托福寫作審題時(shí)需要避免的錯(cuò)誤
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托福寫作審題時(shí)需要避免的錯(cuò)誤
托福獨(dú)立寫作審題誤區(qū)一 沒注意關(guān)鍵詞
同學(xué)們考寫作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫，其實(shí)，這種看似“熟練”的表象下藏著巨大的隱患——同學(xué)們很有可能因?yàn)榭吹锰於雎阅硞€(gè)決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個(gè)題目，同學(xué)們立刻會(huì)開始想，有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條
如：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours;
2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”;
3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever.
綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個(gè)寫法看起來非常完備，但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤——題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)“main”，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明?；蛘撸?jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來，就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了，事實(shí)上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：
1.People’s tight schedules do not allowthem to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising;
2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising;
3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertisingencourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個(gè)題目，很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (專業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開始論述如果沒有實(shí)過習(xí)，在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助).
如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而，括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來講，是不能支持“more”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子：“我們需要錢”和“我們需要更多錢”在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明“我們需要錢”，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)闡述錢的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明“我們需要更多錢”，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在“錢不夠”的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實(shí)上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學(xué)們?cè)趯懳恼碌臅r(shí)候一定要注意，學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個(gè)well-organized system，這個(gè)system中很重要的原則之二就是——1、每個(gè)中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個(gè)例子中，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯(cuò)誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯(cuò)誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的，但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞“more”無關(guān)，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯(cuò)誤的起因，則是對(duì)題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。
托福獨(dú)立寫作審題誤區(qū)一 關(guān)鍵詞理解不準(zhǔn)確
與忽略關(guān)鍵詞的人不同，有些同學(xué)過于執(zhí)著于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，而沒能看出其背后的implication，從而被關(guān)鍵詞限制住思路，無法下筆。比起忽略關(guān)鍵詞，這種錯(cuò)誤更常發(fā)生在細(xì)心且實(shí)力不錯(cuò)的同學(xué)身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫文章的時(shí)候要靈活，不要拘泥于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來也很難用英文表達(dá)。例如：
例3：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.
題目的意思是說，比起投資大學(xué)教育，政府應(yīng)該在小學(xué)教育上投入更多的資金?？吹竭@個(gè)題，同學(xué)們會(huì)有不同的看法，大體來講無非是兩種——認(rèn)為university education應(yīng)該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀點(diǎn)都是不容易的。比如說，有些同學(xué)可能會(huì)這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的，然而在展開的時(shí)候困難重重——個(gè)點(diǎn)里說Pupils的數(shù)量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實(shí)，可是pupil人均所需要的經(jīng)費(fèi)卻肯定比university students少，最關(guān)鍵的是，我們并沒有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐;第二點(diǎn)里說校友或社會(huì)人士的支持使得大學(xué)在財(cái)政方便面比小學(xué)要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個(gè)沒有數(shù)據(jù)就無法證明的觀點(diǎn);第三點(diǎn)里說elementary school education是university education的基礎(chǔ)所以前者就應(yīng)當(dāng)比后者得到更多的預(yù)算，這是一個(gè)典型的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，因此在段落展開的時(shí)候?qū)?huì)十分困難。A是B的基礎(chǔ)并不意味著要為A花更多的錢?？傊?，錢本身就是一個(gè)可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學(xué)之所以在寫的時(shí)候覺得自己的文章很牽強(qiáng)，就是因?yàn)榘言撐漠?dāng)成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會(huì)給出數(shù)據(jù)讓我們來分析的。那么，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，這種題目該怎么寫呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實(shí)，題目并不是要我們?nèi)ビ懻撃姆N教育應(yīng)該花更多的錢，而是讓我們?nèi)?duì)比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應(yīng)該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：
(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.
托福寫作五個(gè)高分句型積累
1、表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
2、表示好處
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3、表示壞處
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmfulto us.
例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.
4、表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5、表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
托福寫作易丟分的內(nèi)容
1.結(jié)構(gòu)不平行例：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books.當(dāng)使用連詞將一系列的單詞聯(lián)接起來的時(shí)候，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用詞性相同或同一類型的短語(yǔ)。
2.不知所云例：Many companies began using computers mouth.
3.段落過長(zhǎng)，不分段主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞一致問題She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞在數(shù)方面不一致。
4.句子別扭We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed.措辭過長(zhǎng)或不清。換言之，句子顯得滑稽可笑。
5.不要使用縮寫在正式的寫作中不要使用縮寫形式(can’t，don’t，it’s，we’ll，they’ve等等)，而應(yīng)當(dāng)使用單詞的完整理式(cannot，do not，it is，we will，they have等等)。
6.關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)重復(fù)Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores.不能在該句的主要主語(yǔ)和主要?jiǎng)釉~前使用連詞。
7.句子不完整Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to getsintoscollege. For example, my friend in high school.句子沒有主要主語(yǔ)或主要?jiǎng)釉~，因?yàn)槠鋵?shí)它應(yīng)是一個(gè)從句。這是一個(gè)非常常見的錯(cuò)誤，修改的方法是將兩個(gè)句子連接起來。
8.不要使用get When I got home, I got tired, so I got a book and gotsintosbed. Get太不正式，意思也過于含糊，不適合用在正式的場(chǎng)合。應(yīng)將get改為一個(gè)更加具體的單詞，如become, receive, find, achieve,等等。
9.書寫難以辨認(rèn)信息不正確I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there.傳的信息不正確，或者讓人聽起來覺得可能不正確(如果確實(shí)是正確的，應(yīng)當(dāng)解釋為什么這樣，因?yàn)樽x者不認(rèn)為是正確的)。上述例句中，all的意思是百分之百;我們不能絕對(duì)地說每一件新東西都是從美國(guó)誕生的。為保險(xiǎn)起見，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用many或most。非英語(yǔ)單詞Computers are very helpful and advantageable.盡管看起來象個(gè)單詞，其實(shí)不是，至少不是個(gè)英文單詞。使用這個(gè)單詞的另一種形式。
10.介詞多余I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class, my classmate never mentioned about her husband.在表示這種意思時(shí)此單詞不能與介詞連用。這種情況常見于downtown，home，there，here等詞。這些詞語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)中是副詞而非名詞，因而不能在它們前面添加介詞。
11.跑題或不相關(guān)There are many reasons to buy a car, preferably a nice car.這個(gè)意思與okay for children to fail sometimes.所表達(dá)的意思很普通大多數(shù)人都已經(jīng)知道到了，因而就沒有必要再說出來。
12.標(biāo)點(diǎn)問題I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet.這是一個(gè)非常普遍的問題!許多學(xué)生在句子中使用了太多的句號(hào)，尤其是當(dāng)他們用手寫的時(shí)候。
13.重復(fù)冗余Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints.一種意思的表述不止一次，或者某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)不必要。
14.單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù)Many year ago, dinosaur roamed the Earths.單詞需要從單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，或者由復(fù)數(shù)變成單數(shù)。單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不能單獨(dú)使用，應(yīng)該將其變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式或者加上限定詞(a, the, my, his, her, Gary’s, no, any, 1, 3, 50, most,等等)。
15.拼寫錯(cuò)誤主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞或賓語(yǔ)有問題I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday.句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有問題 缺少主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞或賓語(yǔ)，或者這些成分重復(fù)。
16.語(yǔ)氣與文章不符I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out.語(yǔ)氣與文章其他部分不相符可能是過于正式或者太不正式。
17.代詞指代不明If people do not speak the same language, it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there.代詞所指代的指示詞(介詞所代替的名詞)不清楚。
18.過于籠統(tǒng)We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表達(dá)的意思過于籠統(tǒng)，不能提供多少信息。
19.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不正確檢查一下是應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)、將來時(shí)還是完成時(shí)等等。
20.選詞不恰當(dāng)I was late getting home because I lost my way.在這種情況下不應(yīng)該使用該詞可選擇更好的詞語(yǔ)或者所使用的詞語(yǔ)與文章的總體語(yǔ)氣不符。
21.單詞形式不當(dāng)I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth.所使用的單詞的形式不正確檢查一下應(yīng)該使用該詞的名詞、形容詞或副詞形式的哪一種。
22.用詞錯(cuò)誤Even I don’t speak Spanish, I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation.用詞錯(cuò)誤或在此種情況下該詞不是最佳用詞。
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托福寫作審題時(shí)需要避免的錯(cuò)誤
