托福寫作詞匯：dueto和becauseof的區(qū)別
托福寫作要解釋原因的時(shí)候我們常常會(huì)用到due to和because of，那么這兩者區(qū)別在哪里呢？下面一起來看看吧！
托福寫作詞匯：due to和because of的區(qū)別
due to和because of的區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)單概括一下上面的描述：
due to相當(dāng)于介詞。
due to和because of是同義詞，各種混用。
18世紀(jì)有一票人研究due和owing的區(qū)別，認(rèn)為due to不能作介詞。
due to就是介詞，就是介詞，就是介詞。
好吧，韋氏字典你贏了，下面當(dāng)然是……看看牛津字典怎么說：
簡(jiǎn)單概括一下上面的描述：
due to有一個(gè)意思是“由...引起的”
due to還有一個(gè)意思是“因?yàn)?..”所以說，牛津字典的觀點(diǎn)是due to既可以作形容詞，也可以作介詞。
下面我們?cè)賮砜纯碩he Economist Style Guide是怎么說的：
When used to mean caused by, due to must follow a noun, as in The cancellation, due to rain, of... Do not write It was cancelled due to rain. If you mean because of and for some reason are reluctant to say it, you probably want owing to. It was cancelled owing to rain is all right.
仔細(xì)想想上面這段話寫的不是很清晰，因?yàn)榘凑枕f氏字典和牛津字典的描述，It was cancelled due to rain是對(duì)的，只不過這里的due to是因?yàn)榈囊馑?，而不是?..引起的意思。
那我們看看GMAT官方解釋里說了啥：
這道題大家都比較熟悉，是OG2016的句子改錯(cuò)第30題，我們重點(diǎn)看看關(guān)于due to說了什么：
神馬?官方直接給due to定性為修飾名詞，意思是caused by。
讓我先平靜一下...
然后我在網(wǎng)上搜了一下，看到了www.thefreedictionary.com有這樣一段描述：
Usage Note: Due to has been widely used for many years as a compound preposition like owing to, but some criticshave insisted that due should be used only as an adjective. According to this view, it is incorrect to say The concertwas canceled due to the rain, but acceptable to say The cancellation of the concert was due to the rain, where duecontinues to function as an adjective modifying cancellation. Although there is still some support for this notion among members of the Usage Panel, the tide has turned toward accepting due to as a full-fledged preposition. Back in 1966,the "adverbial" use of due to (as in was canceled due to the rain) was rejected by 84 percent of the Panel. In our 2001survey, however, 60 percent accepted this construction. There is no linguistic reason to avoid using due to as apreposition, but English has a variety of ready substitutes, including because of, on account of, and owing to.
簡(jiǎn)單概括一下：
確實(shí)有一票人反對(duì)due to當(dāng)because of用，1966年這票人占比84%，2001年這票人占比只有40%了
語言上講沒必要避免使用due to作為介詞，但是可替代的詞多了，你干嘛非要跟due to干上了
托福寫作：解釋句，這么寫就對(duì)了!
解釋句主要是對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋，說明主題句為什么有道理。論證方式有正面論證和反面論證兩種。表達(dá)的主要邏輯關(guān)系有：因果、對(duì)比和假設(shè)。
表達(dá)原因的句型
第一句，As is known to all...，逗號(hào)，加上具體的原因，一個(gè)完整的句子。中文意思是眾所周知，后邊再加上一個(gè)眾所周知的原因就可以了。
第二句，是一個(gè)比較直接的表達(dá)，寫完主旨句之后，后邊加上The primary reason for this is that...，后邊再加上具體的原因。這個(gè)this就是指的前邊的主旨句。
第三句，同樣也是一個(gè)很直接的表達(dá)。寫完主旨句之后，點(diǎn)上句號(hào)，后邊再加上一個(gè)This is because，后邊再加 上一個(gè)具體的原因，就可以了。這三句話是一個(gè)非常直接的表達(dá)原因的方式。
① As is known to all, +具體的原因
② The primary reason for this is that …+具體的原因
③ This is because +具體的原因
表達(dá)原因的短語
第一個(gè)，短語due to，后邊要加上一個(gè)表示名詞的短語，加上逗號(hào)，再加上一個(gè)表達(dá)結(jié)果的、完整的句子，這樣構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的因果鏈。
第二個(gè)，把due to可以換成because of，后邊加上表達(dá)原因的名詞性短語，加上逗號(hào)，再加上一個(gè)結(jié)果就可以了。
總結(jié)
① due to+原因的名詞短語，+結(jié)果
② because of +原因的名詞短語+結(jié)果
表達(dá)結(jié)果的句型
第一個(gè)，前邊寫一個(gè)表達(dá)原因的名詞性的短語，再加上result in，再加上一個(gè)表達(dá)結(jié)果的名詞性短語，就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)表達(dá)結(jié)果的句型。簡(jiǎn)單的說就是，表達(dá)原因的名詞短語、表達(dá)結(jié)果的名詞短語，中間加上一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語result in，就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)因果鏈。
第二個(gè)，前邊寫一個(gè)句子表達(dá)原因，后邊加上逗號(hào)，(和)thereby doing，再加結(jié)果，最后加上句號(hào)，就可以了，這是表示結(jié)果的。
總結(jié)
①表達(dá)原因的名詞短語result in 表達(dá)結(jié)果的短語
②原因句, thereby doing +結(jié)果.
表達(dá)假設(shè)的句型
第一個(gè)，最簡(jiǎn)單的if條件句，加上逗號(hào)，再加上結(jié)果，構(gòu)成一個(gè)狀語從句。
第二個(gè)，大家看到都認(rèn)識(shí)，但是不常用，就是前邊你可以加上一個(gè)虛擬的結(jié)果，后邊加上一個(gè)unless，除非，再加上一個(gè)條件，就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)表達(dá)假設(shè)的句型。
總結(jié)
① if…+條件，結(jié)果
②一種虛擬的結(jié)果 + unless+條件
表達(dá)對(duì)比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞
沒有什么句式來表達(dá)對(duì)比，固定的句式你可以使用一些固定的關(guān)聯(lián)詞來表示對(duì)比。比如說，in contrast、on the other hand、however和but，這幾個(gè)短語都可以表示對(duì)比的邏輯。
總結(jié)
in contrast/on the other hand/however/but
我們用兩個(gè)例子來說一說如何使用句型來表示解釋，和如何使用短語來表達(dá)解釋。
第一個(gè)例子：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The food we eat today is much healthier than it was in the past.
現(xiàn)在食物更健康還是過去食物更健康。
主旨句是這樣的：
The first reason for less healthy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field.
現(xiàn)在食物不健康是因?yàn)橐恍┕I(yè)污染物污染了田里的莊稼。
接下來要解釋原因呢，這個(gè)地方說個(gè)句型，The primary reason for this is that...加上去之后表示原因是什么什么什么。nowadays more and more industrial plants are discharging some harmful substances into rivers or other waters,，現(xiàn)在越來越多的工廠排放了一些有害的物質(zhì)，在河流和其它水源當(dāng)中，這是第一個(gè)原因。
說完這個(gè)原因呢，還要再接著解釋這個(gè)原因，這種污染物是如何污染莊稼的：
and when the farmers utilize the tainted water to irrigate the crops,
如果農(nóng)民使用這些被污染的水來灌溉作物的話：
those pollutants would contaminate the food produced in the farmland.
所以說呢這些污染物就會(huì)污染農(nóng)田里的莊稼，這是第二個(gè)原因，基本把這個(gè)原因說清楚了。
接下來我做一下對(duì)比，和誰對(duì)比呢，這個(gè)題目是今昔對(duì)比，所以說我要和過去來做一下對(duì)比。用上一個(gè)表示對(duì)比的短語：
On the other hand，in the past, fewer factories were established, and less harmful materials were absorbed by the crops.
做一個(gè)對(duì)比，在過去工廠比較少，所以說莊稼可能吸收的污染物也比較少。
最后給個(gè)結(jié)論點(diǎn)題：
Therefore, foods today are possibly more hazardous for people's health.
最后的結(jié)論，現(xiàn)在的食物可能更有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，來完成了這個(gè)解釋部分。
全文總結(jié)
The first reason for less heathy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field. The primary reason for this is thatnowadays more and more industrial plants are discharging some harmful substances into rivers or other waters, 原因①and when the farmers utilize the tainted water to irrigate the crops, those pollutants will contaminate the food produced in the farmland. 原因② On the other hand,in the past, fewer factories were established, and less harmful materials were absorbed by the crops. (對(duì)比)Therefore, foods today are possibly more hazardous for people’s health. (結(jié)論)
第二個(gè)例子，我們用同樣的主旨句，我們換一種用短語來表達(dá)的結(jié)構(gòu)，你看一看哪種表達(dá)更適合你呢。
The first reason for less healthy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field.
同樣的topic sentence，寫短語表示原因我們可以用due to，Due to the harmful substances ，這加了個(gè)短語，中間加了個(gè)插入語such as wasted water，比如說一些廢水，廢水哪兒來的呢，后邊用一個(gè)released by more and more factories nowadays，這個(gè)地方用名詞短語來表達(dá)原因，里邊包含了插入語和過去分詞等語法現(xiàn)象。more pollutants are likely to contaminate the irrigation water， 導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是什么呢，更多的污染物可能會(huì)污染這種灌溉水源。
接下來，thereby making，注意逗號(hào)(在thereby之前)，導(dǎo)致的下一個(gè)結(jié)果是什么呢，more hazardous food produced in this tainted fields.，這就是更多有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的食物在這種被污染的土壤當(dāng)中被生產(chǎn)出來。
原因解釋完畢，接下來再和過去進(jìn)行對(duì)比，換個(gè)短語，However, farmlands were less possible to be polluted because of ...，再用短語，fewer factories in the past.，因?yàn)檫^去的工廠較少。
總結(jié)一下，點(diǎn)題As a result, foods today are possibly riskier for people’s health today，最后再點(diǎn)一下題，現(xiàn)在的食物在健康上比過去的食物在健康上更有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
全文總結(jié)
The first reason for less heathy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field. Due to the harmful substances, such as wasted water, released by more and more factories nowadays(名詞短語-表原因), more pollutants are likely to contaminate the irrigation water,(結(jié)果①) thereby making more hazardous food produced in this tainted fields.(結(jié)果②) However,farmlands were less possible to be polluted because of fewer factories in the past.As a result, foods today are possibly riskier for people’s health today..
你比較一下這兩個(gè)段落表達(dá)方式，第一個(gè)段落用的是句子來表達(dá)原因，第二個(gè)用的是短語。我個(gè)人比較喜歡使用短語，因?yàn)槭褂枚陶Z的話我不用考慮單復(fù)數(shù)，不用考慮時(shí)態(tài)。寫起來比較簡(jiǎn)練，也容易出彩。
但是如果你要掌握不好這種名詞性短語，那你使用句子來表示因果、表示對(duì)比、表示假設(shè)這種邏輯關(guān)系，也是完全沒有問題的。所以說，哪種適合你，你可以依據(jù)自己現(xiàn)在的情況來選擇一個(gè)適合自己的解釋句的寫法。希望大家回去之后，根據(jù)文字稿，好好去整理句型。希望大家都能夠?qū)懞靡粋€(gè)比較出彩的、比較有邏輯的解釋句。
托福獨(dú)立寫作模板
托福寫作論證篇
1、模糊論證
Range from...
2、舉例論證
●自己的例子
I can think of no better illustration than the example of my own visit to Singapore. Only after going shopping on Orchard road, the main shopping district in Singapore,did I realize what "a paradise for shopping”really was. Only after roaming in the City Hall,the financial center of Singapore, did I experience the quick pace of modern life. Only after lying on the beach of Sentosa did I know about the Singaporean typical way of spending leisure time.
●社會(huì)的例子
For example, on account of the advent of the technologically advanced society, employers tend to hire people equipped with a wide range of knowledge rather than the ones with limited knowledge.
3、數(shù)據(jù)論證
I can think of no better illustration than the statistic. Experts from
the Department of Sociology in Peking University pointed out that
the average sleeping time an adult has everyday, compared with 8
hours in the 1970s, has decreased t0 6.8 hours due to the busy
work and study.
4、引用論證(開頭)
5、假想論證
托福寫作語言篇
1、基本句型
●因果
On account of/owing to/due to+ N
For the reason that/as/since+句子
It is due to_____that
eg:It is due to his persistence and perseverance that he eventually reached his acme.(琨調(diào)句)
derive/arise/stem from來源于
eg:His success derives from his persistence and perseverance.
ascribe A to B歸結(jié)于
eg: His success can be ascribed/attributed to his persistence and perseverance
●條件
A serves as a catalyst for B(our further success)
If/on condition that/provided that /as long as _____
●讓步
Despite the fact that/regardless of
2、經(jīng)典句型
●倒裝
compete
1) Only via(by/through /with/when/after)_____do/did/can we_____
ef: Only after going to the beach of Hawaii will I know about American typical type of spending leisure time.
2) Hardly/Seldom/Scarcely can_____
ef: Hardly can we imagine a world/our life without /devoid of
3_) So +adj+主謂倒裝+that_____
4) Not only主謂倒裝but also_____
eg: Not only should education prepare children to compete not only do people care their economic needs,they but also want to meet their spiritual needs.
5) 0n no account主謂倒裝(決不…)
●強(qiáng)調(diào)
It is/was_that/who(m)....
●插入語
l)限制性副詞 probably/directly or indirectly/to some(a large) extent
2)N+，ving，+V
3)同位語
3、經(jīng)典中的經(jīng)典
● 排比
1)It is tourism that gives me the opportunity to know the culture of this dynamic, robust and alive country.
2)It is computers that make our life diverse,convenient,dynamic/ vibrant , with which our life would probably pale.
3) A/which needs to be/in this way, A can be readily accepted, respected,appreciated and advocated.
4) Only via university education can we have systematic knowledge concerning arts and science.Only via university education can we know the essence of symbiosis and collaboration. And Only via university education can we meet the demands of society and make our future success inevitable.
●十大副詞
1) Considerably
2) Invariably
3) Undoubtedly/indisputably/incontrovertibly
4) Increasingly
Most/exceedingly/exceptionally格外地
6) Insightfully富有見底地
7) Regrettably
8) Effectively and efficiently
9) Gradually and eventually
10) Readily
●其他
It is not difficult for us to imagine that不難想象
2) B makes it possible for us to have an universal access to A/A is readily available.A容易得到
3)In order to survive and thrive in this fiercely competitive society, people have no choice but to work and study hard.
4) Ruthless and relentless 無形 /fierce and intense competition
The ruthless and relentless competition imposes an unprecedented pressure on each and every individual, and therefore, there is no exaggeration to say that our innovative and inventive ability can lay a solid foundation for our future, enabling us to survive and thrive in the modern world.
5) Inspiration, aspiration and perspiration
6) Vision,passion and mission
托福寫作結(jié)構(gòu)篇
1、開頭
Sample one(適用于有一些背or有一個(gè)中心詞而且編得出來那個(gè)quotation的所有情況(二選一，agree or disagree，除了個(gè)別);
On contemporary society(一般的背景)/ With the advent of the technologically advanced
society (the information explosive era (與科技有關(guān)的背景)，_(中心詞)servers as a catalyst for our future success/_ is synonymous with knowledge and the road to success /_ plays an essential/increasingly important role in .../_ is enjoying an increasingly high popularity among people 很簡(jiǎn)單的一句背景
However, people (universities, government, citizen, society, government,) are/is invariably faced with such a question/ can't help wondering:改寫題目1.Confucian (Yu Qiuyu, Mark Twain, William Shakespeare), (one of) the greatest and most influential Chinese philosophers (scholars,
educators, writers, thinkers, statesmen), has insightfully commented,”"I cling to an unshakeable belief that his comment gives the answer to this question:
改寫題目2.Among countless factors which contribute to my position are following conspicuous ones(最后一定排比結(jié)尾，且如果字?jǐn)?shù)夠了這一句就不要).
要做的：想一句簡(jiǎn)單的背景+編一句名言+改寫兩次題目
Sample two:(如果sample one的名言編不出來或者不適合編如leisure time，就用下面的)
On contemporary society(-般的背景)/ With the advent of the technologically advanced society (the information explosive era (與科技有關(guān)的背景)/ On account of…，_(中心詞)serves as a catalyst for our future success/_ is synonymous with knowledge and the road to success/_ is plays an essential / increasingly important role in ... /_ is enjoying an increasingly high popularity among people./很簡(jiǎn)單的一句背景(如 so...that.../not only...but also). However, when it comes to the choice between AA and BB/When asked about whether 改寫題目1,people get into a dilemma. According to my personality and experiences/As far as I am concerned/From my perspective, I cling to an unshakeable belief that改寫題目2.以下最后決定怎樣寫：Among countless factors which contribute to my position are following conspicuous ones(最后一定排比結(jié)尾)/AA not only…but also(2)/There are various merits AA brings about, first of all, to...; secondly, to...;and lastly. . .(3).
要做的：想一句簡(jiǎn)單的背景+ 改寫兩次題目+總起(最后寫)
2、分點(diǎn)一：分層論證
Basic to any understanding of the benefits we can get from_____
is that_____/ First and foremost,
On one hand_____, On the other hand_____
Besides/ What's more/ In addition.
這一段主要說理，在分論點(diǎn)里可以加一些小的例子細(xì)節(jié)，重點(diǎn)是要用一些精華句子!
3、分點(diǎn)二：舉例論證
Further lending credence to my position is that_______
(簡(jiǎn)單闡述/例子字不夠就多講點(diǎn)廢話)I can think of no better illustration than the example of (典型例子 ) /A case in point is that (不是很典型_______ ……(例子見后面)一句話總結(jié)例子：As a result，強(qiáng)調(diào)句/倒裝句/表利弊的句型/反面論證如果沒有會(huì)怎樣
4、讓步段：
Agree or disagree: Admittedly,_____ ,to some extent, may directly or indirectly_____ /has its undeniable detriments. For instance,_____However, the valuable merits of_____ considerably overshadow the drawbacks/ on no account_____./
二選一: Admittedly,BB also has certain merits which deserve some words here.For example,____【字?jǐn)?shù)不夠就多講點(diǎn))However，BB的缺點(diǎn)或AA也可以做到.Compared with AA, (which 可以總結(jié)所有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或針對(duì)BB的一方面，) it pales.
5、結(jié)尾段：
Therefore, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any single one of them(字不夠了用), I reinforce my stand point that改寫題目3Only via(by/through /with/when/after) _____can we_____;
only via(by/through /with/when/after) _____can we_____;
and only via(by/through /with/when/after)_____can we_____;
Or It is A that...;it is A that...;and it is A that_(不好寫或顯得累贅就不要了)
托福寫作詞匯：due to和because of的區(qū)別相關(guān)文章：
2.托福作文的詞句積累:好詞好句之領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力
3.常用英語短語
托福寫作詞匯：dueto和becauseof的區(qū)別
