中最優(yōu)質(zhì)的光源吸收體?為什么正是樹木折斷需被搶救時要 盡可能保護(hù)葉綠素?
G.盡管精妙地參與到捕捉太陽光能量的過程中，葉綠素有時也會被破壞，特別是當(dāng)環(huán)境是干燥、低溫或營養(yǎng)缺失時。這時的葉子正忙碌地為過冬分解內(nèi)在機(jī)制。由搖搖欲墜的秋葉中的葉綠素分子吸收而來的能量，并不能立即被傳送到有用的產(chǎn)物和過程中，因為它將構(gòu)成一片完整的夏葉。老弱的秋葉是由活躍的葉綠素分子造成的，因受具有摧毀性作用的氧化影響而變得容易殘破。
H. 即便你不曾懷疑葉子變紅時發(fā)生了什么，但跡象已經(jīng)擺在眼前。首先能明確的是：對于許多樹而言，最紅的葉子都是在樹木近陽的一面。不僅這樣，最發(fā)亮的紅也出現(xiàn)在葉子的最頂端。為世代所認(rèn)識的是，對于形成深紅顏色的最佳條件是干燥、晴天和涼爽的夜晚，這是讓葉子最大程度吸光的最佳條件。最后，如例如楓樹一般的樹木在北半球越北的地方，葉子就會越紅。那里更冷， 樹木會感到更有壓迫，而它們的葉綠素也會更敏感，需要更多的陽光。
I.然而，仍未探明的是為什么一些樹木借助生成紅色素，而其他則不用，就能輕易地顯示出他們的黃橙色調(diào)。是那些樹有別的解決方法去阻擋在秋天的過分暴曬嗎?他們的故事，或許在我們眼里并不驚人，但必定精妙而復(fù)雜。
Test 3 Passage 3參考譯文：
藍(lán)色海平線外
居住在太平洋遙遠(yuǎn)島嶼上的古代航行者
一項關(guān)于太平洋Vanuatu群島上的島的重要考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，揭開了一個古老的航海種族的行蹤，該種族恰恰也是今天Polynesians亞種族的遠(yuǎn)古祖先。Efate島是偶然被世人發(fā)現(xiàn)的。一位農(nóng)業(yè)工作者，在挖掘一個被廢棄的種植園時，挖開了一個墳?zāi)梗搲災(zāi)箖H是一塊大約有3000年歷史的墓地上數(shù)十個墳?zāi)怪械牡谝粋€。 這是在太平洋群島上至今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的最古老的墓地，它里面躺著一個遠(yuǎn)古種族的眾多遺體?？脊艑W(xué)家們稱該種族為Lapita。
Lapita種族是勇敢的藍(lán)色大海上的冒險者，他們曾經(jīng)用簡單的獨木舟穿越海洋。但是他們不僅僅是探險者。他們也是開拓者，攜帶了一切需要的物品來創(chuàng)建新生活，這些物品包括他們的家畜，芋頭幼苗和石具。在長達(dá)幾個世紀(jì)的時間里，種族把他們世界的邊界，從Papua New Guinea島上覆蓋著叢林的火山群，延伸到湯加群島上最孤寂的布滿珊瑚的外圍地帶。
Lipita種族僅僅留下可幾條關(guān)于自身的寶貴線索，但是Efate島大大地擴(kuò)充了對研究象來說有用數(shù)據(jù)量。62位Lapita人的遺體至今經(jīng)被挖掘出來了，考古學(xué)家們同時也非常激動地發(fā)現(xiàn)了六個完整的陶罐。其他發(fā)掘出的物品包括一個Lipita人的骨灰甕，甕的邊緣散布著仿制的小鳥，仿佛在向下凝視著密封在里面的Lapita的遺體?！斑@是個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，”澳大利亞國立大學(xué)考古學(xué)教授兼挖掘場地的國際團(tuán)隊的總負(fù)責(zé)人Matthew Spriggs表成“因為它令人信服地確定了遺體便是Lapita種族?！?/p>
從這些人類遺體中提取出來的DNA可能能夠幫助解答其中一個在太平洋人類學(xué)中最讓人困惑的問題，即所有的太平洋島上居民來源于一個祖先還是多個。是只有一批來自亞洲某個地方的外來移民， 還是有若千批來自不同地方的外來移民?
“Efate島的發(fā)現(xiàn)是我們有史以來最好的機(jī)會，” Sprigg說道，“來探索Lapita種族到底是怎么樣的種族，他們來自哪里，以及當(dāng)今與他們關(guān)系最緊密的后代是哪些種族?！?/p>
這里還有一個棘手的問題，考古學(xué)至今提供不了多少答案，即Lapita人是怎么樣在遠(yuǎn)古時期完成相當(dāng)于月球登陸般艱難的穿越海洋的行動，而且還那么多次? 至今沒有人發(fā)現(xiàn)一艘他們的獨木舟或任何繩索，以此來發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的獨木舟是如何航行的。同時在后來的Polynesians人的口頭相傳的歷史故事和傳統(tǒng)中也沒能提供什么相關(guān)線索，因為在這些故事傳統(tǒng)流傳到Lapita那個時期以前，就已經(jīng)變成神話傳說了。
“我們可以確定的是Lapita人那時候已經(jīng)有能夠開展海洋航行的獨木舟了，并且他們有能力行駛獨木舟。”奧克蘭大學(xué)的考古學(xué)教授Geoff Irwin表示。他說道，那些航行技能被早期航海人員發(fā)展并流傳了數(shù)千年，這些早期的航海人員靠自己想方設(shè)法穿越了西部太平洋的群島，開辟了通向鄰近島嶼的短路線。然而，真正的冒險還沒開始，直到他們的后裔行駛出大陸的視線范圍，大陸變得每個方向都沒有界限。而這肯定對他們來說很困難，如同當(dāng)今我們登陸月球一樣。當(dāng)然這樣的穿越舉動使得他們從他們的祖先中突顯出來，但是是什么給了他們勇氣發(fā)起如此危險的航行之旅呢?
Irwin指出，Lapita人進(jìn)入太平洋的航向是向東的，這不同于通常的順風(fēng)。他同時表明，這樣艱難的逆風(fēng)航行方式，也許正是也們成功的關(guān)鍵?！八麄兡軌蛐旭倲?shù)天進(jìn)入未知‘和可以到達(dá)的’地帶，因為他們確定地知道如果一無所獲，他們能夠轉(zhuǎn)向乘著順風(fēng)快速返這正是促成整個探索行動成功的關(guān)鍵?！币坏┏鲂校薪?jīng)驗的海員能夠觀測并跟隨大量的指引線索到達(dá)新大陸，比如海鳥，被潮汐沖入大海的椰子和細(xì)枝，和下午海平線上堆積的云層，這些云層通常代表不遠(yuǎn)處有海島。
對于返航的探險者，不論成功與否，他們自己群島的地形就已經(jīng)提供了一個保障安全的網(wǎng)罩。如果在途中沒有這個安全的網(wǎng)罩，航行偏離他們自己的港口，迷失甚至是行駛向死亡之路將變得很容易發(fā)生。比如，Vanuatu島，在西北到東南方向上長度達(dá)500多英里，它眾多相互可見的島嶼，為乘著順風(fēng)返航的航海員們形成增援，保護(hù)著他們。
所有這些預(yù)設(shè)了一個重要的細(xì)節(jié)點，澳大利亞國立大學(xué)的史前時期研究教授Atholl Anderson說道， Lapita人已經(jīng)早早地掌握了先進(jìn)的逆風(fēng)航行的技能。 “并沒有證據(jù)證明他們能夠做這樣的事情，” Anderson表示，“但這里已經(jīng)假設(shè)他們能夠這樣做，同時基于這樣的假設(shè)，人們已經(jīng)制作獨木舟來再次開展那些早期的航海探險。但是沒有人知道他們的獨木舟到底是怎么樣的或者他們是怎么樣裝配索具?！?/p>
與其全部歸功于人類的技能，也得“考慮到自然風(fēng)力產(chǎn)生的可能性”，Anderson表示。厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象，如今影響太平洋的這一異常氣候，也許曾幫助分散Lapita人群的分布。他指出從太平洋周圍生長緩慢的珊瑚中獲取的氣候數(shù)據(jù)暗示著大概在Lapita人對外擴(kuò)張時期，存在一系列不平常且頻繁的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象。通過反轉(zhuǎn)一般東西流向的順風(fēng)且每次長達(dá)數(shù)周，這些超級厄年尼諾現(xiàn)象大概已經(jīng)促使Lapita人開始漫長且未計劃過的航行之旅。
但是他們做到了，Lapita人分布在太平洋三分之一的島嶼上，之后由于若干只有他們知道的原因，停止了對外探索。前方太平洋中部有著大片仍未被開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域，也許他們太薄弱而無法繼續(xù)往前探索擴(kuò)張?？赡芸偣踩藬?shù)算起來從未超過幾千人， 在他們向東的快速遷徙過程中，他們遇見了成百上千的島嶼，單單在斐濟(jì)就有300多個島嶼。
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文解析(test3)
Passage 1
Question 1
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為ii
關(guān)鍵詞：development、 mass tourism
定位原文：B 段前兩句 “Tourism in the mass form…inexpensive transportation.” 如今， 我們所知道的大眾旅游的形式是20世紀(jì)獨有的現(xiàn)象。歷史學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，大眾旅游的出現(xiàn)開始于英國的工業(yè)革命時期，因為它伴隨著中產(chǎn)階級的崛起和容易獲取到的相對廉價的交通方式。
解題思路： B段先指出大眾旅游是20世紀(jì)特有現(xiàn)象，再介紹大眾旅游的出現(xiàn)，發(fā)展等。可 從原文的“advent”，“expansion”，“growth”看出B段主要介紹大眾旅游的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。
Question 2
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為i
關(guān)鍵詞： economic、social、significance
定位原文： C段首句.“Tourism today... social importance.”今天旅游業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會價值兩個層面上都有重要意義。
解題思路： C段的首句即為該段的主題句，指出旅游在經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會兩個方面重要性大。關(guān)鍵詞“significance”相當(dāng)于原文中的“importance”。
Question 3
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為V
關(guān)鍵詞： difficulty、recognising、economic effects
定位原文： D段的首句“However，the…itself.”旅行和旅游業(yè)隱藏了或者模糊了它的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，其主要問題是這一產(chǎn)業(yè)的多樣性與不完整性。和倒數(shù)第二句“Moreover, in... global economies.”更進(jìn)一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅游業(yè)難以開發(fā)任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息庫來測算旅游業(yè)對地區(qū)、國家甚至全球經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。
解題思路： D段主要講述了測量旅游業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的困難。首句指出旅游業(yè)的兩大特點即多 樣性和不完整性，接著再進(jìn)一步闡述，由于這些特點;難以開發(fā)信息庫來測算其經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。
Question 4
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為vii.
關(guān)鍵詞： world impact
定位原文： E段第二句“In fact，McIntosh…or third.” 事實上，McIntosh 和 Goeldner指出，對于很多國家，旅游業(yè)已成跨國貿(mào)易中的最大的商品，對于其他一定數(shù)量的國家而言，旅游業(yè)也排在了第二位或第三位。
解題思路： E段先指出旅游已變得大眾化，再舉例子說明旅游是國際貿(mào)易中最大的部分，最后提出測量旅游對全球經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的困難。由此可見，該段主要講述旅游的世界影響。
Question 5
參考譯文： 旅行和旅游行業(yè)擁有最大的雇傭數(shù)據(jù)。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： largest employment figures 、 travel and tourism
定位原文： C 段倒數(shù)第 3 句 “The travel and tourism industry... all employees,創(chuàng)造了 1.3 億個就業(yè)崗位(差不多全部就業(yè)人口的7%),旅行和旅游行業(yè)雇傭的人數(shù)最多。
解題思路： 原文提到旅游業(yè)在世界上雇傭的人數(shù)最多。故答案為TRUE
Question 6
參考譯文： 每年旅游業(yè)的產(chǎn)值超過了澳大利亞6%的國民生產(chǎn)總值。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： over six percent、the Australian、gross national product
定位原文： C段倒數(shù)第二句“This industry is…each year.”這一產(chǎn)業(yè)是世界領(lǐng)先的產(chǎn)業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)者，每年它產(chǎn)出了超過6%的世界國民生產(chǎn)總值，占據(jù)了超過來源于直接、 間接以及個人稅收4220億美金的資本投資。
解題思路： 原文只提到旅游業(yè)年產(chǎn)值超過世界國民生產(chǎn)總值的6%，并未提及澳大利亞。故 答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 7
參考譯文： 旅游業(yè)有社會影響因為它促進(jìn)了娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為NOT GIVEN。
關(guān)鍵詞： social impact、recreation
定位原文： C段最后一句“Thus，tourism has a…society itself.”因此，旅游業(yè)不僅對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響，而且由于旅游的教育性意義和對就業(yè)的作用，對社會本身也有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
解題思路： 原文提到由于旅游的教育性意義和對就業(yè)的作用，旅游業(yè)對社會本身也有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。未提及娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)，故答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 8
參考譯文： 旅行和旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的兩個主要特征使其經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性難以確定。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： two main features、economic significance, difficult to ascertain
定位原文： D段首句“However, the major... itself”旅游和旅游業(yè)隱藏了或者模糊了它的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，其主要問題是這一產(chǎn)業(yè)的多樣性與不完整性。和倒數(shù)第2句“Moreover， in…global economies.”更遠(yuǎn)一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅游業(yè)難以開發(fā)任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息庫來測算旅游業(yè)對地區(qū)、國家甚至全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。
解題思路： 原文提到旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的多樣性和不完整性問題使得難以測算它的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。故答案為TURE。
Question 9
參考譯文： 游客的消費(fèi)量總是大于旅游區(qū)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦南M(fèi)量。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： visitor spending、 greater than、spending of residents
定位原文： D段第3句“Since many of... or underestimated.”因為很多這些企業(yè)也服務(wù)本地居民，游客消費(fèi)的影響容易被忽略或者低估。
解題思路： 原文只提到游客的消費(fèi)量的影響容易被忽略或低估，并未說游客的消費(fèi)量大于當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦南M(fèi)量。故答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 10
參考譯文： 很容易用數(shù)據(jù)說明旅游是如何影響個體經(jīng)濟(jì)的。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞： easy、statistically、individual economics
定位原文：D段倒數(shù)第2句“Moreover, in…global economies，更進(jìn)一步說，在所有國家，這一問題使得旅游業(yè)難以開發(fā)任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息庫來測算旅游業(yè)對地區(qū)、國家甚至全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)。
解題思路： 原文提到難以開發(fā)信息庫來測算旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)，即對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。注意題 旨中的 “individual economics”相當(dāng)于 “all the national economics”。故答 案為FALSE。
Question 11
參考譯文：在希臘，旅游業(yè)是最最重要的____.
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為 source of income/industry
關(guān)鍵詞： Greece 、 the most important
定位原文： E 段第 3 句 “For example, tourism is the major source of income.. countries.”例如，旅游業(yè)是百慕大、希臘、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多數(shù)加勒比海國家的最大收入來源。
解題思路： 原文中提到旅游業(yè)是希臘最大的收入來源，“the most important”相當(dāng)于 “the major”。故答案為 source of income/industry。
Question 12
參考譯文： 旅行和旅游業(yè)在牙買加是主要的_____。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為employer .
關(guān)鍵詞： Jamaica、the major
定位原文：E段第 4 句 “In addition, Hawkins... United States.” 另外，Hawkins 和 Ritchie 引用美國運(yùn)通公司的數(shù)據(jù)，指出旅行和旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)在巴哈馬、巴西、加拿大、法國、(前) 西德、香港、意大利、牙買加、日本、新加坡、英國、美國是雇傭員工最多的產(chǎn)業(yè)。
解題思路： 原文指出旅行和旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)在牙買加是雇傭員工最多的產(chǎn)業(yè)，其中關(guān)鍵詞“the major” 相當(dāng)與原文的 “the number one ranked”，故答案為 employer。
Question 13
參考譯文： 與測量國際旅游業(yè)相關(guān)的問題主要反映在__的測量上。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為domestic tourism
關(guān)鍵詞： problems、often、reflected、measurement
定位原文： E段末尾句“In many cases，similar... measure domestic tourism.”在很多情況下，當(dāng)人們試圖測量國內(nèi)的旅游業(yè)時，相似的問題也出現(xiàn)了。
解題思路： 關(guān)鍵詞 “problems”，“often” 相當(dāng)于原文的 “difficulties”，“in many cases”。原文提到很多情況下，測量國內(nèi)旅游業(yè)時會出現(xiàn)測量問題，由此可以得出答案為domestic tourism。
Passage 2
Question 14
參考譯文： 關(guān)于某種負(fù)責(zé)葉子變成紅色的物質(zhì)的相關(guān)描述
難度及答案： 難度中等，答案為C
關(guān)鍵詞： substance、red colouration
定位原文： C段首句“The source of ... Visible spectrum.” 紅色的來源是眾所周知的：它由不同的花青素提煉出來，一種在可見光譜中能顯現(xiàn)紅到藍(lán)的水溶性植物色素。
解題思路： 關(guān)鍵詞“substance”相當(dāng)于原文中的“ anthocyanins” 原文講述了葉子紅色素的來源為花青素，接著又描述了花青素的相關(guān)特性。
Question 15
參考譯文： 秋天樹木落葉的原因
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為B
關(guān)鍵詞： reason、drop、autumn
定位原文： B段前4句“summer leaves... discards them.”夏天樹葉是綠色的，因為它們有足夠的葉綠素，而這些分子能捕捉到陽光，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成作為樹木生長新原料的能量，當(dāng)北半球臨逬秋天時，太陽能的可利用成分會大量地減少。對于很多樹種來說——常綠松柏類植物是個例外——最好的應(yīng)對措施是停止光合作用， 直到春天到來。所以，樹木與其在整個冬天里保留現(xiàn)有的多余葉子，倒不如保存珍貴的養(yǎng)料而丟棄它們。
解題思路： B段闡釋了樹木落葉是因為秋天時，太陽能可利用率減少，所以它們丟棄多余的葉子，停止光合作用且保存養(yǎng)料。
Question 16
參考譯文： 關(guān)于確認(rèn)紅葉目的理論的一些證據(jù)
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為H
關(guān)鍵詞： evidence 、confirm 、 theory 、 purpose 、 red leaves
定位原文：H段前3句“Even if you had never... of the leaf.”即便你不曾懷疑葉乎變紅時發(fā)生了什么，但跡象已經(jīng)擺在眼前。首先能明確的是：對于許多樹而言，最紅的葉子都是在樹木近陽的一面。不僅這樣，最發(fā)亮的紅葉出現(xiàn)在葉子的最頂端。
解題思路： H段指出紅葉目的理論的一些證據(jù)，即最紅的葉子都是在樹木近陽的一面，不僅這樣，最發(fā)亮的紅葉出現(xiàn)在葉子的最頂端。
Question 17
參考譯文： 關(guān)于葉綠素功能的一種解釋
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為B
關(guān)鍵詞： explanation 、 function、 chlorophyll
定位原文：B段首句“Summer leaves…for the tree.”夏天樹葉是綠色的，因為它們有足夠的葉綠素，而這些分子能捕捉到陽光，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成作為樹木生長新原料的能量。
解題思路：B段第1句解釋了葉綠素的功能，即能捕捉到陽光，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成作為樹木生長新原料的能量。
Question 18
參考譯文： 一種推測：即葉子的紅色變化過程可以作為一種提醒信號。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為E
關(guān)鍵詞：red colouration、warning signal
定位原文： E段前2句“It has also…less resistant host.”它(理論)也建議，樹木可以生成鮮艷的紅色， 讓食草昆蟲相信他們自身是健康強(qiáng)壯的，并能輕易地增加化學(xué)防御來抵抗感染。如果昆蟲們注意到這些樹木類似的“宣傳”信心，它們可能更多地在一些暗沉的，抵擋性較弱的寄主上產(chǎn)卵。
解題思路： E段前2句介紹到葉子的紅色可以發(fā)出提醒信號，讓昆蟲相信它們是健康的而從防止感染。關(guān)鍵詞“warning signal,”相當(dāng)于原文中的“advertisement”。
Question 19
參考譯文： 可以在樹木面向_____的一邊發(fā)現(xiàn)最紅的葉子。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為sun(light)
關(guān)鍵詞： the most vividly、red、facing
定位原文： H 段第 2 句 “One is straightforward... which gets most sun.首先能明確的是：對于許多樹而言，最紅的葉子都是在樹木最近陽的一面。
解題思路： 關(guān)鍵詞“the most vividly”相當(dāng)于原文中的“the reddest，由H段第—句可得知答案為sun(light)。
Question 20
參考譯文： 葉子__的面含有最多的紅色素。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為upper
關(guān)鍵詞： surface 、the most red pigment
定位原文： H段第三句“Not only that，…upper side of the leaf”不僅這樣，最發(fā)亮的紅也出現(xiàn)在葉子的最頂端。
解題思路： 關(guān)鍵詞“surface”相當(dāng)于原文中的“side”，由H段第三句可得知答案為 upper。
Question 21
參考譯文： 當(dāng)白天天氣條件為____和陽光明媚時，紅葉的數(shù)量最多。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為dry
關(guān)鍵詞： most abundant、weather conditions、sunny
定位原文：H段第4句“It has also been…to excess light.”為世代所認(rèn)識的是，對于形成深紅顏色的最佳條件是干燥、晴天和涼爽的夜晚，這是讓葉子最大程度吸光的最佳條件。
解題思路： 關(guān)鍵詞“most abundant”相當(dāng)于原文中的“intense”，由原文可以直接得出答案為dry。
Question 22
參考譯文： 當(dāng)你走到越_____部時，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)葉子紅色的程度會增加。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為north
關(guān)鍵詞： intensity、increases、go further
定位原文： H段倒數(shù)第2句“And finally，…northern hemisphere.”最后，例如楓樹一般的樹木在北半球越北的地方，葉子就會越紅。
解題思路： 由H段倒數(shù)第2句可知答案為north。
Question 23
參考譯文：很可能葉子的紅色有助于保護(hù)葉子免受低溫干擾。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞： red pigments、freezing temperatures
定位原文： D 段第 1 句 “Some theories about anthocyanins... to freezing.” 一些關(guān)于花青 素的理論認(rèn)為它們是用作防止昆蟲和真菌傷害的化學(xué)防御，或是用于吸引以食果類為生的鳥類，或是增大葉子的耐寒能力。但是第二句又說了，這些理論是存在問題的。
解題思路： 文中D段中指出花青素的化學(xué)防御等作用，但又指出理論存在問題。故答案為 FALSE。
Question 24
參考譯文： 光屏假設(shè)開始似乎與葉綠素的已知知識相矛盾。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： initially、 contradict
定位原文： F 段第 2 句 “It sounds paradoxical…from too much light.” 這聽起來是矛盾的， 因為這想法背后的假設(shè)是秋葉中生成的紅色素是為了保護(hù)葉綠素，這個吸光化學(xué)物，免受過強(qiáng)光源的傷害。
解題思路： 關(guān)鍵詞“contradict”相當(dāng)于原文中的“paradoxical”，F(xiàn)段第二句解釋了為什么光屏假設(shè)會聽起來矛盾。
Question 25
參考譯文： 轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌t色外其他顏色的葉子更有可能受到陽光的傷害。
難度及答案：難度高; NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： other than、 damaged by sunlight
定位原文： I段首句“What is still...yellow hues.”然而，仍未探明的是為什么一些樹木借助生成紅色素，而其他則不用，就能輕易地顯示出他們的黃橙色調(diào)。
解題思路： 文中提到秋天時，有的樹木顯現(xiàn)出黃橙色調(diào)，但并沒有提到轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌思t色外其他顏色的葉于更有可能受到陽考的傷害。故答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 26
參考譯文： 下面哪一個問題，作者提供了相應(yīng)的一個解釋。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為B
關(guān)鍵詞： explanation
定位原文： B段倒數(shù)第3句至最后一句“But before letting…or sumac.”但在這些葉子凋落之前，樹木會拆分它們的葉綠素分子，并將這些分子內(nèi)有用的氮傳送回細(xì)枝里。一旦葉綠素被耗盡，在夏天里因葉綠素的主導(dǎo)作用，而被抑制的其他顏色便開始顯現(xiàn)。這個發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了秋葉的黃與橙，卻并未解釋出如楓樹和漆樹一般燦爛的紅色和紫色。
解題思路： 答案B中問題意思是“秋天葉子是如何轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌壬忘S色的”， B段倒數(shù)第3句給出了詳細(xì)的解釋。
Passage 3
Question 27
參考譯文： 在太平洋Efate島的一個廢棄的____上，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)一個有著3000年歷史的墓地, 里面躺著被稱為Lapita人的海上居民。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為B
關(guān)鍵詞： 3,000-year-old、 abandoned
定位原文： 第1段第2句“The site came... 3,000 years old.” Efate島是偶然被世人發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 一個農(nóng)業(yè)工作者，在挖掘一個被廢棄的種植園時，挖開了一個墳?zāi)梗搲災(zāi)箖H是一塊大約有3000年歷史的墓地上數(shù)十個墳?zāi)怪械牡谝粋€。
解題思路： 由關(guān)鍵詞“3,000-year-old”找到第1段第2句，又由于關(guān)鍵詞“abandoned” 相當(dāng)于原文中的“derelict”故可得知答案為B，即plantation。
Question 28
參考譯文： 該墓地是一個重要的_____，是在意外的情況下被一個農(nóng)業(yè)工作者發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為F
關(guān)鍵詞：significant、uncovered、 agricultural worker
定位原文： 第1段第1句 “An important archaeological discovery...Polynesians.”一項關(guān)于太平洋Vanuatu群島上的Efate島的重要考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，揭開了一個古老的航海種族的行蹤，該種族恰恰也是今天Polynesians種族的遠(yuǎn)古祖先。
解題思路： 由agricultural worker可以推出對應(yīng)原文大概在第1段，又由于關(guān)鍵詞“significant ” 和原文第一句的“important”是同義詞，可得知答案應(yīng)為archaeological discovery，選F。
Question 29
參考譯文： 他們航行中攜帶了很多東西，包括___和工具。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為I
關(guān)鍵詞： and、tools
定位原文： 第2段第2句“They were also... stone tools.”他們也是開拓者，攜帶了一切需要的物品來創(chuàng)建新生活，這些物品包括他們的家畜，芋頭幼苗和石具：
解題思路： 由關(guān)鍵詞“tools”可以定位到第,2段第2句，且由關(guān)鍵間“and”得知，所填的 詞與“tools”為并列關(guān)系。原文中的“l(fā)ivestock”相當(dāng)于“animals”，故選擇I。
Question 30
參考譯文： Spriggs認(rèn)為在場地里發(fā)規(guī)的非_____常重要，因為它證實了里面發(fā)現(xiàn)的_____是Lapita 人。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為G
關(guān)鍵詞：spriggs、important;
定位原文： 第3段第3、4句'“Other items included a... Lapita.”其他發(fā)掘出的物品包括一個Lapita人的骨灰甕，甕的邊緣散布著仿制的小鳥，仿佛在向下凝視著密封在里面的Lapita人的遺體?！@是個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，’澳大利亞國立大學(xué)考古學(xué)教授兼挖掘場的國際團(tuán)隊的總負(fù)責(zé)人Matthew Spriggs表示，‘因為它令人信服地確定了遺體便是Lapita種族?！?/p>
解題思路： 由詞“Spriggs”可定位到第3段第3、4句，原文指出發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨灰甕是一個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，由此可知，答案為G,即burial urn。
Question 31
參考譯文： Spriggs認(rèn)為在場地里發(fā)現(xiàn)的_____非常重要，因為它證實了里面發(fā)現(xiàn)的_____是Lapita 人。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為D
關(guān)鍵詞：confirm, Lapita
定位原文： 第 3 段第 3、4 句 “Other items included a... Lapita.” 其他發(fā)掘出的物品包括一個Lapita人的骨灰甕，甕的邊緣散布著仿制的小鳥，仿佛在向下凝視著密封在里面的Lapita人的遺體?！@是個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，’澳大利亞國立大學(xué)考古學(xué)教授兼挖掘場地的國際團(tuán)隊的總負(fù)人Matthew Spriggs表示，‘因為它令人信服地確定了遺體便是Lapita種族。’
解題思路： 由詞“Spriggs”可定位到第3段第3、4句，關(guān)鍵詞“confirms”相當(dāng)于原文中的"identifies”，而原文 “confirms” 后的“remains”相當(dāng)于“bones”，故答案為D。
Question 32
參考譯文： 根據(jù)作者的文章，在解釋Lapita人是如何完成航行的這一問題上有困難，其原因是什么?
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為C
關(guān)鍵詞： difficulties、accomplished their journeys
定位原文： 第五段整段，段意為：這里還有一個棘手的問題，考古學(xué)至今提供不了多少答案， 即Lapita人是怎樣在遠(yuǎn)古時期完成相當(dāng)于月球登陸般艱難的穿越海洋的行動，而且還那么多次? 至今沒有人發(fā)現(xiàn)任何一艘他們的獨木舟或繩索等裝置，以此來發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的獨未舟是如何航行的。同時后來的Polynesians人的口頭相傳的歷史故事和傳統(tǒng)中也沒能提供什么相關(guān)線索，因為在這些故事傳統(tǒng)流傳到Lapita人那個時期的很久以前，就己經(jīng)變成神話傳說了。
解題思路： 由關(guān)鍵詞“accomplished their journeys”，可定位到第5段。再由第5段知，至今沒有人發(fā)現(xiàn)任何一艘他們的獨木舟或繩索等裝置，口頭相傳的歷史故事和傳統(tǒng)中也沒能提供什么相關(guān)線索。故選擇C
Question 33
參考譯文：根據(jù)第6段內(nèi)容，Lapita人最偉大的地方在哪里?
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為A
關(guān)鍵詞：extraordinary、Lapita
定位原文： 第6段倒數(shù)第2、3句“…h(huán)owever, until... for us today.”然而，真正的冒險還沒開始，直到他們的后代Lapita人行駛出大陸的視線范圍，大陸變得每一個方向都沒有界限。而這肯定對他們來說很困難如同，當(dāng)今我們登陸月球一樣。
解題思路： 第6段倒數(shù)第2、3句，可得知，Lapita人真正的冒險是遠(yuǎn)行出大陸的視線范圍， 這如同今天登陸月球一樣難，笞案為A
Question 34
參考譯文：在第7段中“this”指代什么意思?
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為D
關(guān)鍵詞： this、the seventh paragraph
定位原文： 第7段第3、4句 “They could sail ...the whole work.” 他們能夠行駛數(shù)天進(jìn)入未知地帶，因為他們確定地知道如果一無所獲，他們能夠轉(zhuǎn)向乘著順風(fēng)快速返回。這正是促成整個探索行動成功的關(guān)鍵。
解題思路：由關(guān)鍵詞“This”，“the seventh paragraph”可定位到第7段第4句。通讀“This” 的上下文，可發(fā)現(xiàn)其指代的意思是Lapita人相信他們能夠返回家的信念，故選擇D。
Question 35
參考譯文：根據(jù)第8段內(nèi)容，地區(qū)地勢的重要性如何 ?
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為C
關(guān)鍵詞： the eight paragraph, geography of region
定位原文：第8段首句“For returning explorers…a safety net.”對于返航的探險者，不論成功與否，他們自己群島的地形就已經(jīng)提供了一個保障安全的網(wǎng)罩。
解題思路： 由關(guān)鍵詞 “the eight paragraph”，“geography of region” 可定位到第 8 段第 1 句， 原文中的“a safety net”相當(dāng)于“a navigational aid”，故選擇答案C。
Question 36
參考譯文： Lapita人順風(fēng)而行，這一點現(xiàn)在很清楚。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為NO
關(guān)鍵詞： prevailing wind
定位原文： 第9段整段，段意為：所有這些預(yù)設(shè)了一個重要的細(xì)節(jié)點，澳大利亞國立大學(xué)的史前時期研究教授Atholl Anderson 說道：LaPita人已經(jīng)早早地掌握了先進(jìn)的、逆風(fēng)航行的技能?！]有證據(jù)證明他們能夠做這樣的事情，’Anderson表示，‘但這里已經(jīng)假設(shè)他們能夠這樣做，同時基于這樣的假設(shè)，人們已經(jīng)制作獨木舟來再次開展那些早期的海航探險。但是沒有人知道他們的獨木舟到底是怎么樣的或者他們是怎么樣裝配索具等的。’
解題思路： 第9段指出，目前沒有證據(jù)證明Lapita人能夠掌握先進(jìn)的逆風(fēng)航行的技能。故該題答案為No。
Question 37
參考譯文： 極端的氣候條件可能在Lapita人的遷徙上扮演重要角色。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為YES
關(guān)鍵詞： extreme climate conditions、migration
定位原文： 第10段第2句“El Nino,…suggests.”他表示，厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象，如今影響太平洋的這一異常氣候，也許曾幫助Lapita人群的分布。
解題思路： 由題目中的“extreme climate conditions”可定位的到第10段，關(guān)鍵詞 “migration”相當(dāng)于第2句中的“scatter”，由此可得知答案為YES。
Question 38
參考譯文： Lapita人學(xué)會了預(yù)測厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的持續(xù)時間。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案為NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： duration 、 El Nino
定位原文： 第10段倒數(shù)第2句“He points out … expansion.”他指出從太平洋周圍生長緩 慢的珊瑚中獲取的氣候數(shù)據(jù)暗示著大概在Lapita人對外擴(kuò)張時期，存在一系列不平常且頻繁的厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象。
解題思路： 由題目中的“ElNino”可定位的到第10段，由第10段可知，文中未提及 Lapita人是否學(xué)會了預(yù)測厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的持續(xù)時間。故答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 39
參考譯文： 為什么Lapita人停止了在太平洋的擴(kuò)張，其原因至今不清楚。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為YES
關(guān)鍵詞： unclear 、halted 、 expansion
定位原文：第11段首句“However they... only to them.”但是他們做到了，Lapita人分布在太平洋三分之一的島嶼上，之后由于若干只有他們知道的原因停止了對外探索。
解題思路： 由第11段第1句可得知Lapita人停止擴(kuò)張的原因未知，故答案為YES。
Question 40
參考譯文： 很有可能大部分的Lapita人定居在斐濟(jì)島。
難度及答案： 難度中等，答案為NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： Fiji
定位原文： 第11段最后一句‘They probably... in Fiji alone.”他們可能總共人數(shù)算起來從未超過幾千人，在他們向東的快速遷徙過程中，他們遇見了成百上千的島購，單單在斐濟(jì)就有300多個島嶼。
解題思路： 由“Fiji”可定位到第11段最后一句，原文并未提及大部分的Lapita人定居在斐濟(jì)島，故答案為NOT GIVEN。
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文翻譯答案精講(test3)相關(guān)文章：