托福寫作要寫標(biāo)題嗎
托福作文要不要寫標(biāo)題?有一些同學(xué)還不知道，下面小編就給大家解答一下!
托福寫作要寫標(biāo)題嗎
不需要!給文章取一個(gè)美好的名字，這是我們中國學(xué)生寫作文的要求，但是對(duì)于托福作文來說。
一方面想題目需要花很長的時(shí)間，占用我們寫文章主體的時(shí)間。
另一方面寫題目不加分，不寫題目不減分。因此，寫題目完全是得不償失。托福作文會(huì)不會(huì)考查很偏的題目?
托福綜合寫作的開頭段模板
In this argument, the arguer concludes that ______. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that______. In addition, the arguer reasons that_____.This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
In this argument, the arguer recommends that_____.To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that ____. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that _____. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.
In this analysis, the arguer claims that ____. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example that____. In addition, the arguer assumes that ____. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
In this argument, the arguer advocates that ____. The recommendation is based on the observation that_____. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that____. The argument is problematic for two reasons.
The conclusion in this argument is that_____. In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that _____.Moreover, the arguer assumes that_____. This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.
托福綜合寫作的結(jié)尾段模板
In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is in valid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that_____. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that_____. Otherwise, the arguer is simply begging the question throughout the argument.
To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that_____. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning____.
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that ____. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to _____.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning that_____.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to _____. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that____. To better evaluate the argument, we need more information about that____.
托福寫作中的常見審題誤區(qū)
審題，是寫作的步，卻經(jīng)常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只著眼于如何寫出漂亮的句子和高級(jí)的詞匯，而沒有搞清寫作的本質(zhì)--考察學(xué)生針對(duì)某一話題進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確連貫表述的能力。這也是為什么很多同學(xué)雖然英語不弱，在托?？荚嚨莫?dú)立部分中卻只能拿到fair或good當(dāng)中較低的4分。那么，到底怎樣才能更加容易地拿到獨(dú)立寫作的滿分呢?筆者今天將通過列舉以往考過的真題進(jìn)行解析，告訴大家如何審題，換句話說，如何使高分變得更加achievable。
審題誤區(qū) 忽略關(guān)鍵詞
同學(xué)們考寫作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫，其實(shí)，這種看似"熟練"的表象下藏著巨大的隱患--同學(xué)們很有可能因?yàn)榭吹锰於雎阅硞€(gè)決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個(gè)題目，同學(xué)們立刻會(huì)開始想，有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條如：1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個(gè)寫法看起來非常完備，但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤--題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)"main"，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明。或者，更簡(jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the onlymain cause? 這樣一來，就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了，事實(shí)上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個(gè)題目，很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take morespecializedcourses(專業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開始論述，如果沒有實(shí)過習(xí)，在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助).如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而，括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來講，是不能支持"more"這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子："我們需要錢"和"我們需要更多錢"在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明"我們需要錢"，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)
闡述錢的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明"我們需要更多錢"，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在"錢不夠"的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實(shí)上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學(xué)們?cè)趯懳恼碌臅r(shí)候一定要注意，學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個(gè)well-organized system，這個(gè)system中很重要的原則之二就是--1、每個(gè)中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個(gè)例子中，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯(cuò)誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯(cuò)誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的，但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞"more"無關(guān)，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯(cuò)誤的起因，則是對(duì)題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。
審題誤區(qū)NO.2 誤解關(guān)鍵詞
與忽略關(guān)鍵詞的人不同，有些同學(xué)過于執(zhí)著于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，而沒能看出其背后的implication，從而被關(guān)鍵詞限制住思路，無法下筆。比起忽略關(guān)鍵詞，這種錯(cuò)誤更常發(fā)生在細(xì)心且實(shí)力不錯(cuò)的同學(xué)身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫文章的時(shí)候要靈活，不要拘泥于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來也很難用英文表達(dá)。例如：
例3：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary schooleducation than on university education.
題目的意思是說，比起投資大學(xué)教育，政府應(yīng)該在小學(xué)教育上投入更多的資金?？吹竭@個(gè)題，同學(xué)們會(huì)有不同的看法，大體來講無非是兩種--認(rèn)為university education應(yīng)該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀點(diǎn)都是不容易的。比如說，有些同學(xué)可能會(huì)這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.
3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的，然而在展開的時(shí)候困難重重--個(gè)點(diǎn)里說Pupils的數(shù)量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實(shí)，可是pupil人均所需要的經(jīng)費(fèi)卻肯定比university students少，關(guān)鍵的是，我們并沒有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐;第二點(diǎn)里說校友或社會(huì)人士的支持使得大學(xué)在財(cái)政方便面比小學(xué)要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個(gè)沒有數(shù)據(jù)就無法證明的觀點(diǎn);第三點(diǎn)里說elementary school education是university education的基礎(chǔ)所以前者就應(yīng)當(dāng)比后者得到更多的預(yù)算，這是一個(gè)典型的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，因此在段落展開的時(shí)候?qū)?huì)十分困難。A是B的基礎(chǔ)并不意味著要為A花更多的錢?？傊?，錢本身就是一個(gè)可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學(xué)之所以在寫的時(shí)候覺得自己的文章很牽強(qiáng)，就是因?yàn)榘言撐漠?dāng)成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會(huì)給出數(shù)據(jù)讓我們來分析的。那么，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，這種題目該怎么寫呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實(shí)，題目并不是要我們?nèi)ビ懻撃姆N教育應(yīng)該花更多的錢，而是讓我們?nèi)?duì)比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應(yīng)該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：
(Main idea)I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn. 2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equip them with excellent knowledge for jobs and good communication skills.
(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensableandirreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid tosay that anyone of them deserves more money than the other.
其實(shí)，審題僅僅是寫作考試的步，在這之后還有構(gòu)思、尋找素材、語言表達(dá)等一系列步驟。在以后的文章中，筆者將會(huì)對(duì)這些內(nèi)容進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的論述，告訴大家如何寫出符合滿分要求又achievable的文章。后，附上筆者所作范文一篇(例2)，供大家參考。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They can take specialized courses, and they can participate in internships, and they can also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for students, there is still more they can do.
Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the quantity of teachers and professors are not improved that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain. Many students are disappointed by teachers who know nothing but reading books. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire.
Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are always too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months' internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend "active clubs" like Student Union, and member of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the Student Union only.
University students today are very lucky to have opportunities to increase their knowledge of their challenges in the future, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them well prepared for the fiercecompetition ahead.
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