托福寫(xiě)作備考：托福寫(xiě)作參考書(shū)
就新托福寫(xiě)作而言，哪些參考書(shū)是值得我們花時(shí)間研讀的呢?我們又該怎樣合理地搭配使用它們呢?下面，我為同學(xué)們推薦新托福寫(xiě)作參考書(shū)，并詳細(xì)為同學(xué)們講解它們“混搭”的妙用。
托福寫(xiě)作備考：托福寫(xiě)作參考書(shū)
《新托福寫(xiě)作金牌教程(基礎(chǔ)版)》——夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)
我給大家推薦的第一本書(shū)是高等教育出版社近期出版的《新托福寫(xiě)作金牌教程(基礎(chǔ)版)》。此書(shū)是新航道學(xué)校新托?；A(chǔ)班的指定培訓(xùn)教材。它制定了詳細(xì)的17天新托福寫(xiě)作學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃，其中6天時(shí)間是針對(duì)綜合作文部分的訓(xùn)練，8天是針對(duì)獨(dú)立作文的訓(xùn)練，另外，還有1天的診斷測(cè)試及2天的復(fù)習(xí)測(cè)試。按照書(shū)中給出的17天學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度表來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，考生們可以對(duì)新托福?？荚掝}有深入的了解。本書(shū)總結(jié)了綜合作文和獨(dú)立作文的?？荚掝}所涉及的詞匯、詞組、句式等等。因此，考生可以通過(guò)閱讀此書(shū)積累很多非常有用的寫(xiě)作常用表達(dá)。此外，還能積累許多關(guān)于新托福寫(xiě)作的技巧。比如，考生可以通過(guò)訓(xùn)練熟練掌握新托福綜合作文常用的四個(gè)技巧，即速讀、記筆記、同義轉(zhuǎn)換及總結(jié)。
非常值得一提的是，本書(shū)的綜合作文訓(xùn)練部分給出了相當(dāng)多的練習(xí)材料，這些練習(xí)材料都與新托?？荚嚨恼骖}密切相關(guān)。書(shū)中還給出了?？嫉娜N綜合作文題(優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)型、假說(shuō)反論型、問(wèn)題解決型)的模板，對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，這些模板是很有幫助的，練習(xí)多了，便可信手拈來(lái)。而對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較好的同學(xué)，我的建議是：第一，借鑒模板，并且可以結(jié)合自身的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備靈活運(yùn)用模板，爭(zhēng)取展現(xiàn)更好的詞匯或句式;第二，精聽(tīng)綜合作文講座文本 —— 我強(qiáng)烈建議同學(xué)們做聽(tīng)抄，即把聽(tīng)到的東西完整寫(xiě)下來(lái)，再一字一句地對(duì)照講座原文，看看自己哪里漏聽(tīng)或者誤記了。本書(shū)的綜合作文講座部分的語(yǔ)速比新托?？荚嚿钥?，正是這個(gè)原因，它是一份很適合做精聽(tīng)的材料。我們需要通過(guò)精聽(tīng)來(lái)鍛煉自己辨音的能力、使自己適應(yīng)講座的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度及西方人說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)速、語(yǔ)調(diào)。如果在精聽(tīng)訓(xùn)練中我們用的講座聽(tīng)力材料難度與考試一致，那么到考場(chǎng)上我們可能因?yàn)榫o張而不能在聽(tīng)一遍的情況下抓住講座大意和關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)。因此，為了適應(yīng)考場(chǎng)上綜合寫(xiě)作部分的講座只聽(tīng)一遍的這個(gè)規(guī)則，我建議同學(xué)們?cè)诳记坝秒y度比真題稍高的材料來(lái)做大量的精聽(tīng)練習(xí)。本書(shū)就提供了很好的素材。
《新托福寫(xiě)作高分策略》——蓄勢(shì)待發(fā)
《新托福寫(xiě)作高分策略》同樣也是由高等教育出版社出版。如果說(shuō)《新托福寫(xiě)作金牌教程(基礎(chǔ)版)》側(cè)重各個(gè)?？荚掝}的素材積累和分話題訓(xùn)練，《高分策略》則側(cè)重于要點(diǎn)的總結(jié)和例文的剖析。本書(shū)內(nèi)容豐富、語(yǔ)言精辟、技巧實(shí)用，讀來(lái)常有醍醐灌頂之感。
綜合作文方面，最值得一提的是，本書(shū)的第二章《轉(zhuǎn)述語(yǔ)言》里總結(jié)了寫(xiě)作常用單詞、詞組和句式，第四章《高分模板與填空式作文》里提供了七個(gè)表示反駁的模板，一個(gè)表示支持的模板(因?yàn)楸硎局С值念愋椭两駴](méi)有考到過(guò)，這個(gè)模板只是用來(lái)以防萬(wàn)一的)。有了這些總結(jié)的表達(dá)和模板，在寫(xiě)綜合作文時(shí)，考生們?cè)僖膊粫?huì)為怎樣設(shè)計(jì)文章框架、怎樣換用句式而苦惱了!
獨(dú)立作文方面，本書(shū)的技巧總結(jié)也是非常有用的。從首末段的寫(xiě)法總結(jié)，到萬(wàn)能理由的講解，到段落展開(kāi)的實(shí)例，到修改校對(duì)和專家點(diǎn)評(píng)，再到拼寫(xiě)詞匯表、寫(xiě)作素材庫(kù)及常用學(xué)術(shù)詞匯表的展示，本書(shū)淋漓盡致地體現(xiàn)了作者深厚的英文寫(xiě)作及教學(xué)功底。在第五章《185題庫(kù)與提綱》，作者甚至給出了每道題的詳細(xì)英文提綱，這些提綱可以幫助考生們開(kāi)拓思路，極具參考價(jià)值。相信考生們讀到此書(shū)后，會(huì)覺(jué)得與它真是相見(jiàn)恨晚。
《新托福寫(xiě)作真經(jīng)》——見(jiàn)證飛躍
巧了，《新托福寫(xiě)作真經(jīng)》還是由高等教育出版社出版，本書(shū)搜集了近年新托?？荚噷?xiě)作真題。建議考生在有了上兩本書(shū)的積淀之后，把本書(shū)搜集的近16套真題挑選5-10套模擬一遍(使用計(jì)算機(jī)輸入習(xí)作)，再對(duì)照書(shū)里附上的專家寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)修改自己的作文。值得提醒考生們注意的是，在模擬階段一定要嚴(yán)格控制好時(shí)間，20分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇綜合作文，30分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇獨(dú)立作文，全程從綜合作文的閱讀開(kāi)始至獨(dú)立作文完成結(jié)束，一共不得超過(guò)1個(gè)小時(shí)。通過(guò)貼近真實(shí)考試情況的模擬，考生們能更好地適應(yīng)考試規(guī)則，也降低了因?yàn)榫o張、疏于打字練習(xí)、常用詞拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤等原因而造成失誤的幾率。
本書(shū)的第三章《托福作文的語(yǔ)篇要素》總結(jié)了遣詞造句方面的一些技巧，也例舉了常見(jiàn)的失誤。通過(guò)對(duì)比本章里列出的修改前和修改后的100個(gè)句子，考生們逐漸學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)并修正用詞不準(zhǔn)、語(yǔ)言貧乏、句式單調(diào)、漢語(yǔ)思維等問(wèn)題。我強(qiáng)烈建議同學(xué)們反復(fù)閱讀此章節(jié)，并將學(xué)到的句子修改技巧運(yùn)用到自己的習(xí)作里，以此學(xué)以致用，一定收效甚豐。
總 結(jié)
簡(jiǎn)而言之，選錯(cuò)了參考書(shū)，不僅是金錢(qián)上的損失，更重要的是寶貴的時(shí)間和精力上損失，決不能掉以輕心;也不要置參考書(shū)于不顧，舍小錢(qián)而失高分，得不償失。有了好書(shū)，考生就如虎添翼。在選擇新托福寫(xiě)作參考書(shū)的時(shí)候，不僅要注意挑選可信賴的出版社和有實(shí)力的作者，而且要注意各書(shū)的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)。在條件允許的情況下，合理地搭配使用參考書(shū)，才能起到事半功倍的效果。本文推薦的三本書(shū)都是由國(guó)內(nèi)頂尖學(xué)術(shù)出版社出版的托福培訓(xùn)專家的心血，讀者們可根據(jù)自己的需要挑選、鑒賞。最后，祝考生們能挑到好書(shū)、獲得高分，并祝前程似錦!
托福寫(xiě)作字?jǐn)?shù)和時(shí)間如何安排 快來(lái)看官方發(fā)布的備考攻略
總分達(dá)到了目標(biāo)院校要求，但寫(xiě)作部分小分還差一分才達(dá)標(biāo)?閱讀聽(tīng)力都 25+，寫(xiě)作卻遲遲沒(méi)有起色?別擔(dān)心!托福考試寫(xiě)作攻略在此呈上!
首先，讓我們來(lái)了解一下托福考試寫(xiě)作部分的考試內(nèi)容：
托福寫(xiě)作部分考查考生在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中的英文寫(xiě)作能力。通?？忌枰谜n上學(xué)到的知識(shí)寫(xiě)論文和作文。這要求考生能夠?qū)⒄n堂，講座內(nèi)容與閱讀教材和其他材料相結(jié)合，這種類型的寫(xiě)作被稱為綜合寫(xiě)作。在這種寫(xiě)作題型中，考生必須:
? 對(duì)聽(tīng)到和看到的材料做筆記，在寫(xiě)作前利用筆記組織信? 準(zhǔn)確地從原文材料中總結(jié)、釋義和引用信息
? 寫(xiě)出聽(tīng)到的信息與讀到的信息之間是如何聯(lián)系的
考生還必須會(huì)寫(xiě)表達(dá)并支持自己觀點(diǎn)的論文，這種類型被稱為獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作。在這種寫(xiě)作題型中，考生需要依據(jù)自身的知識(shí)和經(jīng)歷表達(dá)并支持一種觀點(diǎn)。
無(wú)論是綜合寫(xiě)作還是獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作，都需要遵循一定的寫(xiě)作規(guī)則。眾所周知，一篇文章有三個(gè)基本組成部分：引言、主體和結(jié)論。那么如何將這三個(gè)部分完美地銜接在一起，寫(xiě)出一篇語(yǔ)句通順，邏輯清晰的文章呢?遵循下面五個(gè)步驟，讓你的文章改頭換面，更上一層樓!
1 理清文章思路
在開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作之前，先在草稿紙上寫(xiě)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的概要或提取一些關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，來(lái)幫助自己整理思路。這將有助于文章條理清晰。你也可以直接在電腦的答題區(qū)打出提綱或筆記，然后從這些點(diǎn)出發(fā)，擴(kuò)充寫(xiě)更多句子和段落使行文豐滿。
2 確定主要論點(diǎn)
論點(diǎn)是引導(dǎo)文章的主要思想或觀點(diǎn)，讀者可以從文章論點(diǎn)中了解你想要表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵信息。無(wú)需贅言，你只需用一句話闡明論點(diǎn)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要地表達(dá)論述思路即可。
3 注重寫(xiě)作質(zhì)量
不知道你在寫(xiě)作文時(shí)有沒(méi)有過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷：寫(xiě)著寫(xiě)著就剎不住筆，文章越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)而且偏離初衷。實(shí)際上，相較于冗長(zhǎng)的文章而言，寫(xiě)一篇結(jié)構(gòu)清楚、邏輯通順的文章來(lái)展現(xiàn)自身的語(yǔ)言掌握程度，往往得分會(huì)更高。
你也可以學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)秀文章、段落的組織方式。一個(gè)好的段落通常會(huì)在第一句(即主題句)提出論點(diǎn)，且整段均圍繞這一要點(diǎn)展開(kāi)論述，論點(diǎn)不同的各個(gè)段落組織在一起即強(qiáng)化文章的中心觀點(diǎn)。
試著盡可能使用短句，不同段落表達(dá)不同的觀點(diǎn)，注意段落之間的過(guò)渡銜接。
4 認(rèn)真仔細(xì)校對(duì)
帶上“火眼金睛”，要預(yù)留充足的時(shí)間來(lái)仔細(xì)閱讀寫(xiě)好的文章，盡可能找出你可能會(huì)犯的任何拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。
5 不斷計(jì)時(shí)練習(xí)
考試前，你可以用托福官網(wǎng)提供的免費(fèi)樣題來(lái)訓(xùn)練自己限時(shí)寫(xiě)作的能力。適當(dāng)練習(xí)后，相信在考試當(dāng)天你就不會(huì)因時(shí)間限制而感到緊張了。
為了確?？荚嚱^對(duì)公平，托福寫(xiě)作采用 eRater 自動(dòng)化評(píng)分技術(shù)輔助人工評(píng)分的方式，以全面準(zhǔn)確地反映應(yīng)試者的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力。將評(píng)分員對(duì)作文內(nèi)容和意義的理解及自動(dòng)化評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的評(píng)分結(jié)合在一起，確保了分?jǐn)?shù)的質(zhì)量和高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
正因如此，托福考試能幫助你在申請(qǐng)者中脫穎而出，向?qū)W校展示你身上額外獨(dú)具的閃光點(diǎn)。大學(xué)招生官會(huì)注意到這一點(diǎn)。
托福寫(xiě)作模板：選擇哪一類人合作更有效
題目：
Your teacher assigns a project to you, and you can select the members to work with.
--choose the members who think and work in similar ways
--choose the members who have totally different ideas
Which would you think is more effective to work with?
參考范文
It is more effective to complete a project with people who think and work in similar ways than to struggle to finish a task with people who have totally different ideas. Knowing each other and having similar interests facilitates the successful completion of a project.
Members who know each other well can divide the task and set up a reasonable working plan to ensure that the project will be completed on time. If members know the others’ strengths and weaknesses, they can decide which part to assign to which person to best get the task done. I specifically remember being in a team of three students who had to complete an assignment that included a written essay and a power point presentation. I was a good speaker but terrible at using the computer, so I gave the presentation. However, the power point slides were all generated by our friend who was shy but very capable with the computer. The third person was very detail-oriented, so she was the natural choice to organize the information into an essay.
Not only are team members who have similar ideas able to divide tasks effectively, but they also can create a solid common goal. If people are too different, it is hard to decide on a good thesis or theme, and the result might be a compromise that everyone is dissatisfied with. By contrast, people who think in similar ways can agree on a topic and develop it out, and it becomes very strong. In the assignment mentioned above, the three members quickly agreed on a common theme. We invested our working time into researching the theme rather than debating what to write about. Since we all were interested in the topic, we all invested our best efforts rather than just trying to get it over with, and the result was an A grade.
People with similar ideas and interests make the best team to solve a problem or complete a task because they know each other’s abilities, so canallot tasks accordingly. Even more important, they can select a topic that they are all interested in, so everyone wants to participate rather than do only the minimum to get the task done.
詞句積累
strengths and weaknesses 優(yōu)勢(shì)與劣勢(shì)
assign to 指派給
be very detail-oriented 非常注重細(xì)節(jié)
create a solid common goal 建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的共同目標(biāo)
invest our best efforts 投入我們最大的努力
get it over with 趕緊把事情做完
allot tasks accordingly 相應(yīng)地分配任務(wù)
托福寫(xiě)作模板：小學(xué)生學(xué)技術(shù)還是藝術(shù)
題目：An elementary school wants to increase the time on educating students technology (such as computers), which means that students will have less time for the study of music and art.
When it comes to spending the time on studying arts and music and the time on studying technology, which one do you think is better for elementary students?
范文1：Argument 1 (for)
I think it is important for elementary students to get a solid grounding in technology. Technology can help students learn to solve everyday problems, to interact with others, and to prepare for the working world.
First, technology is part of our everyday life, and becoming increasingly more so. If students do not know how to use computers, smart phones, and tablets, they cannot function adequately in this changing world. However, there is more to understanding technology than just typing in a question and reading the answer. Students must know how to escape from a frozen screen, remove and reset a jammed printer, and install new programs. Students who learn about technology gain the mental flexibility to solve basic problems like these. Instead of being stopped by a challenge, a technologically-aware student tries different ways to work around it. In other words, technology helps prepare a student to solve problems and face events that do not run exactly as planned.
Second, technology offers students a chance to interact with other students around the world. Through the internet, students in different countries can see each other and talk, or even collaborate on projects. This experience can bring other subjects such as geology to life because the students can talk with people their own age who are living in the place. Interaction can increase interest in skills such as learning a second language or increase awareness about history or art. Working with friends from around the world, the students gain a wider perspective and are less likely to succumb to prejudice and hatred based on race or nationality. Technology is the key to communication with others around the world.
Third, technology provides useful skills that are in demand by employers. Companies need employees who can manipulate data and operate machinery. Students who have these skills and are ready to work are more likely to be hired than students who do not. Therefore, elementary schools should help prepare students from an early age so that when they reach high school, they can operate spreadsheets, word processing programs, and specialized equipment. Students who go beyond the basics and learn to program, design, or assemble technological devices will be even more prepared to compete in the fast-paced working world.
It is essential for students to learn about technology so that they can capably solve problems, interact with others, and start preparing for the working world.
to get a solid grounding in technology 在技術(shù)方面打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)
become increasingly more so 變得越來(lái)越是如此
the mental flexibility 思維靈活性
a technologically-aware student 一個(gè)有技術(shù)意識(shí)的學(xué)生
gain a wider perspective 獲得更為廣闊的視角
succumb to 屈服于,屈從于
go beyond 超出,超越
范文2：Argument 2 (against)
Children need to have a well-rounded education that includes art and music. Art and music provide many skills that are foundational for further growth and development, physically, mentally, and emotionally, so they should be considered an essential part of any elementary school program.
Young children’s bodies are developing and changing very quickly. Arts can help children learn to use and control their bodies so that they can master more complex tasks in the future. For example, drawing, painting, and calligraphy require manual dexterity to control the pencil, brush, or pen. Children studying these things can learn to use their hands to complete precise tasks. Music offers another example of how children can learn to use their bodies: instruments such as flutes and woodwinds require careful control of breathing combined with fingering of keys. Arts are fun rather than repetitious, so these physical skills are acquired in an enjoyable way.
Arts can also help children improve their memory and concentration. Completing an artwork takes time, sometimes days or weeks, so children must concentrate to finish rather than justrushing on to a new activity . Scientific studies show that if you practice memorizing things such as the process of knitting or weaving, or the notes to perform a song, you can get better at memorization in the future. If children learn to focus on one project and memorize the steps needed to complete it, they will be better able to concentrate for long periods and complete difficult tasks in the future.
Finally, arts can help children develop emotionally. Arts do not have a “right” and “wrong” answer, so children can explore personal creativity. They can feel pride at accomplishing a project that is uniquely theirs. This self-esteem can give them confidence to try new activities without fear of “failing” because they made a mistake. Especially considering the pressures of the modern world, arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun. Arts provide a balance to the rigid programming of other elementary school classes such as math and spelling where it is essential to give the one correct answer.
Arts help children develop physically, mentally, and emotionally. Therefore, arts such as music, drawing, and painting are an essential part of elementary education.
a well-rounded education 全面的教育
manual dexterity 手部靈巧性
rush on to a new activity 匆忙地投入到一項(xiàng)新的活動(dòng)
arts can help children develop emotionally 藝術(shù)可以幫助孩子發(fā)展情感
self-esteem 自尊
arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun 藝術(shù)可以成為創(chuàng)造美 好或有趣事物的重要途徑
provide a balance to X 為X提供了平衡
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