怎么寫好托福獨(dú)立寫作雙觀點(diǎn)作文
針對(duì)大家所關(guān)心的怎么寫好托福獨(dú)立寫作雙觀點(diǎn)作文這個(gè)問(wèn)題，小編現(xiàn)在和你們分享一些小技巧。
托福獨(dú)立寫作主體段寫法技巧——雙觀點(diǎn)篇
托福獨(dú)立寫作對(duì)于很多托?？忌鷣?lái)說(shuō)是取得高分難以逾越的一道鴻溝，這不僅需要大量的練習(xí)，還需掌握其中的訣竅。今天，新東方在線的閆玲娟老師為各位考生帶來(lái)托福獨(dú)立寫作主題段雙觀點(diǎn)的寫法點(diǎn)撥，希望對(duì)各位考生有所幫助。
通常對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫作我們都會(huì)選擇五段式的結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)包括三個(gè)主體段，按照題型我們可以將寫作類型分為三個(gè)：支持反對(duì)類(單觀點(diǎn))、對(duì)比比較類(雙觀點(diǎn))、自主定義類。今天，閆玲娟老師跟各位考生分析一下有關(guān)雙觀點(diǎn)類題目的寫作技巧，下面是一道典型的題目：
? Topic 2008.11.9
? Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’s behavior.
電影電視對(duì)于青少年行為的影響利大于弊。
題目中明顯要求就電視的優(yōu)點(diǎn)以及缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較，我們暫且用A、B表示兩個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn)
1.A+A+B
雙關(guān)的寫作的第一種寫法是運(yùn)用兩個(gè)正向的論點(diǎn)去支撐A，再用一個(gè)論點(diǎn)去支持B，因?yàn)锳的優(yōu)勢(shì)更大一些，所以最終得出A更合適的結(jié)果。
? Topic 2008.11.9
? Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’s behavior.
電影電視對(duì)于青少年行為的影響利大于弊。
? Agree:
? The positive influence outweighs their negative effects.
? Large quantities of motion pictures (movies) about encouragement strengthen young generation’s willpower to chase dreams with determination.
? Influenced by a number of interesting TV programs, young people begin to learn things that they used to feel boring.
? Admittedly, we should not ignore that there are some violent plots which tend to result in teenage crimes.However, this kind of movie makes up only a small section of products in film industry and is under the strict control of government. Therefore, its influence is quite limited.
我們可以看到，在這種寫法中，我們所支持的觀點(diǎn)為電影電視是利大于弊的。前兩個(gè)理由我們先正向拋出兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)說(shuō)明為什么它們對(duì)青年人的影響利大于弊，最后一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)我們寫讓步段，先承認(rèn)它們的確有可能對(duì)青年人行為產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的引導(dǎo)，但是其后又對(duì)這些錯(cuò)誤影響做一些彌補(bǔ)，因?yàn)橛胸?fù)面影響的節(jié)目只是整個(gè)電影市場(chǎng)的一小部分，不能夠以偏概全，斷章取義。
2.A+A-B
我們介紹的第二種寫法是，先用兩個(gè)正向的論點(diǎn)支持A，再用一個(gè)論點(diǎn)去反對(duì)B，最終得出A更適合的結(jié)果。
? Topic: Some people argue that the government should not spend money on public services and facilities, but on arts.
? 有一部分人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該花更多的錢在公共服務(wù)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施上，而非藝術(shù)上。
? Public facilities, widely accepted as the main foundation to a city’s development, should be one of the highest priorities.
? In addition to social benefits, there are a great number of economic merits that …
? Arts is a key component of culture and naturally passed down from one generation to generation, while public facilities require the spending of government to survive.
這種讓步段寫法是分解了公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及藝術(shù)的基本特征，藝術(shù)是一種自然流傳的形式，千百年來(lái)優(yōu)秀的書(shū)法、繪畫、音樂(lè)、文學(xué)作品得以傳世靠的不是當(dāng)局的支持，而是源于它的本質(zhì)，所以才被歷史所選擇。相比之下，公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相形見(jiàn)絀，試想如果政府沒(méi)有資金投入，它是不可能維持下去的。
托福獨(dú)立寫作十大經(jīng)典句型
第一、定語(yǔ)從句
這應(yīng)該算是寫作中最常用的一種句型之一。適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句可以給你的文章增色不少。
例如，下面的這兩個(gè)句子用上定語(yǔ)從句馬上就變成了一個(gè)漂亮的復(fù)雜句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. source:veduchina
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
第二、狀語(yǔ)從句
在寫作當(dāng)中運(yùn)用的最多的是以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句，即原因狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
1. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：常由because, as, since和for引導(dǎo)
Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.
盡管如此，我還是贊成太空探險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗暮锰庍h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于壞處。
2. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引導(dǎo)
Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點(diǎn)被廣泛接受，很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點(diǎn)、任何年齡進(jìn)行。
3. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：常由if, on the condition that和providing that引導(dǎo)
Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. source:veduchina
假如你要取得成就或要實(shí)現(xiàn)你的雄心壯志，你必須努力工作、艱苦奮斗、準(zhǔn)備好條件。
4. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：常由when和while引導(dǎo)
Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說(shuō)到教育，大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
5. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句: 常由so that和in order that引導(dǎo)
Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上萬(wàn)的人們不得不花費(fèi)更多的精力和時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識(shí)，使得他們?cè)诰蜆I(yè)市場(chǎng)能保持優(yōu)勢(shì)。
第三、賓語(yǔ)從句
Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.
一些人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境污染負(fù)主要責(zé)任。
Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it. source:veduchina
許多專家指出這是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展必然的結(jié)果，無(wú)法避免。
第四、同位語(yǔ)從句
Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.環(huán)境污染變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重是不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)。
Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)這一基本事實(shí)：對(duì)于一般工人來(lái)講，輕松掌握這些技術(shù)是不可能的。
第五、主語(yǔ)從句
Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.
值得注意的是農(nóng)村和城市的生態(tài)環(huán)境都在不斷惡化。
Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole. source:veduchina
眾所周知，環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題是中國(guó)乃至世界面臨的最為嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題之一。
第六、強(qiáng)調(diào)句: It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容 + that
Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.
汽車和工廠排放大量的廢氣，使得環(huán)境被污染。
第七、倒裝句
Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.
只有政府采取適當(dāng)?shù)?a href='http://www.athomedrugdetox.com/fwn/cuoshi/' target='_blank'>措施，這個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題才能被解決。
第八、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.
人們應(yīng)竭盡全力來(lái)保護(hù)我們賴以生存的環(huán)境。
第九、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞
Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries. source:veduchina
旅游業(yè)是一個(gè)新興的行業(yè)，它成為經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要來(lái)源, 在很多東南亞國(guó)家起著尤為重要的作用。
Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.
具體來(lái)說(shuō)，政府應(yīng)該出臺(tái)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)對(duì)制造大量污染物的工廠及故意亂扔垃圾隨地吐痰的人進(jìn)行嚴(yán)懲。
第十、插入語(yǔ)
一種獨(dú)立成分,與句子的其它成分一般沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法上的關(guān)系，大都是對(duì)一句話作一些附加說(shuō)明或解釋。它通常由一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子構(gòu)成，位置較為靈活，可置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi)。
Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.
電腦，我們生活中必不可少的一部分，給我們帶來(lái)了極大的方便。
Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.
大學(xué)生，沒(méi)有社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，容易上當(dāng)受騙。
結(jié)語(yǔ)：有了這十大句型，寫作還有什么可怕的呢?只要你多多練習(xí)，熟練掌握這些句型并靈活運(yùn)用到寫作中去，想要在雅思或托福寫作部分得到一個(gè)比較滿意的分?jǐn)?shù)將不再是一個(gè)遙不可及的夢(mèng)想。
托福寫作中用詞的十大策略
這里的宏觀是就一篇文章的框架結(jié)構(gòu)而言的，而微觀是指一篇文章的語(yǔ)篇要素，即文章中表達(dá)意義的微觀單位，包括單詞、短語(yǔ)和句子。語(yǔ)篇要素運(yùn)用的純熟，能很好地反映一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)言修養(yǎng)，準(zhǔn)確的用詞、多樣化的句式結(jié)構(gòu)以及精妙得體的修辭會(huì)使整篇文章熠熠生輝，極富感染力。
寫作中用詞不準(zhǔn)確是很容易犯的毛病，good，terrible，see，nice，kind，greatly，think，know，something 等詞匯在學(xué)生作文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。這些詞本身并沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，是英語(yǔ)常用詞，但是它們表達(dá)的意思過(guò)于模糊，很多情況下，應(yīng)該使用意義更加準(zhǔn)確的詞。況且，學(xué)生老是使用這幾個(gè)詞會(huì)給人以表達(dá)形式單調(diào)，詞匯量貧乏，文章缺乏感染力的印象。
下面的一些例子，通過(guò)換用一、兩個(gè)準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)的詞語(yǔ)或是運(yùn)用一些固定搭配及習(xí)語(yǔ)就使整個(gè)句子增色不少。
1.Original: Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and helpyou to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be kind.
Revised: Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience andhelp you to understand other people’s feelings andlearn to be considerate.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
add，kind表達(dá)的含義都比較寬泛。
add可以指數(shù)量上的增加，也可以指程度的加強(qiáng)，對(duì)于“豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)、增加知識(shí)”這個(gè)意思，用enrich會(huì)使表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確。
kind從字面意義上講是“好的、善良的”，用kind來(lái)形容人無(wú)法具體地表現(xiàn)出一個(gè)人的性格特征到底怎樣，原句中是想表達(dá)“考慮周到、體貼入微”的特點(diǎn)，要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)這個(gè)含義應(yīng)選擇considerate。
2. Original:Science and technology have greatly influenced our lives and our society ischanging very rapidly.
Revised:Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives and, as aresult, society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
greatly，rapidly 屬于常用詞，表示程度高、速度快，這樣的詞在表達(dá)效果上不夠具體，缺乏說(shuō)服力，在修改后的句子中用了pervade every aspect of our lives就具體生動(dòng)地表現(xiàn)出科技的影響力到底有多大，其影響力已滲透到我們生活的方方面面，at a speed which is quite unprecedented意為“以一種前所未有的速度”，形象地道出了變化速度之快。
3.Original: Young people tend to think that real life is as nice and interestingas it is in the novels and movies, while more experienced adults think thiskind of naive daydream will only be destroyed by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to common everyday life.
Revised:Young people tend to think that real life is as dramatic and fascinating as itis in the novels and movies, while more experienced adults think this kind ofnaive daydream will only be destroyed by later experiences and every one shouldlearn to get used to tedious everyday life.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
nice，interesting，common都屬于普通詞匯，用到句子中也顯得平淡蒼白。nice的意思是“好的，令人愉快的”，interesting是“有趣的”，這兩個(gè)詞都不能準(zhǔn)確地描繪出年輕人所憧憬的美好生活，句中想表達(dá)的是年輕人認(rèn)為生活如同小說(shuō)、電影一般充滿戲劇變化，激動(dòng)人心，要體現(xiàn)這層含義應(yīng)該用dramatic，fascinating。dramatic表示“刺激的，戲劇性的，給人深刻印象的”，fascinating表示“具有強(qiáng)烈吸引力的，迷人的，使人神魂顛倒的”，這兩個(gè)詞的程度要比nice，interesting深得多，表現(xiàn)力也更強(qiáng)。
原句用common表達(dá)實(shí)際的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的枯燥無(wú)味是不準(zhǔn)確的，common的意思是“普通的，平常的”，普通平常的東西不一定是枯燥的，tedious是表示“(因過(guò)長(zhǎng)、過(guò)慢或單調(diào))令人厭倦的，煩人的”，恰好傳達(dá)出現(xiàn)實(shí)生活由于瑣碎和重復(fù)而變得索然無(wú)味這種含義。
4.Original: You should compete to live in this society.
Revised:You should compete for survival; otherwise, you will be thrown out of the tideof society.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
原句平平淡淡，只是告訴人們要在社會(huì)立足，必須競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，但這樣一句簡(jiǎn)單的勸告似乎缺乏說(shuō)服力，修改后的句子用了compete for survival，為了生存而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，而且后面又添加了一個(gè)并列分句，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明了如果不compete的后果就是be thrown out of the tide ofsociety，被社會(huì)的浪潮所淘汰，使用這些更加具體深刻的詞匯能夠形象生動(dòng)地表現(xiàn)出競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的慘烈。
5.Original:I really believe that smoking is harmful to people’s health.
Revised:I have a profound conviction that smoking is harmful to people’s health.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
conviction的意思是“堅(jiān)定的看法或信仰”，have a profound conclusion表示對(duì)某種看法深信不疑，作文中提出觀點(diǎn)的句子用have a profound conclusion會(huì)比用believe態(tài)度更堅(jiān)決，立場(chǎng)更鮮明，而且believe這個(gè)詞非常簡(jiǎn)單，是英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者就應(yīng)掌握的詞匯，換成have aprofound conclusion立即增加了句子的復(fù)雜程度，體現(xiàn)了較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。類似的提出觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)還有：
Ihold a point of view that…
Ihold the opinion that…
6.Original:We know that sometimes success is measured by how much money you earn.
Revised:It does not surprise us to discover that sometimes success is measured in termsof the money you earn.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
如上句的believe一樣，know也是非常初級(jí)的詞匯，作文中出現(xiàn)I believe that…，I know that…這樣的表達(dá)只能體現(xiàn)考生寫作技巧的稚嫩，用It does not surprise us to discover that…替換Weknow that…并沒(méi)有改變?cè)涞暮x，卻使全句頓時(shí)增添了亮點(diǎn)。
7.Original: We all know that most factories would be of no use ifthere were not clean water supply.
Revised:It goes without saying that most factories would be of no use if there were notclean water supply.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
同上例一樣，know這樣的初級(jí)詞匯應(yīng)避免在作文中使用，It goes without sayingthat…是一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“……是不言而喻的”，常在作文中用來(lái)引經(jīng)據(jù)典或表明一個(gè)盡人皆知的道理，類似的表達(dá)還有：
Anold saying goes that…
Proverbgoes that…
Itis universally acknowledged that…
Itis generally accepted that…
8.Original:Some other people think that people should read extensively.
Revised:Another position says that people should read extensively.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
同know，believe一樣，think也應(yīng)該盡量避免使用，修改后的句子中是用Another position says that…代替think提出另一種觀點(diǎn)，也可以用hold a point of view，hold the opinion這樣的短語(yǔ)替換。
9.Original:The unexpected win of the match give us confidence.
Revised:The unexpected win of the match boost our confidence.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
give也屬于英語(yǔ)中最初級(jí)、最基本的詞匯，只表示“給，給予”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，不涉及動(dòng)作的性質(zhì)和狀態(tài)，若表示增添信心，增強(qiáng)士氣，比較地道的說(shuō)法是用boost confidence/morale，如：The change ofmanagement has boosted morale throughout the company. 管理模式的改變使整個(gè)公司上下士氣倍受鼓舞。
10.Original:The use of drugs has increased greatly in the last ten years.
Revised:The use of drugs has increased significantly in the last ten years.
亮點(diǎn)評(píng)析
greatly是一般用語(yǔ)，表示程度高，“很，非?！保褂孟喈?dāng)普遍而沒(méi)有新意，在寫作中應(yīng)盡量避免使用這些通俗而又陳舊的詞匯，應(yīng)換用一些更加正式，更有說(shuō)服力的詞語(yǔ)，例如significantly表示達(dá)到了非常重要的或可觀的程度，“重大的，可觀的”，能夠具體說(shuō)明藥品使用方面，增長(zhǎng)幅度巨大。significantly還可以替換成considerably，tremendously等，同樣具有不錯(cuò)的表達(dá)效果。
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