托福閱讀完全看不懂怎么辦
我們在托福備考的過程中經(jīng)常會遇到以下幾種情況:1.生僻詞匯看不懂;2.平時積累的詞匯量夠,但組合在一起的托福閱讀長短句不能理解或者說理解起來比較費(fèi)勁。這些都會導(dǎo)致我們看不懂文章,今天我就給各位分享一下我自己的備考經(jīng)驗(yàn),希望能對各位有所幫助~
托福閱讀完全看不懂怎么辦
1.平時多積累詞匯量這個不用我再多說了吧,詞匯量連5000都不到的朋友,建議你先把詞匯量搞定,再來考慮托??荚?。這里推薦各位看的書籍是《詞以類記》。詞匯量是托福的基礎(chǔ)功課,即便你理解不了內(nèi)容,你也可以通過將文章中的單詞全部翻出來,雖說通篇讀下來有點(diǎn)拗口,但至少大意你可以猜出一二。
2.只保留句子里的主謂賓,其他詞匯全部剔除。
3.什么都看得懂,就是題目做不來。有這樣問題的學(xué)生不在少數(shù),托??荚囀强疾鞂W(xué)生綜合能力的學(xué)術(shù)測評,所以在考試中融入了大量的語法點(diǎn),常見的案例是學(xué)生自認(rèn)為讀懂了文章的含義,但其實(shí)文章內(nèi)容并非是學(xué)生所翻譯的那樣。我們常常會將自己所掌握的知識點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加在作者身上,以至于經(jīng)常在文章的理解上失分。
記住一句話,托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗。如果你是我所說的那類學(xué)生,那么你就要引起重視,多從自身上找原因。這里建議各位學(xué)生可以去刷一些TPO真題,分析下這些語法點(diǎn),把經(jīng)常做錯的語法題整理匯總下,然后有針對性的去練習(xí),直到你完全弄清楚了為止。
當(dāng)然,有條件的學(xué)生可以參加一些培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的托福訓(xùn)練,有老師作為引路人要比你自己瞎摸索效率高得多。就像昂立國際課程中心這種,他們的老師和助教都挺有耐心。我當(dāng)時托福考試成績是112分也是多虧了兩位助教全程給予我?guī)椭?/p>
提高托福閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的有效辦法:提高答題速度
提高托福閱讀速度可以采用快速泛讀、計時閱讀、尋讀、略讀等方法,以下為介紹的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容。
快速泛讀是指廣泛閱讀大量涉及不同領(lǐng)域的文章,要求讀得快,理解和掌握文中的主要內(nèi)容就可以。要確定一個明確的閱讀定額,定額要結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際,可多可少,例如每天讀20頁。
而計時閱讀每次進(jìn)行5~10分鐘即可,不宜太長。因?yàn)橛嫊r快速閱讀,精力高度集中,時間一長,容易疲勞,精力分散反而乏味。
尋讀又稱查讀,同略讀一樣,尋讀也是一種快速閱讀技巧。它是一種從大量的資料中迅速查找某一項(xiàng)具體事實(shí)或某一項(xiàng)特定信息,如人物、事件、時間、地點(diǎn)、數(shù)字等,而對其它無關(guān)部分略去不讀的快速閱讀方法。
它與略讀不同,略讀時,讀者事先對材料一無所知,而尋讀則是在讀者對材料有所了解的情況下進(jìn)行的。具體地說,尋讀帶有明確的目的性,有針對性地選擇問題的答案。
略讀又稱跳讀(readingandskipping)或?yàn)g覽(glancing),是一種專門的,非常實(shí)用的快速閱讀技能。
在進(jìn)行托福閱讀略讀時,要利用印刷細(xì)節(jié)(typo鄄graphicaldetails),如文章的標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題、斜體詞、黑體詞、腳注、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號等,對文章進(jìn)行預(yù)測略讀(previewskim鄄ming)。預(yù)測略讀要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式),以便把握大意,有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)及其相互關(guān)系。
以一般閱讀速度(200~250wpm)閱讀文章開頭的一、二段,力求抓住文章大意,背景情況,作者的文章風(fēng)格,口吻或語氣等。閱讀段落的主題句和結(jié)論句。抓住主題句就掌握了段落大意,然后略去細(xì)節(jié)不讀,以求得略讀速度。注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞和序列詞。轉(zhuǎn)折詞如 however,moreover,inaddition等;序列詞如firstly,secondly等。
以上就是關(guān)于快速泛讀、計時閱讀、尋讀、略讀方法的詳細(xì)介紹,希望考生可以將這四種方法運(yùn)用到托福閱讀速度訓(xùn)練中,最后達(dá)到提高托福閱讀速度的目標(biāo)。
托福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟
一、問題形式
被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮,這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下:
The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解題步驟
1. 根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案
2. 代入原文驗(yàn)證,看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順
三、基本原則
1. 就近指代
所謂就近指代,就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處,如本句或上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如,
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
本題涉及的是一個詞組this problem。尋找這一詞組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則,前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文,符合語義和邏輯,因此第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。第一個選項(xiàng)和第三個選項(xiàng)都和this problem相距較遠(yuǎn),而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通,因此為干擾選項(xiàng)。
2. 數(shù)格一致
被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
四、主要思路
1. 主從復(fù)合句中的指代
在主從復(fù)合句中,第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如,
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to
?qualities
?fins
?grooves
?depressions
在這一例子中,從句so that they…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語the fins,因此第二個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
如果主從復(fù)合句中一個句子(可以是主句,也可以是從句)使用被動語態(tài),包含被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如, Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
The word none in the passage refers to
food
plant or animal
energy
big body
在本例中,if引導(dǎo)的從句使用了被動語態(tài),代詞主語none指代前面主句中的賓語energy。因此,第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
2.并列動詞中的指代
如果一個句中有兩個并列的動詞,第二個動詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個動詞后的名詞賓語。例如,
Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
The word “that” in line 27 refers to
(A) contemporary art
(B) opportunity
(C) audience
(D) distinction
句中有兩個并列的動詞recognizing和 taking (into account),其中recognizing的賓語是distinction,而taking 的賓語是that。根據(jù)上述技巧,that指代distinction。因此,(D)為正確答案。
3. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代
平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個部分的兩個代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象:前一句中的名詞主語。例如,
In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to
chambers
paintings
beasts
parades
原文包含平行結(jié)構(gòu)some…others,它們都指代前一句中的名詞主語beasts,因此第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
4. 所有格的指代
所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近的名詞。例如,
Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
The word “their” in line 1 refers to
(A) folk
(B) nations
(C) countries
(D) objects
根據(jù)所有格指代的解題技巧,their指代前面位置最近的名詞objects,因此(D)為正確答案。
5. 指代的接力棒現(xiàn)象
這一現(xiàn)象是指被考的代詞對應(yīng)前面一個相同的代詞,而前面的代詞指代更前一句中的名詞。例如,
While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.
The word “they” in line 8 refers to
(A) North Americans
(B) news shows
(C) interviews
(D) opinions
在這一例子中,第二句中的代詞they(reflect the opinions…)對應(yīng)第一句中的they(are not…),而第一個they指代前面從句中的名詞主語interviews,那么第二個they也指代interviews,因此(C)為正確答案。
除了上述情況之外,其他指代,如定語從句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞,from there結(jié)構(gòu)中的there指代前面最接近的地點(diǎn)名詞等,限于篇幅,不再詳述。
托福閱讀指代題例題及參考答案
指代關(guān)系題考查讀者認(rèn)定代詞與篇章中其他詞語的指代關(guān)系的能力。大家可以根據(jù)下面的例子在真題中找到相似題加以練習(xí),相信會有不錯的效果。
例題1:
Passage: “…These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides, they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”
The word they in the passage refers to
A. applied-art objects
B. the laws of physics
C. containers
D. the sides of pots
正確答案是A.
例題2:
Passage:“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette,established in 1719, the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper, the American Mercury, where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia, 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York, 3 newspapers. The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies…”
The word which in the passage refers to
A. distribution
B. sale
C. newspaper
D. postal service
正確答案是D.
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