托福寫作掌握這“2+3”：你的句子邏輯再也不會(huì)錯(cuò)
托福寫作的句子邏輯混亂怎么辦？為了幫助大家備考，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福寫作掌握這“2+3”：你的句子邏輯再也不會(huì)錯(cuò)，來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下吧！
托福寫作掌握這“2+3”：你的句子邏輯再也不會(huì)錯(cuò)!
今天來(lái)講一講句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，需要大家理解兩個(gè)概念、三種關(guān)系。
說(shuō)到句與句之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，大家都應(yīng)該聽(tīng)過(guò)一種說(shuō)法，叫“英文重形合，中文重意合”，聽(tīng)起來(lái)特別高大上。說(shuō)得簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)兒，意思就是說(shuō)，中文靠腦補(bǔ)，英文靠關(guān)聯(lián)。
舉個(gè)例子，小時(shí)候，我們都背過(guò)一首唐詩(shī)：“白日依山盡，黃河入海流，欲窮千里目，更上一層樓”。仔細(xì)觀察一下這四句詩(shī)，句與句之間沒(méi)有任何明顯的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞，它是靠句子和句子之間個(gè)含義來(lái)讓人讀懂的。這就是所謂的“中文靠意合”。
那如果這四句詩(shī)要用英文的連接方式來(lái)寫該怎么寫呢?得寫成“When白日依山盡，黃河入海流。if欲窮千里目，更上一層樓。”通過(guò)分析這四句詩(shī)你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這四個(gè)句子之間被加上了邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞。也就是說(shuō)英文這種語(yǔ)言是靠邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞來(lái)表達(dá)含義的。如果沒(méi)有邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的話，那可能句子理解起來(lái)就會(huì)有困難。
理解清楚了什么叫“形合”什么叫“意合”，那接下來(lái)，我們來(lái)我們引入今天我們要講的兩個(gè)重要概念。第一個(gè)叫“邏輯關(guān)系”，第二個(gè)叫“連接方式”。
兩個(gè)概念：
邏輯關(guān)系&連接關(guān)系
“邏輯關(guān)系”是句子含義與含義之間的關(guān)系。比如說(shuō)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、讓步、并列、遞進(jìn)，這種叫“邏輯關(guān)系”。不管什么語(yǔ)言，它都可能來(lái)表達(dá)這種含義之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。
“連接方式”指的是句子之間的密切程度，它靠什么詞兒來(lái)連接，就證明了這兩句話之間有不同的密切程度。同一種邏輯關(guān)系，可能有不同的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)，那表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的親疏程度也是不同的。
三個(gè)關(guān)系：
單句連單句 并列句 從句
第一種關(guān)聯(lián)方式，叫“單句連單句”。大家可以簡(jiǎn)單的記成“單+單”。舉個(gè)例子，“I love you. However, you do not love me.”，大家發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩句話是用句號(hào)來(lái)結(jié)尾的，證明這兩句話之間是彼此獨(dú)立的，井水不犯河水的，但是出現(xiàn)了“however”，證明了這兩句話在含義上是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系?！皢尉溥B單句”這種連接方式，是一種比較松散的關(guān)系。就好像你和你的朋友之間的關(guān)系一樣，你和你的朋友原來(lái)是陌生人，只不過(guò)在人群中多看了彼此一眼，確認(rèn)過(guò)眼神，成為了好朋友。假設(shè)你們碰不上呢，可能還是陌生人。所以說(shuō)這是第一種邏輯關(guān)系連接方式，叫單句連單句。
第二種呢，叫并列句。什么是并列句呢，在這注意理解，并不是指的是并列的這種邏輯關(guān)系，而指的是這兩句話之間是平等的并列關(guān)系，大不了你也小不了我。舉個(gè)例子，比如說(shuō)，“I love you, but you do not love me.”，大家觀察一下這句話，整個(gè)只有一個(gè)完整的句子，兩個(gè)短句是靠逗號(hào)和but連接的，所以說(shuō)這兩句話之間的緊密程度要比那個(gè)單句連單句之間要密切一點(diǎn)。由于用but連接，證明這兩句話間的邏輯關(guān)系依然是轉(zhuǎn)折，這就相當(dāng)于這兩句話之間的關(guān)系是親戚關(guān)系。比如說(shuō)你和你的表弟是來(lái)自于同一個(gè)大家庭，就算你們倆之間的關(guān)系不好，是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，但依然血濃于水。在并列句當(dāng)中，大家需要記住一個(gè)單詞，這個(gè)單詞是幾個(gè)單詞的首字母構(gòu)成的，這個(gè)單詞是“FanBoys”。F代表for，for連接兩個(gè)句子時(shí)意思是“因?yàn)椤?A代表and，表示“和”;N代表nor，意思是“沒(méi)有”、“也不”;B代表but，意思是“但是”;O代表or，意思是“或者”;Y代表yet，也是表示“但是”;S表示so，“所以”?！癋anBoys”，大家記住這幾個(gè)字母。所有的這些單詞都是來(lái)連接并列句的，而這些單詞之前都要出現(xiàn)逗號(hào)，也就是說(shuō)這兩句話要用“，+and”、“，+but”、“，+so”、“，+for”，用這種關(guān)系來(lái)把句子連接起來(lái)，這樣才符合這種句法規(guī)范。所以這個(gè)叫“FanBoys”。
第三種邏輯關(guān)系，或者叫關(guān)聯(lián)方式是從句，這里的從句主要指的是狀語(yǔ)從句。比如說(shuō)，“Although I love you，you do not love me.”，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話跟前邊兩種方式所表達(dá)的含義基本一致，但是親密程度不一樣了。這里出現(xiàn)了從句，什么是從句呢，就是這兩句話是互相依存的，我不能只有從句而沒(méi)有主句，就像這句話我不能說(shuō)成“Although I love you.”沒(méi)了，我沒(méi)有主句，這是不對(duì)的。這兩句話之間的邏輯關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，也就是說(shuō)有“Although”證明它是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，但是這兩句話之間的密切程度是很密切的，這就相當(dāng)于這兩句話之間是父母和孩子這種關(guān)系，不可能一個(gè)孩子沒(méi)有父母，同理也不可能一個(gè)從句沒(méi)有主句。
好，我們來(lái)梳理一下這個(gè)思路，這三句話表達(dá)的含義都是一致的，邏輯關(guān)系也是一致的，但是這三種關(guān)聯(lián)詞，一種是靠“。+However”來(lái)連，一種是靠“，+but”來(lái)連，一種是靠“Although”來(lái)連，這三種所表達(dá)的連接方式的密切程度是逐漸加深的。所以大家你要思考一下啊，以后你要寫句子的時(shí)候要想一想，這些句子之間有什么密切程度，有什么邏輯關(guān)系，我考慮到這兩層，才能把句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞用得比較精確，比較準(zhǔn)確。所以說(shuō)大家在寫句子的時(shí)候一定要注意，英文當(dāng)中的句子是要有關(guān)聯(lián)詞的，句與句之間要有關(guān)聯(lián)，段與段之間要有過(guò)渡，寫到了這個(gè)，才能滿足評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)當(dāng)中的“Organization”，也就是說(shuō)你的文章考官可以從頭讀到尾不會(huì)感覺(jué)到任何的困惑。
托福寫作范文：Suburbanization
If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.
With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.
托福寫作范文：American Revolution
The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.
America’s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.
Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.
托福寫作范文：Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.
Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said.
Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.
Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.
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