托福寫作題型簡(jiǎn)介及備考策略
托福寫作有分為獨(dú)立寫作和綜合寫作兩個(gè)部分，需要我們將寫作模板牢記于心，才能得到高分。今天小編就來(lái)和大家分享一下獨(dú)立寫作的題型簡(jiǎn)介以及備考策略，希望對(duì)大家有幫助！
托福寫作題型簡(jiǎn)介及備考策略——獨(dú)立寫作
1 托福獨(dú)立寫作介紹
1.1 典型問(wèn)法
托福獨(dú)立寫作部分(the Independent Writing Task)為新托福寫作試題的第二個(gè)部分，要求考生針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出自己的論點(diǎn)并展開，考試時(shí)間為30分鐘。這種題目的典型問(wèn)法為：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
[A sentence or sentences that present an issue appear here]
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1.2 評(píng)分原則和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
評(píng)分原則：
從2010年1月開始，iBT寫作評(píng)分系統(tǒng)做出重大改革。由原來(lái)的兩位閱卷者獨(dú)立閱卷給分，兩個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)的算術(shù)平均值為原始分，改為一個(gè)閱卷人和一個(gè)電腦評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(E-Rater)分別給分。其中，E-Rater負(fù)責(zé)Linguistic feature(語(yǔ)言因素)，即語(yǔ)法，句法和結(jié)構(gòu);人工負(fù)責(zé)文章內(nèi)容和含義;兩部分相加，即為考生的作文原始分。而最終的分?jǐn)?shù)則與原始分所占的百分比(Percentile)相關(guān)：比如30分對(duì)應(yīng)97.9%，即只有2.1%的人得到了滿分。
評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
Score 5: An essay as this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
Effectively addresses the topic and task;
Is well-organized and well-developed, using clearly appropriate explanation, exemplifications, and/or details;
Display unity, progression and coherence;
Display consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀：
閱卷人會(huì)從考生是否切題，如何展開論點(diǎn)，如何組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用四個(gè)方面評(píng)估考生的文章。
是否切題：考生不能跑題，答非所問(wèn);
展開論點(diǎn)：考生一定要提供足夠的事例，細(xì)節(jié)，理由來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn);不要僅為了增加文章字?jǐn)?shù)而堆砌冗長(zhǎng)無(wú)意義的詞或句子，卻沒(méi)有針對(duì)論點(diǎn)展開論述;
文章結(jié)構(gòu)：如果一篇文章能夠展現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一，漸進(jìn)和連貫，讀者就能毫無(wú)障礙地流暢的閱讀;避免邏輯斷層，累贅，離題偏題和條理不清晰的銜接，這些都會(huì)造成閱讀障礙，影響得分。
語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用：如果考生作文句子簡(jiǎn)單，詞匯量有限，沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)多樣性，分?jǐn)?shù)不會(huì)超過(guò)3分;但是托福寫作并不要求學(xué)生寫fancy words，即高級(jí)深?yuàn)W的詞匯;單詞，無(wú)論難易，準(zhǔn)確即可;所以考生也無(wú)需故意生搬硬套SAT或GRE單詞，一旦使用不當(dāng)，造成文章晦澀難懂，那就得不償失了。
2 托福獨(dú)立寫作備考策略
乍看托福獨(dú)立寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，很多同學(xué)都會(huì)覺(jué)得高深頭疼，無(wú)從下手;但實(shí)際上在所有的國(guó)外英語(yǔ)考試中，與GRE，SAT和IELTS相比，托福獨(dú)立寫作是題目最簡(jiǎn)單最好理解且對(duì)于文章思維深度要求最低的。只需有一個(gè)科學(xué)的備考策略，做好計(jì)劃，按部就班的完成，高分指日可待。
Step 1 輸入
任何輸出性的技能都是以輸入作為前提。巧婦難為無(wú)米之炊，沒(méi)有豐富的詞匯和語(yǔ)言積累，好作文永遠(yuǎn)都是空中樓閣。那輸入什么呢?
首先，寫作常用短語(yǔ)。背單詞對(duì)于寫作口語(yǔ)這種輸出型測(cè)試是無(wú)意義的。原因很簡(jiǎn)單：英語(yǔ)單詞變化多端，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)看到單詞書上一個(gè)單詞三種詞性，十種中文翻譯;更可怕的是，因?yàn)橹杏⑽乃季S差異，單詞書上中文翻譯也很難解釋英文單詞真正的含義。所以很多同學(xué)刻苦拿下托福單詞甚至更難的SAT或GRE單詞，閱讀單詞量上萬(wàn)，但是真到出手寫作文時(shí)，還是無(wú)從下筆，捉襟見(jiàn)肘。而寫作短語(yǔ)則變化較少，并且自帶固定搭配，與中文翻譯更容易形成一對(duì)一的映射，所以背寫作常用短語(yǔ)對(duì)于造句子才是立竿見(jiàn)影。
比如短語(yǔ)“put a heavy strain on”中文翻譯為“施加巨大壓力”。有了這個(gè)短語(yǔ)，翻譯如下句子易如反掌：“移民數(shù)量的增加給公共交通施加了巨大壓力”;“過(guò)多的家庭作業(yè)給孩子們施加了巨大的學(xué)習(xí)壓力”。即：“The increasing number of immigrants has put a heavy strain on public transit.”;“Excessive school assignments put a heavy academic strain on students.”有了一定量的短語(yǔ)積累，造句子只需要換頭換尾，so easy。
其次：寫作常用思路。眾所周知，托福獨(dú)立寫作的一大特點(diǎn)就是話題涵蓋面極廣，按素材能夠分出數(shù)十種類型，教育，工作，政府，環(huán)境，科技，娛樂(lè)，交友，成功，電影電視，廣告，古今對(duì)比都可能化身獨(dú)立寫作題目。面對(duì)這些令人眼花繚亂的分類，同學(xué)們也無(wú)需驚慌，實(shí)際上，托福題目可以變，但是總有一些不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變的思路，可以輕松套用到很多同類題目中。
比如對(duì)于“Do you agree or disagree the following statement? College students should take part-time jobs before they graduate.”即，“大學(xué)生是否應(yīng)該在在校期間做兼職”這道題目，我們可以選擇同意，給出第一個(gè)理由Through taking part-time jobs, students can better identify where their true interest lies. 通過(guò)做兼職，大學(xué)生們可以更好地發(fā)現(xiàn)自己真正興趣所在。成段如下：
Through taking part-time jobs, students can better identify where their true interest lies. Personal experience informs me that university students tend to have little knowledge of what the real world is like and what people in each job will do. At this case, if they are forced to make a choice about their future careers without the opportunity to get in touch with the real world, they may finally end up in a job that does not interest them and even bores them. In this sense, it would be best for college students to expose themselves to the world outside schools by taking part-time jobs. Only through this way can students develop a more comprehensive knowledge of what each job is mainly about and therefore make an informed choice about future career.
中文翻譯：通過(guò)兼職工作，學(xué)生可以更好地找出自己真正興趣所在。個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我，大學(xué)生往往對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和從事各種工作的人每天都在做什么所知甚少。在這種情況下，如果他們被迫直接選擇自己未來(lái)的職業(yè)而沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)接觸現(xiàn)實(shí)，他們可能最終選擇一個(gè)他們不感興趣的甚至讓他們厭煩的工作。在這個(gè)意義上，大學(xué)生最好做兼職，接觸學(xué)校以外的世界。只有這樣，他們才會(huì)對(duì)每種不同的工作有更好的理解，對(duì)于未來(lái)的職業(yè)做出更明智的選擇。
我們?cè)僮屑?xì)觀察如下幾道題：
“Colleges and universities should offer job preparation before students start to work.”
“People should try different kinds of jobs before they decide their future careers”
“Students should spend a year on traveling or working before they go to colleges or universities.”
“Some universities require students to take courses in various subjects while others require students to specialize in one particular field. Which one do you prefer? ”
題目雖然不盡相同，但是做題目中那件事可以讓孩子們知道自己該做什么職業(yè)或者該學(xué)什么專業(yè)都可以作為一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，并且上一段文字也只需微調(diào)一下關(guān)鍵詞，即可照搬到新的題目中。
所以同學(xué)們?cè)谄匠５姆e累中，一定要多思考，我們已經(jīng)背過(guò)寫過(guò)的一些文章和思路是不是也可以跟上一段一樣，套用到很多貌似不相關(guān)的題目中，這樣才能事半功倍，四兩撥千斤。做最少的功，達(dá)到最好的效果。
Step 2 輸出
有了充足的輸入作為前戲，我們就要開始輸出，即練習(xí)了。練習(xí)同樣是寫作提高中不可缺少的一環(huán)，光說(shuō)不練永遠(yuǎn)都是假把式。那怎么練習(xí)?步驟如下：
1)限時(shí)30分鐘，無(wú)輔助，在text中寫第一遍。
2)把text中的原始版作文，拷貝到word里，逐字逐句修改拼錯(cuò)的單詞和語(yǔ)法，并美化每個(gè)句子。
3)找專業(yè)老師修改。
4)總結(jié)自己的常犯錯(cuò)誤，建立自己的常犯錯(cuò)誤列表。
以上四步，相輔相成缺一不可。
首先，一定要限時(shí)寫。這樣考生們才能知道自己在5分鐘，10分鐘，20分鐘，25分鐘時(shí)需要分別完成哪些內(nèi)容才能保證他們能在30分鐘內(nèi)順利寫完一篇文章。這樣，考生們才能從容應(yīng)對(duì)將來(lái)真正的考試。練習(xí)如考試般嚴(yán)格，考試才能如練習(xí)般輕松。
而在text中完成是為了降低同學(xué)們對(duì)于word強(qiáng)大單詞糾錯(cuò)功能的依賴。真正的托?？荚囍校瑳](méi)有軟件可以幫我們及時(shí)糾正拼錯(cuò)的單詞，而單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤過(guò)多，很可能影響考官流暢的閱讀，導(dǎo)致低分。
第二，自己修改作文。千萬(wàn)不要寫一篇扔一篇，那樣寫一百篇也只能停留在原來(lái)的水平。修改的過(guò)程才是提高的過(guò)程，每一處的改動(dòng)都是一種升華，把一篇文章修改十遍，改到自己每句話都滿意，考生們才會(huì)獲得實(shí)質(zhì)性的提高。
第三，專業(yè)老師修改。學(xué)生的能力畢竟是有限的，所以他們需要一個(gè)老師去幫助他們發(fā)現(xiàn)一些漏網(wǎng)的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤和邏輯問(wèn)題，力保每篇寫過(guò)的文章都是完美。
第四，總結(jié)才有提高。犯錯(cuò)在很多時(shí)候都不是源于考生不會(huì)或者不懂，而是源于一種習(xí)慣。怎么改掉這些壞習(xí)慣，只能靠總結(jié)?？偨Y(jié)的越多，印象就越深刻，下次才不會(huì)重蹈覆轍。
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：出國(guó)讀書
托福獨(dú)立寫作題目:出國(guó)讀書
Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home counties. Why do some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：
Studying in one’s home country offers unique benefits. For example, the home country provides best education in some subjects that other countries do not offer. However, it is important to study overseas for at least part of one’s higher education. By studying abroad, students can acquire a new language, get to know another culture, and pursue good programs.
The most obvious advantage of studying overseas is learning a new language. It is important to be bilingual or even multilingual nowadays. For example, international communication is essential for our global economy. For many students who choose to study in English-speaking countries, they can easily pick up English if they are actively engaged in speaking English. Even for those who have had a good grasp of English in reading and writing, they can still improve their spoken English after exposure to an English-speaking environment.
As important as learning a new language is becoming acquainted with a new culture. Cultures differ from one another and they are even diametrically opposite on some points. By studying overseas, students become familiar with other ways of life and learn to respect them. For example, to students from some cultures, privacy is a relatively new concept. The students may choose to tell their course grades to their classmates in the foreign country and ask them for similar information. In turn, they may feel disappointed or even shocked to receive no answer and be told that this is privacy. After a while, however, they have a better understanding of the concept of pervasive privacy in the foreign country.
Last but not least, we are able to undertake excellent programs in the foreign country where we choose to study. Some programs may not be available in the students’ home country. For example, a student who is interested in American literature may find that no university in his or her country offers this program. Other programs are available in the students’ home country but not on a par with similar programs in a foreign country. This can be illustrated by MBA programs of American universities. A number of counties offer MBA programs, but many think that American universities offer the best MBA programs. This accounts for the fact that the majority of MBA holders have obtained the degree from American universities.
Studying abroad can be rewarding. Not only can students acquire a new language and know more about a different culture, but they can pursue excellent programs as well. Indeed, studying in a foreign country is a worthwhile experience.
托福備考之獨(dú)立寫作題目練習(xí)
同不同意：Some people think that 最重要的品質(zhì) in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is 誠(chéng)實(shí).
Leaders of all kinds should have lots of qualities in order to thrive together with the team. Persistence, passion, confidence and personal charisma, to name a few. When it comes to question of whether honesty is the most important qualities of all for a leader in a student organization, I, personally, would say honesty is definitely not the most important even though it is a contributing factor for a qualified leader and there are other qualities that are more urgent than being honest.
First off, being a good listener and able to communicate well with fellow members can be more important than being honest. Only when a leader sits down and listens patiently to problems and concerns of his or her members, can he or she become an effective leader in a student organization. Also, being an effective communicator can also be equally important since it is essential to convey emotions and ideas clearly to others, and when the leader get his or her ideas across to the fellow members, it enjoys a better chance to be implemented. A leader with exceptional communication skills is very confidence and personable when they are interacting with others. Since they can grab the listeners' attention, it is very easy for them to build rapport with strangers and thus they enjoy better chance to broaden their social networks.
Additionally, it is more essential for leaders of student organizations to be compassionate about the community and set exemplars for their fellow members than just being honest. Actually, lots responsibilities of student leaders involve various volunteer programs and philanthropic activities, if leaders of students body are not committed to getting involved in charitable activities, there will be a lack of energy level and passion among his or her fellow members. To be more specific, students organizations involved in lots of volunteer activities, like collecting food, managing the inventory and distributing food to those in need. They also volunteer in homeless shelters to prepare food or even work behind the scene in the business office. If leaders are motivated to take the initiative and contribute their time and other resources to the community in the first place, chances are that his or her members would follow suit.
In all, students leaders should have more important qualities other than being honest like excellent communication skills, compassion about their community and dedication to their endeavors.
新托福寫作有哪些技巧
1.指令一出來(lái)就立刻跳過(guò)。
你對(duì)指令應(yīng)該已很熟悉，因此只要指令一出現(xiàn)就立刻用鼠標(biāo)點(diǎn)Continue，將你的時(shí)間省下來(lái)用在答題上。如果綜合寫作任務(wù)的內(nèi)容你并不熟悉，不要擔(dān)心。新托福寫作所有你需要回答的信息都包含在段落里?；卮疬@些問(wèn)題不需要有任何背景知識(shí)。
2.仔細(xì)地閱讀材料。
你只有有限的閱讀時(shí)間。閱讀段落時(shí)，仔細(xì)記筆記。注意主要觀點(diǎn)和主要的支持信息。不要寫下你讀到的所有內(nèi)容。不要寫下太多不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。
3.仔細(xì)聽。
每段你只能聽一次?？荚嚂r(shí)你不能重復(fù)這些段落。邊聽邊仔細(xì)記筆記。不要寫下你聽到的所有內(nèi)容。不要寫下太多不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。主要要記下所聽材料的要點(diǎn)即可。
4.組織自己的回答。
新托福寫作技巧回答應(yīng)包括說(shuō)明閱讀段落和聽力段落之間關(guān)系的主題句、支持主題句的重要材料、關(guān)于閱讀材料的一個(gè)段落、關(guān)于聽力材料的一個(gè)段落。
5.利用過(guò)渡詞使你的回答連貫。
如果能顯示出回答的觀點(diǎn)是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，你的回答就更易被讀懂、理解。
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托福寫作題型簡(jiǎn)介及備考策略
