劍橋雅思閱讀解析8(test2)
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劍橋雅思閱讀8原文(test2)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Sheet glass manufacture:
the float process
Glass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.
Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.
The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600℃), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500℃). The best metal for the job was tin.
The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604℃ or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.
Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.
Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes — melting, refining, homogenising — take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.
The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.
Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.
Questions 1-8
Complete the table and diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
Early methods of producing flat glass
Method Advantages Disadvantages
1............
? Glass remained
2........... ? Slow
? 3.............
Ribbon
? Could produce glass sheets of varying 4.............
? non-stop process ? Glass was 5...........
? 20% of glass rubbed away
? Machines were expensive
圖片11
Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.
10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.
11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.
12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.
13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Question 14-17
Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Predicting climatic changes
ii The relevance of the Little Ice Age today
iii How cities contribute to climate change.
iv Human impact on the climate
v How past climatic conditions can be determined
vi A growing need for weather records
vii A study covering a thousand years
viii People have always responded to climate change
ix Enough food at last
Example Answer
Paragraph A Viii
14 Paragraph B
Example Answer
Paragraph C V
15 Paragraph D
16 Paragraph E
17 Paragraph F
THE LITTLE ICE AGE
A This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate — as opposed to weather — as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.
B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.
C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations, we are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.
D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.
E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.
Questions 18-22
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
Weather during the Little Ice Age
Documentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18...........and 19.................. We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20.............. , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, other of 21...............and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22................with no rain at all.
A climatic shifts B ice cores C tree rings
D glaciers E interactions F weather observations
G heat waves H storms I written accounts
Questions 23-26
Classify the following events as occurring during the
A Medieval Warm Period
B Little Ice Age
C Modern Warm Period
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 Many Europeans started farming abroad.
24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.
25 Europeans discovered other lands.
26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The difficulties of talking about smells
ii The role of smell in personal relationships
iii Future studies into smell
iv The relationship between the brain and the nose
v The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups
vi Why our sense of smell is not appreciated
vii Smell is our superior sense
viii The relationship between smell and feelings
27 paragraph A
28 paragraph B
29 paragraph C
30 paragraph D
31 paragraph E
32 paragraph F
The meaning and power of smell
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being
A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.
B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.
C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.
D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. ‘It smells like…,’ we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.
E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two — one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the non-physical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.
F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.
Questions 33-36
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.
33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell when
A we discover a new smell.
B we experience a powerful smell.
C our ability to smell is damaged.
D we are surrounded by odours.
34 The experiment described in paragraph B
A shows how we make use of smell without realising it.
B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.
C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.
D compares the sense of smell in males and females.
35 What is the write doing in paragraph C?
A supporting other research
B making a proposal
C rejecting a common belief
D describing limitations
36 What does the write suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?
A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.
B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.
C Most smells are inoffensive.
D Smell is yet to be defined.
Questions 37-40
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the.......... belonging to their husbands and wives.
38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ................ .
39 The sense of smell may involve response to................ which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.
40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain.................are not regarded as unpleasant in others.
劍橋雅思閱讀8原文參考譯文(test2)
PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：
玻璃板制造：浮法工藝
早在美索不達米亞時期和古埃及時期人們就開始制造玻璃，當(dāng)時制作出的玻璃只不過是沙子、碳酸鈉 和石灰的混合物而已。該混合物被加熱到約1500攝氏度時會變成熔質(zhì)，慢慢冷卻后會硬化。最早成功制出透明、平整的玻璃的工藝中包括旋制法。該制法非常有效，因為玻璃在由軟變硬的過程中不會接觸任何表面，因此可以一直保持完美無瑕的狀態(tài)，最后通過“火處理”收尾。然而，該過程耗時很長，而且要耗費大量的勞動力。
盡管如此，人們對平整玻璃的需求很高，全世界的玻璃制造者都在尋找可以連續(xù)制造玻璃的方法。第一個連續(xù)帶式工藝過程是用兩個高溫滾軸擠壓熔化的玻璃——類似老式的軋板機。該工藝可以連續(xù)不斷地制造幾乎各種厚度的玻璃，但是滾軸會在玻璃板的兩面都留下痕跡，這就需要對玻璃進行打磨和拋光。這一過程會磨去約20%的玻璃，而且所用的機器也很昂貴。
Alistair Pilkington發(fā)明了浮法玻璃制造工藝。該制法可以用來制造用于建筑物上的透明、有色的加膜玻璃，也可以為車輛提供透明的有色玻璃。Pilkington 一直在反復(fù)實驗，研究如何改良熔化工藝。在1952年，他 萌生了用熔化金屬作基床加工玻璃板的想法，有了這樣的金屬液槽，就可以徹底淘汰滾軸了。該金屬的熔點必須低于玻璃的硬化溫度(約600攝氏度)，但同時沸點要高于熔化玻璃的溫度(約1500攝氏度)。最符合這些條件的金屬是錫。
實現(xiàn)這一想法的另一個條件就是重力。重力可以保證熔化金屬的表面完全平整且水平。因此，把熔化的玻璃澆在熔錫上時，玻璃的下表面也會完全平整。如果玻璃能夠保持足夠的高溫，它就會在熔錫上慢慢流動，直到其上表面也平整、水平，并與下表面完全平行。一旦將玻璃冷卻至604攝氏度或更低，玻璃就會 硬化到表面不會被刮花的程度，這樣就可以通過滾軸將其運送到冷卻槽了。玻璃和錫的表面張力相互作用會使成形的玻璃板的厚度穩(wěn)定在6毫米。幸運的巧合是，當(dāng)時市場對玻璃板的需求有60%是6毫米玻璃板。
1953年，Pilkington建立了一個試點工廠。到1955年為止，他已經(jīng)說服他的公司建立成套的工業(yè)裝置。然而，他們經(jīng)過14個月的不間斷生產(chǎn)且每個月花費10萬英鎊，才在廠里首次生產(chǎn)出可用的玻璃。而且，他們 在成功生產(chǎn)出能投人市場的玻璃之后，就將機器關(guān)閉了，為的是在接下來幾年能夠持續(xù)生產(chǎn)。當(dāng)機器再次投人生產(chǎn)時，又花了四個月的時間來使生產(chǎn)流程走上正軌。1959年，他們終于成功了。如今浮法制玻工廠遍布全球，每一個工廠都能夠15年不間斷地日產(chǎn)玻璃千噸。
今天的浮法制玻工廠可以生產(chǎn)出接近光學(xué)質(zhì)量的玻璃。在容納了2000噸熔化玻璃的熔爐內(nèi)，同時進行著多個程序——溶化、精煉、均質(zhì)化。這些過程發(fā)生在由高溫驅(qū)動的熔化玻璃流的不同區(qū)域，并匯總成為一個長達50小時的無間斷熔煉過程，向金屬液槽平穩(wěn)、連續(xù)地提供玻璃。接著玻璃會被送往加膜區(qū)，最后 會被送達熱處理區(qū)——該區(qū)域能夠緩釋玻璃內(nèi)部在冷卻過程中產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力。
自20世紀(jì)50年代以來，浮法制玻的原理不曾改變過。然而，玻璃制品卻經(jīng)歷了巨大變化：從之前單一的6.8毫米玻璃板到如今的亞毫米級至25毫米區(qū)間任意厚度的玻璃板;從之前很容易被內(nèi)含物和氣泡損毀 的玻璃帶到如今接近光學(xué)完美的玻璃。為了保證最高質(zhì)量，每一個生產(chǎn)階段都有監(jiān)察。偶爾，在精煉過程中 也會有一個氣泡未被排出，一顆沙粒沒有熔化，或是液錫的波動導(dǎo)致玻璃帶產(chǎn)生波紋等情況。自動的在線監(jiān)察有兩項任務(wù)：一是向上游(生產(chǎn)前階段)報告生產(chǎn)過程中可以修正的紕漏。監(jiān)察技術(shù)可以在玻璃帶上實 現(xiàn)每秒超過一億次的測量，以定位肉眼無法辨認(rèn)的瑕疵;二是讓下游(生產(chǎn)后階段)計算機操控刀具切割掉有瑕疵的部分。
浮法玻璃是按平方米出售的。在生產(chǎn)的最后階段，計算機會根據(jù)顧客的需求設(shè)計玻璃的裁割方案，以實現(xiàn)浪費的最小化。
TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
小冰期
A.本書詳細(xì)討論了小冰期和其他氣候變化，但是在我開始部分之前，我要向大家提供一個相關(guān)的歷史背景。我們傾向于認(rèn)為氣候是不變的(與天氣正好相反)。然而，人類自存在之日起就一直受到氣候變化的支配——過去的73萬年間至少出現(xiàn)過八次冰河期。自從大約一萬年前的上一次大冰河期的末期開始，我們的祖先就憑借非凡的投機手段適應(yīng)著普遍存在卻并不規(guī)律的全球變暖。他們制定了各種策略，以便在周期性的大干旱、連綿數(shù)十年的暴雨或罕見的低溫環(huán)境中存活;他們發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)給人類 的生活帶來了革命;他們在埃及、美索不達米亞和美洲大陸建立了世界上最早的前工業(yè)化文明。但是，氣候驟變帶來的惡果——饑荒、瘟疫和苦難，往往十分嚴(yán)重。
B.小冰期大致從公元1300年持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)中期。僅兩個世紀(jì)以前，歐洲遭遇了周期性的嚴(yán)冬，瑞士阿爾卑斯山脈的高山冰川的高度達到史上最低，冰島周圍常年被浮冰環(huán)繞。小冰期的氣候活動不僅在塑造現(xiàn)代地球環(huán)境方面發(fā)揮了作用，也為如今史無前例的全球變暖現(xiàn)象提供了溫床。然而，小冰期遠(yuǎn)非一個深度冰凍期，它實際上是由大氣與海洋之間復(fù)雜難解的相互作用引起的、持續(xù)期普遍短于25年的一系列不規(guī)則氣候劇變的集合。這樣的起伏波動先是帶來周期性的嚴(yán)冬和東風(fēng)，然后又突然轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌掷m(xù)數(shù)年的春季暴雨、夏季早雨、暖冬和頻繁的大西洋風(fēng)暴，抑或周期性干旱、輕東北風(fēng)和酷暑熱浪。
C.重構(gòu)過去的氣候變化極其困難，因為系統(tǒng)的天氣觀測僅僅在幾個世紀(jì)之前才始于歐洲和北美洲。印度和熱帶非洲的記錄開始得更晚。至于有記錄之前的年代，我們只有“代理記錄”——大部分根據(jù)樹木的年輪和冰芯(的數(shù)據(jù))重建，并輔之以少量不完整的手寫記錄。如今，我們擁有幾百份樹木年輪的記錄，遍布北半球和赤道以南的很多地區(qū);我們還從南極洲、格陵蘭島、秘魯安第斯及其他地區(qū)鉆得的冰芯中得到了越來越多的溫度數(shù)據(jù)時該記錄進行補充。我們很快就要掌握北半球大部600前年的年度冬夏溫度變化了。
D.本書講述了過去10個世紀(jì)間氣候變化的歷史，還介紹了歐洲人為了適應(yīng)氣候變化所采用的一些方法。第一部分描述了中世紀(jì)暖期，大致從公元900年持續(xù)到1200年。在這三個世紀(jì)中，古斯堪的納維亞的航海者們從歐洲北部出發(fā)探索北海，在格陵蘭島定居，并探訪了北美大陸。當(dāng)時的氣候就像大冰河期之后的所有時期一樣，并非始終如一的暖期：雨量和溫度經(jīng)歷著持續(xù)的變化。當(dāng)時歐洲的平均溫度和現(xiàn)在差不多，可能稍低一點。
E.眾所周知，大約從公元1200年起，格陵蘭島和北極開始降溫，小冰期到來。由于北極浮冰向南擴散，古斯堪的納維亞向西的航海路線變更至開放的大西洋，然后一切航行都終止了。北大西洋和北海的風(fēng)暴增加。1315年至1319年間，更冷更潮濕的天氣降臨歐洲大陸，成千上萬的人死于橫掃整個大陸的饑荒。到了1400年，天氣明顯變得更加難以預(yù)測，狂風(fēng)暴雨的幾率大增，間或出現(xiàn)氣溫急轉(zhuǎn)直下，在16世紀(jì)末的幾十年寒期時降到谷底。在那些正在興起的城鎮(zhèn)里，食品供應(yīng)向來重要，而魚類是至關(guān)重要的商品。鱈魚干和鯡魚干已成為歐洲魚類貿(mào)易的主要產(chǎn)品，但是水溫的變化迫使?jié)O船駛向更加遠(yuǎn)離海岸的海域。巴斯克人、荷蘭人和英國人最先造出了能夠適應(yīng)在寒冷、多風(fēng)暴的大西洋中航行的離岸漁船。在人口增加時期，對食物供應(yīng)的關(guān)心導(dǎo)致了北歐漸進的農(nóng)業(yè)革命。這次革命帶來了集中的商業(yè)耕種，以及為了種植動物飼料而在非農(nóng)作物用地上進行的土地開墾。農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量的提高使得部分國家能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)糧食和家畜的自給自足，為抵制饑荒提供了有效保障。
F.1850年以后，全球溫度開始逐漸上升，拉開了現(xiàn)代暖期的序幕。一大批歐洲居民——從渴求土地的農(nóng)民，到不堪愛爾蘭馬鈴薯饑荒(由馬鈴薯枯萎病引起)的饑民——移居到了北美、澳大利亞、新西蘭和非洲南部。1850年至1890年間，由于集中式歐洲農(nóng)耕法傳遍全球，數(shù)百萬公頃的森林和林地毀于拓荒者的斧下。前所未有的大規(guī)模開荒使得巨量的二氧化碳被排人大氣，并引起第一次人為的全球變暖。到了20世紀(jì)，由于礦物燃料的使用激增、溫室氣體量的持續(xù)增加，氣溫攀升的速度進一步加快。尤其是20世紀(jì)80年代以來，升溫的速度加劇。小冰期被一種新的氣候變化模式取代，其顯著特點是長期、穩(wěn)定的升溫。與此同時，極端天氣，如五級以上的颶風(fēng)，正變得更加頻繁。
TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
嗅覺的意義和力量
對氣味的感覺，或嗅覺，是十分強大的。氣味在生理、心理和社會層面均對我們產(chǎn)生影響。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，我們吸入周圍的氣味卻并不自覺它們對我們的重要性。只有當(dāng)嗅覺因某種原因受損而失靈時，我們才開始意識到嗅覺在我們的幸福感中扮演的重要角色。
A.—項由Anthony Synott在蒙特利爾的Concordia大學(xué)開展的調(diào)查要求參與者評價一下嗅覺在他們的生活中的重要性。很明顯，嗅覺能夠喚起強烈的情感回應(yīng)。某種和愉快經(jīng)歷相關(guān)的氣味會帶來欣喜之感;污濁的氣味或與糟糕經(jīng)歷有關(guān)的氣味則可能讓人惡心得面部扭曲。這項調(diào)查的應(yīng)答者們覺察到自身很多對嗅覺的好惡都基于情感聯(lián)系。這樣的聯(lián)系在強到一定程度時，會讓大眾普遍不喜歡的氣味變得令特定個體愉快，也會讓大眾公認(rèn)為芬芳的氣味變得讓特定個體討厭。因此，對于氣味的感知不單單包括對其本身的感覺，也包括對與其相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷和情感的認(rèn)知。
B.氣味是社會聯(lián)系的重要線索。一位接受調(diào)查的人認(rèn)為，如果不去觸碰和嗅聞你所愛的人或物，那么你們之間就沒有建立起真正的情感聯(lián)系。事實上，嬰兒在出生后不久后就會辨識母親的氣味，成人也往往可以通 過氣味辨認(rèn)自己的孩子或伴侶。在一項著名的測試中，被測女性和男性都能夠僅通過氣味在相同的衣物 中區(qū)分自己的配偶穿過的衣服和其他人穿過的衣服。大部分被測者在參加測試之前，很有可能從來都沒有意識到氣味也能成為辨認(rèn)家庭成員的線索。然而正如試驗所揭示的，就算沒有這樣的意識，氣味仍然會給人留下印象。
C.盡管嗅覺對我們的情感和感知生活都很重要，但它可能在很多文化中仍是最不受重視的官能。嗅覺遭受輕視的原因常常被歸結(jié)為：相對于十分重視嗅覺功能的動物而言，人類的嗅覺功能較弱而且不發(fā)達。雖然人類的嗅覺確實不如某些動物的那樣杰出，但是仍然相當(dāng)敏銳。我們的鼻子能夠分辨成千上萬種氣味，也可以感知極微量的氣味。
D.然而，嗅覺是種非常難以捉摸的現(xiàn)象。氣味與色彩不同，例如，在很多種語言中都很難給氣味進行命名，這是因為特定的詞匯根本不存在。我們想要描述某種氣味時，只能說“它聞起來像……”，絞盡腦汁地表達我們的嗅覺感受。氣味也無法記錄：沒有有效的方法能夠捕獲或長時間地保存氣味。在嗅覺的領(lǐng)域，我們只能勉強依賴描述和回憶，這就涉及對嗅覺的研究。
E.迄今為止進行的多數(shù)關(guān)于嗅覺的研究都具有物理科學(xué)性質(zhì)。對于氣味的生化組成的了解已有了重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是很多基本問題仍未得到解答。研究者們還需要判斷嗅覺到底是一種還是兩種感覺種感覺回應(yīng)氣味本身，另一種感覺記錄空氣中無味的化學(xué)成分。其他未解的問題包括鼻子是否唯一受氣味影響的身體器官，以及如何客觀地測量無形的氣味。這樣的問題意味著對于研究者來說，對嗅覺心理 學(xué)的興趣勢必起到越來越重要的作用。
F.然而，嗅覺并不只是一種生物學(xué)和心理學(xué)現(xiàn)象。嗅覺具有文化屬性，因此也是一種社會學(xué)和歷史學(xué)現(xiàn)象。嗅覺被賦予了文化價值：在有些文化中具有冒犯意味的氣味到了其他文化中可能就變得可以為人所接受了。因此，我們的嗅覺是與世界進行互動的手段和模式。不同的氣味能為我們提供私人的、感情充沛的經(jīng)歷，我們賦予這些經(jīng)歷的價值又會被社會成員以極個人的方式吸納。重要的是，我們對氣味所持有的共同感受能夠幫助我們區(qū)分自身與其他文化群體。因此，對于氣味的文化歷史研究確實是深入人類文化本質(zhì)的鉆研。
TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：
用激光回?fù)糸W電
很少有比雷暴天氣更令人感到恐怖的天氣了。僅在美國，猛烈的雷暴電流每年都會造成大約500人死亡或重傷。云層翻滾而來的時候，在戶外打一場輕松的高爾夫成了一件異常可怕的事情，無異于是在拿自己的性命開玩笑——孤身一人在戶外的高爾夫球手可能是閃電最喜歡攻擊的目標(biāo)。此外，閃電也會帶來財產(chǎn)損失。每年閃電會對美國電力公司造成超過一億美元的損失。
不過，美國和日本的研究人員正在策劃回?fù)糸W電的方案。他們已開始通過實驗測試中和雷暴電荷的各種方法。今年冬天，他們將直面雷暴：使用配備的激光器射向空中的雨云，使其在閃電出現(xiàn)之前放電。
迫使雨云根據(jù)指令釋放閃電并非一個新想法。早在20世紀(jì)60年代早期，研究者們就嘗試過把帶著拖曳線的火箭射入雨云，以期為這些云層發(fā)出的龐大的電荷群搭建起便捷的放電路徑。由于受到建在加利福尼亞的電力研究所(EPRI)的支持，這一技術(shù)在佛羅里達的州立大學(xué)試驗基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由電力公司資助，現(xiàn)正致力于研究保護美國輸電網(wǎng)不受閃電襲擊的方法。“我們可以通過火箭讓閃電擊向我們想讓它去的地方，”EPRI的閃電項目經(jīng)理Ralph Bernstein如此說道。該火箭基地現(xiàn)在能對閃電電壓進行精確測量，并可以讓工程師們檢測電氣設(shè)備的負(fù)載。
不良行為
雖然火箭在研究中功不可沒，但它們無法提供閃電來襲時所有人都希求的保護。每支火箭造價大約 1,200美元，發(fā)射頻率有限，而失敗率卻高達40%。即使它們確實能夠引發(fā)閃電，事情也無法總是按計劃順利進行?！伴W電可不那么聽話”，Bernstein說，“它們偶爾會走岔路，射到它們本不該去的地方。”
但不管怎樣，有誰會想在人口密集的地區(qū)發(fā)射成群的火箭呢? “射上去的肯定會掉下來，”新墨西哥大學(xué)的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels現(xiàn)在正在負(fù)責(zé)一個項目，該項目由ERPI所支持，試圖通過發(fā)射激光使閃電安全放電——安全是一項基本要求，因為沒人愿意把他們自己的性命或他們的昂貴設(shè)備置于危險之中。有了迄今為止的50萬美元的投入，一套有巨大潛力的系統(tǒng)裝置正在該實驗室慢慢成形。
這一系統(tǒng)裝置的想法始于大約20年前，當(dāng)時正在開發(fā)大功率激光器從原子中提取電荷并生成離子的能力。如果激光器能夠生成一條直達暴雨云的離子線，就可以在閃電電場增強為一股無法控制的涌流并擊破空氣之前，用這條傳導(dǎo)通道把電荷引導(dǎo)到地面上來。為了防止激光器本身受到電擊，不能把它直接對準(zhǔn)云層，而是要把它對準(zhǔn)一面鏡子，讓激光通過鏡子折射向天空。要在靠近鏡子的四周布置閃電傳導(dǎo)器從而 對其進行保護。理想的做法是，云層遙控器(槍)要比較廉價，以便能夠把它們安裝在所有重點電力設(shè)備周圍;另外還要方便攜帶，以便在國際運動賽事場地中用于使逐漸聚積的雨云失去威力。
絆腳石
可是，仍存在巨大的絆腳石。激光器并不方便攜帶：它是個能占據(jù)整個房間的龐然大物。Diels一直想要縮小它的體積，并表示很快就會有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他計劃在明年夏天用真正的雨云來實際測試這個更容易操作的激光系統(tǒng)。
Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系統(tǒng)正在引起各電力公司的廣泛興趣。但他們還沒有準(zhǔn)備好EPRI提出的500萬美元——開發(fā)一個讓激光器更小巧、價格也更便宜的商用系統(tǒng)的所需資金。Bernstein說：“我還不能 說我已經(jīng)拿到錢了，但是我正在為之努力?！彼J(rèn)為，即將進行的實地測試會成為一個轉(zhuǎn)折點，而且他也在期待著好消息。Bernstein預(yù)言，如果一切順利，這將吸引“排山倒海般的興趣和支持”。他希望看到云層遙控器的最終價格能定在每臺5萬到10萬美元之間。
其他科學(xué)家也能從中受益。如果手上有了控制閃電的“開關(guān)”，材料科學(xué)家就可以了解強大的電流遇到物質(zhì)時會發(fā)生什么現(xiàn)象。Diels也希望看到“互動氣象學(xué)”問世——不僅僅是預(yù)測天氣，而且能控制天氣?！叭绻覀兡苁乖茖臃烹姡覀円苍S就能左右天氣，”他說。
而且也許，Diels說，我們將能夠?qū)挂恍┢渌臍庀笸{?！拔覀冋J(rèn)為我們也許能通過引導(dǎo)閃電來阻止冰雹，”他說。雷，來自于閃電的沖擊波，被認(rèn)為是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天氣——的觸發(fā)器。一個激光雷工廠可以把水汽從云層中震出，這樣也許可以阻止威脅莊稼的大冰雹的形成。如果運氣好的話，在今年冬天雨云聚積的時候，持有激光器的研究者們就能第一次對其進行回?fù)袅恕?/p>
劍橋雅思閱讀8原文解析(test2)
Passage1
Question 1
答案： spinning
關(guān)鍵詞： method
定位原文: 第1段第3句“The first successful method for…”
解題思路: 此題的較容易。空格中所填詞應(yīng)為 method的名稱。通過 The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning 可知本題答案為 spinning。
Question 2
答案： (perfectly) unblemished
關(guān)鍵詞： glass , remained
定位原文： 第1段倒數(shù)第2句“...so it stayed perfectly unblemished,...”
解題思路： 此題的定位詞被同義轉(zhuǎn)述為stayed。 所以此題填：(perfectly) unblemished。
Question 3
答案： labour- intensive
關(guān)鍵詞： disadvantages, slow
定位原文： 第1段最后1句“However, the process took a long...”
解題思路： 由題目中的 disadvantages 找到文章中表示意思 與上文相反或相對的強轉(zhuǎn)折詞 However。同時 根據(jù) slow 判斷本題需填入與之并列的形容詞。通過第一段最后一句可確定本題答案為 labour-intensive。
Question 4
答案： thickness
關(guān)鍵詞： ribbon, varying
對應(yīng)原文： 第2段第3句“This allowed glass of virtually…”
解題思路： 此題通過Ribbon可以定位到第二段，其中 Advantage部分集中在第三句;文中any對應(yīng)題中varying。所以此題填：thickness。
Question 5
答案： marked
關(guān)鍵詞： disadvantages, 20%
定位原文： 第2段倒數(shù)第2句“...but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked,...”
解題思路： 此題通過20%定位于對應(yīng)句之后的那一 句，按照順序原則找到對應(yīng)處中的glass。空格中所填詞應(yīng)為glass的狀態(tài)。所以此題填：marked。
Question 6
答案: (molten) glass
關(guān)鍵詞: Pilkington, float process
定位原文: 第3段第3句“Pilkington had been experimenting…”
解題思路： 由圖可知本題需填入進入 melting zone 的指代某種液體的名詞。 由原文 when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin 可知本題 答案為 (molten) glass。
Question 7
答案： (molten)tin/metal
關(guān)鍵詞： Pilkington, float process
定位原文： 第3段第3句“Pilkington had been experimenting with…”
解題思路： 空格中所填詞為在glass下面的物質(zhì),文中對應(yīng)句里bed —詞對應(yīng)其位置。所以此題填：(molten) tin/metal。
Question 8
答案: rollers
關(guān)鍵詞: Pilkington, float process
定位原文: 第3段第3句“Pilkington had been experimenting with…”
解題思路: 空格中所填詞為glass兩側(cè)滾動裝置的名稱。所以此題填：rollers。
Question 9
答案: TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞: metal, float process
定位原文: 第3段倒數(shù)第2句“The metal had to melt…”
解題思路： 本句指出：該金屬的熔點必須低于玻璃的硬化溫度(約600攝氏度)，但同時沸點要高于熔化玻璃的溫度(約1500攝氏度)。文中對應(yīng)句確實提到了該金屬熔點上的特性。故此題答案為： TRUE。
Question 10
答案: NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： Pilkington, plant
定位原文： 第5段第1句“Pilkington built a pilot plant…”
解題思路: 文中對應(yīng)句僅提到公司給該車間投資，未提及Pilkington本人是否投資。故此題答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 11
答案: FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞: Pilkington’s first full- scale plant
定位原文: 第5段倒數(shù)第3句到最后一句“Furthermore, once they succeeded in making…”
解題思路: 由第 2 句句首的強轉(zhuǎn)折 詞 However 可知,情況向相反的 方向發(fā)生變化。此后的句子則具體 說明成功路上的各種阻礙,在最后 一句中看到最終取得成功的時間 是 1959 年,與題目中表述 instant commercial success 相反。
Question 12
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： process, now
定位原文：第7段第1句“The principle of float…”
解題思路：由題目中now一詞定位至文章第六段第 1 句,本段的內(nèi)容是 process improved 的具體表現(xiàn)。所以題目表述與原文相符,表述正確。
Question 13
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： computers, humans
定位原文： 第7段第3句“To ensure the highest…”
解題思路： 本題考查比較級和最高級的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。文中inspection是由電腦執(zhí)行的，且能確保最高的質(zhì)量，說明人在這方面確實不如電腦。故此題答案為：TRUE。
Test 2 Passage2
Question 14
答案: ii
關(guān)鍵詞: 根據(jù)段落選擇，無題干關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: B段第1句“The Little Ice Age…”
解題思路: 本段第3句說“小冰河期的氣候 不僅僅是幫助形成了現(xiàn)今的世界”,原 文中的 modern world 對應(yīng)選項 ii 中的 today，小冰期大致從公元1300年持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)中期，且整段話就是在描述小冰期對于現(xiàn)在的一些影響。因此答案為ii。
Question 15
答案: vii
關(guān)鍵詞: 根據(jù)段落選擇，無題干關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: D段第1句“This book is a narrative…”
解題思路: the past ten centuries 對應(yīng)選項 vii 中的 a thousand years，文章中 a narrative history of climatic shifts 對應(yīng)選項 vii 中的 study, D段首句強調(diào)，該書的內(nèi)容是對1000年來氣候變化的描述以及歐洲人的適應(yīng)方式。因此答案為vii。
Question 16
答案： ix
關(guān)鍵詞： 根據(jù)段落選擇，無題干關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文： E段最后1句“The increased productivity…”
解題思路: E段末句指出，部分國家在糧食和家畜方面的自給自足為抵制饑荒提供了有效保障。因此答案為ix。
Question 17
答案： iv
關(guān)鍵詞： 根據(jù)段落選擇，無題干關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文： F段第1、2句“Global temperatures began to…”
解題思路： F段首句和次句指出，全球氣溫的上升引起了大規(guī)模的人口遷徙，隨后描述了其對氣候變化的影響。因此答案為iv。
Question 18 & Question 19
答案: B C (in either order)
關(guān)鍵詞： documentation of past weather conditions, sources, distant past
定位原文： C段第2句“For the time before…”
解題思路: 此題定位較難，在C段中掃描到第2句結(jié)束才會發(fā)現(xiàn)past的反義詞recent, 但也說明從其后開始就是答案的出處。空格中所填詞應(yīng)為對于過去氣候認(rèn)識的來源。
Question 20
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： consistent freezing
定位原文： B段第5句“The Little Ice Age was far from a deep…”
解題思路：此題定位很難，出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的亂序。定位詞對應(yīng)B段定位句中的deep freeze?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)與consistent freezing的意思相反(rather than)。故此題答案為A。
Question 21
答案： H
關(guān)鍵詞： cold winters, heavy rain
定位原文： B段最后1句“The seesaw brought…”
解題思路：此題按照順序原則較易定位?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)與heavy rains形成并列。故此題答案為H。
Question 22
答案： G
關(guān)鍵詞： yet, no rain at all, cold winters
定位原文： B段最后1句“The seesaw brought…”
解題思路: 此空所填詞為with no rain所修飾的對象，其對應(yīng)文中的droughts。通過掃讀剩余選項以及文中的對應(yīng)句，很容易得到答案。故此題答案為G。
Question 23
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： Europeans, farming abroad
定位原文： F段內(nèi)容“...with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others,... ”
解題思路： 此題定位較易，根據(jù)定位詞很容易找到對應(yīng)段落，可知本題描述的是Modern Warm Period。故此題答案為C。
Question 24
答案: C
關(guān)鍵詞: cutting down of trees
定位原文: F段第3句“Millions of hectares of forest…”
解題思路：砍伐樹林開始影響氣候。此題定位較容易，定位句指出，數(shù)百萬公頃的森林和林地毀于拓荒者的斧下，并引起第一次人為的全球變暖。且此段整段均在談?wù)揗odem Warm Period。故此題答案為C。
Question 25
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： Europeans, discovered, other lands
定位原文：D段第2、3句“Part One describes the…”
解題思路：此題定位較易，在定位的第二句中指出，古斯堪的納維亞的航海者們從歐洲北部出發(fā)探索北海，在格陵蘭島定居，并探訪了北美大陸。故此題答案為A。
Question 26
答案： B
關(guān)鍵詞： changes, fishing patterns
定位原文：E段倒數(shù)第4句“The Basques, Dutch,…”
解題思路：此題定位后需要略讀的內(nèi)容較多，但是通過fishing還是較易定位。文中指出，巴斯克人、荷蘭人和英國人最先造出了能夠適應(yīng)在寒冷多風(fēng)暴的大西洋中航行的離岸漁船。故此題答案為B。
Test 2 Passage 3
Question 27
答案： viii
關(guān)鍵詞： 段落匹配題，無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文：A段第2句“It became apparent…”
解題思路：A段主題句指出，氣味可以喚起強烈的情感回應(yīng)，即指出了氣味與感覺的關(guān)系。
因此答案為viii。
Question 28
答案： ii
關(guān)鍵詞： 段落匹配題，無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文：B段第1句“Odours are also…”
解題思路：B段主題句強調(diào)氣味是社會聯(lián)系的基本線索，即指出了其在人際關(guān)系中的作用。因此答案為ii。
Question 29
答案： vi
關(guān)鍵詞： 段落匹配題，無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文：C段第1句“In spite of its importance…”
解題思路：C段主題句后半部分指出嗅覺在很多文化中被輕視，隨后分析原因。因此答案為vi。
Question 30
答案： i
關(guān)鍵詞： 段落匹配題，無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文： D段第2句“Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot…”
解題思路： D段主題句直接指出了在很多語言中缺乏描述氣味的詞匯。因此答案為i。
Question 31
答案： iii
關(guān)鍵詞： 段落匹配題，無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文： E段第2句“Significant advances…”
解題思路： E段主題句后半句轉(zhuǎn)折之后指出，很多關(guān)于氣味的最基本的問題還有待解決，即點明未來的研究任務(wù)。因此答案為：iii。
Question 32
答案： v
關(guān)鍵詞： 段落匹配題，無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文： F段倒數(shù)第2句“Importantly, our commonly …”
解題思路： F段主題句較難確定。句中指出，對于氣味的感覺可以區(qū)分不同的文化。關(guān)鍵要理解 distinguish…from…的意思。因此答案為v。
Question 33
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： introduction, aware of, importance
定位原文： 引言最后一句
解題思路：題目問我們什么時候發(fā)現(xiàn)氣味的重要性,引言最后一句說“只有嗅覺失靈時,我們 才感覺到它的重要性”，從而可得出答案。題干中的 aware of 對應(yīng)本句中的 realize,題目中的 importance 對應(yīng)本句中的 essential role,文章中的 is impaired 對應(yīng)選項 C 中 damaged。
Question 34
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： paragraph B, experiment
定位原文： B段最后1句“Most of the subjects…”
解題思路：通過題目中experiment定位至文章B 段第 5 行 test。本題考查實驗所證明的理論, 應(yīng)著重尋找其結(jié)論。由本段倒數(shù)第 2 行 the experiment revealed 可知,其后句子為實驗結(jié)論。 原文中的 not consciously considered 對應(yīng)選項 A 中 without realizing it。
Question 35
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： paragraph C
定位原文： C段內(nèi)容
解題思路： 由選項可知,本題求證作者的寫作目的。由本段第 3 句 while 可知,作者采用駁論法。另外，本題也可通過排除法選出正確答案。
Question 36
答案： D
關(guān)鍵詞： paragraph E, atmosphere
定位原文： E段第3句“Researchers…”
解題思路： 通過題目中的atmosphere定位至E 段第 3 句最后的 in the air。由本句的主句 researchers have still to decide 可知 D 選項 smell is yet to be defined 為正確答案。
Question 37
答案： clothing
關(guān)鍵詞： tests, husbands and wives
定位原文： B段第4句“.. women and men were able to…”
解題思路：此題定位句中的marriage partners對應(yīng)定位詞?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)為丈夫和妻子所擁有的一件東西，belonging to對應(yīng)文中的worn by。故此題答案為clothing。
Question 38
答案： vocabulary
關(guān)鍵詞： linguistic groups, describing
定位原文： D段第2句“Odours, unlike colours…”
解題思路： 此題定位有難度，但依據(jù)順序原則及對之前所做題目的印象還是能定位到D段，其中 named 對應(yīng) describing, languages 對應(yīng)linguistic groups。空格中所填詞應(yīng)為缺乏的東西。故此題答案為vocabulary。
Question 39
答案： chemicals
關(guān)鍵詞： not smell, obvious odours
定位原文： E段第3句“... one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air.”
解題思路：此題定位較難，但根據(jù)第36題的定位句就能直接解題。句中的odourless對應(yīng)not smell，空格中所填詞應(yīng)為聞不到的東西。故此題答案為chemicals 。
Question 40
答案： cultures
關(guān)鍵詞： unpleasant
定位原文： F段第3句“...smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others.”
解題思路：此題定位需要根據(jù)句子中的對立關(guān)系，文中的 offensive 和 perfectly acceptable即為對立，分別對應(yīng)pleasant和unpleasant?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)為被認(rèn)為unpleasant的地方。故此題答案為cultures。
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2.劍橋雅思第二次復(fù)習(xí)時應(yīng)該要怎么用?