托福閱讀直接事實(shí)題解題方法
托福閱讀對(duì)應(yīng)題型的方法，也是有效提高閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的途徑之一。所以在具體的復(fù)習(xí)中，關(guān)于考試的題型技巧，大家也要熟練的掌握，這些也有利于我們?cè)诳荚囍杏懈玫陌l(fā)揮。具體的這些解題方法是什么?下面小編為大家整理了詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容，供大家參考!
托福閱讀直接事實(shí)題方法介紹
1.選項(xiàng)排除法
直接事實(shí)題的正確選項(xiàng)是可以和題干共同完成一個(gè)意群表述的內(nèi)容，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)有三種情形：一種是和原文無(wú)關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，這種選項(xiàng)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)原文\題干討論對(duì)象，但是陳述內(nèi)容是編造出來(lái)的，原文中沒(méi)有依據(jù);一種是和題目無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)，這種選項(xiàng)在原文中可以找到依據(jù)，但是并不能回答題干問(wèn)題;還有一種是看上去是文章內(nèi)容，但是出現(xiàn)了一些臆斷的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)等信息。
2.定位信息
直接事實(shí)題的正確選項(xiàng)是可以和題干共同完成一個(gè)意群表述的內(nèi)容，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)有三種情形：一種是和原文無(wú)關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，這種選項(xiàng)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)原文\題干討論對(duì)象，但是陳述內(nèi)容是編造出來(lái)的，原文中沒(méi)有依據(jù);一種是和題目無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)，這種選項(xiàng)在原文中可以找到依據(jù)，但是并不能回答題干問(wèn)題;還有一種是看上去是文章內(nèi)容，但是出現(xiàn)了一些臆斷的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)等信息。
3.了解出題點(diǎn)
直接事實(shí)題往往不會(huì)針對(duì)像是例子一類太過(guò)于細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容出題。在出題時(shí)，和上面所述出題過(guò)程對(duì)應(yīng)，一種是對(duì)原文中某個(gè)原因的表述出題，將結(jié)果放在選項(xiàng)中備選;或者是將結(jié)果放在題干中，將原因放在選項(xiàng)中待選。還有一些情況，托福閱讀直接事實(shí)題會(huì)對(duì)對(duì)比事物的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)進(jìn)行考察;還有的題目會(huì)問(wèn)到某個(gè)事件的發(fā)展過(guò)程、某個(gè)人物做的某件事情、某個(gè)時(shí)間段對(duì)應(yīng)的事件等等。
托福閱讀備考題目解析：直接事實(shí)題
問(wèn)題形式
這種題型要求考生們識(shí)別出文章明確闡述的事實(shí)信息。這些事實(shí)信息問(wèn)題主要集中于事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、定義或者作者闡述的其他信息。這種題型一般要求考生辨識(shí)文章某一部分提到的具體信息，不會(huì)問(wèn)及整篇文章的主旨。通常情況下，相關(guān)信息可能是一句話或兩句話。
這種題目的提問(wèn)方式通常為：
According to the passage, which/ what/ why/how/who/where/when….
The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?
According to the paragraph, X occurred because …
等等。
解題步驟
1. 看題目，找關(guān)鍵詞
2. 帶著關(guān)鍵詞在文章中定位相關(guān)信息
3. 看選項(xiàng)，找到和原文對(duì)應(yīng)的改寫/同義替換。
注意：
1. 主要考察考生的定位能力
2. 此種題型量大，但難度不大
3. 做題過(guò)程中要排除那些錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)通常為
重復(fù)文章中的信息，但并沒(méi)有回答問(wèn)題
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)文章中的信息或觀點(diǎn)
與文章中觀點(diǎn)不符
與文章無(wú)關(guān)或者文章中沒(méi)有被提到。
托福閱讀直接事實(shí)題和infer題
直接事實(shí)題
問(wèn)法：According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?
技巧：定位原文, 細(xì)讀
(1)題干明確定位 (如給出第幾段, highlight)
(2) 題干無(wú)明確定位
A 找題干中人名, 地名, 物種名, 大寫, 斜體, 數(shù)字年代, 符號(hào).
B 定位某一段, 再定位某一位置
C 用核心名詞定位
infer題(需要精確理解)
注意：既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明確說(shuō)的
技巧：
(1)時(shí)間前后推理
(2)排除法
a 原文直接清楚描述的,排除
b 與原文無(wú)關(guān)的新內(nèi)容,排除
(3)不要加入自己的觀點(diǎn)
托福閱讀事實(shí)信息題題型匯總，以及案例解析
1、題型概述
事實(shí)信息題或者稱為細(xì)節(jié)題，是托福閱讀考題的基本題型，考查的是提取關(guān)鍵詞和在文章中定位解題信息的能力，主要檢驗(yàn)考生對(duì)文章中某一具體內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)的把握。事實(shí)信息題的問(wèn)題一般就是純粹的事實(shí)層面上的問(wèn)題，主要問(wèn)作者說(shuō)了什么，哪些信息是真的。此類題考查文章中某一部分的細(xì)節(jié)信息，不會(huì)涉及文章主旨，答案大多能在文章中直接找到，但個(gè)別答案則需要一些分析，考生應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠?qū)㈩}干表述的信息定位到文章中相應(yīng)句子之上以尋求答案。
1. 提問(wèn)方式
事實(shí)信息題通常都是以特殊疑問(wèn)詞開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句，例如：
According to the paragraph, which of the following statements is true about X?
According to the paragraph, what/where/how…..?
According to the paragraph, what does the author say about X?
綜上提問(wèn)方式，我們有看到一個(gè)非常明顯的標(biāo)示性表述，according to the paragraph,此表述表明我們所選的正確答案在原文中作者是明確描述出來(lái)的(explicitly stated), 這可以跟推斷題區(qū)分開來(lái)。
2. 題目數(shù)量
3-6題/篇，出題頻率高，數(shù)量大，所以考生必須把此種題型作為一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。
2、解題步驟詳解
1. 閱讀題干，尋找定位詞(key words)
哪些詞可以充當(dāng)定位詞以讓我們快速的去原文中來(lái)定位?我們會(huì)首選一些形式上比較特殊的詞，如專有名詞(人名/地名/特殊歷史時(shí)期名)，時(shí)間/數(shù)字，長(zhǎng)難單詞。如果題干中并未出現(xiàn)此類形式特殊的詞，則我們會(huì)選擇題干中的具體名詞來(lái)定位，因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)來(lái)講，名詞被同義替換的概率相對(duì)小一些，但是如果選擇的這個(gè)名詞在原段落中出現(xiàn)多次則要學(xué)會(huì)使用非名詞來(lái)定位。
下面具體說(shuō)一下名詞定位和非名詞定位的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：
名詞定位有個(gè)最大的好處是“詞形不變”，但壞處是“它會(huì)在文章中多次出現(xiàn)”，與之相反，非名詞定位最大的壞處是“詞形會(huì)改變”，但好處是“一般只在文中出現(xiàn)一次”?？梢?，這兩種定位方式是相輔相成的，所以要將二者結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行定位。
定位詞在原文中呈現(xiàn)的方式會(huì)有兩種，首先原詞重現(xiàn)，其次同義替換，因此要求考生在備考前期要將詞匯基礎(chǔ)打牢，高頻詞及相應(yīng)的同義詞/近義詞，甚至是反義詞都要有所涉及，這樣才能在考試時(shí)迅速識(shí)別同義替換進(jìn)行精確定位。
例題1：
Paragraph 6: All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm. (TPO 15 – Passage 1)
11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles?
○ They lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood.
○ Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.
○ They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems.
○ They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage.
解析：此題可選定位詞為young leatherback turtles, 回段落中定位發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句話寫到hatchlings, 意為孵化出的幼體，則定位句非?？隙▌t為第二句話。不過(guò)此題如果真的不認(rèn)識(shí)hatchling, 考生還可以根據(jù)上下文大致推測(cè)，第一句講到“這只適用于成年海龜”，然后提到“hatchlings太小而不能….”，所以可以看出前后兩句有對(duì)比關(guān)系，推斷出hatchling即為幼小的海龜，則定位到此句。當(dāng)然最好的狀態(tài)還是要積累足夠的詞匯以更加快速準(zhǔn)確地定位。
注意：無(wú)定位詞的題目。
所謂無(wú)定位詞的題目，即為題干中出現(xiàn)的信息即為整個(gè)段落所描述的信息或是定位詞即為段落主題。對(duì)于這種題目，無(wú)法精確定位到原文中的某一處具體信息，因此需要考生具備很強(qiáng)的信息篩選能力。在考試過(guò)程時(shí)間緊張的情況下，我們建議采取的策略是用選項(xiàng)來(lái)定位以迅速確定每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的正確性。
例題2：
Paragraph 6: Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fracturesand weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain groundwaters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged. (TPO 12 – Passage 3)
8. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true?
○ Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers
○ Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers
○ Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers
○ Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater
解析：閱讀題干定位詞則為aquifers in deserts, 但是瀏覽段落發(fā)現(xiàn)本段從第二句開始就一直在介紹aquifer, 如果選擇直接定位的話，則需要閱讀的篇幅較長(zhǎng)，并且讀完段落再去看選項(xiàng)很容易遺忘信息導(dǎo)致浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，因此我們選擇從選項(xiàng)入手，利用選項(xiàng)中的信息定位到原文從而判斷每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的真?zhèn)巍?/p>
2. 帶著定位詞在文章中定位相關(guān)信息，并精讀定位句。
3. 閱讀選項(xiàng)，找到和定位句對(duì)應(yīng)的同義改寫，確定答案。
正確選項(xiàng)是正確定位句的同義改寫，必須在意思上符合定位句所表達(dá)的信息。
例題3：
Paragraph 7: The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue. (TPO20 - Passage3)
11. According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?
○ They increase the probability that soft-tissue organisms will become fossils.
○ They lead to more bacteria production.
○ They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.
○ They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.
解析：本篇文章的標(biāo)題即為fossil preservation, 所以在選擇定位詞時(shí)我們會(huì)舍棄文章主題類的詞作為定位詞，則我們應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇environments containing oxygen為定位詞，其中oxygen作為化學(xué)類的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)在原文中必定原詞重現(xiàn)，所以很容易觀察到段落中第一句話就涉及到environment和oxygen。精讀第一句話，大意為“當(dāng)生物體死在一個(gè)快速沉積和缺氧的環(huán)境下，軟組織殘骸被保存下來(lái)的可能性會(huì)增加?！?/p>
原文中講到的是缺氧的環(huán)境下，而題干中則是有氧的環(huán)境下，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)原文中的信息取反，則為“在有氧環(huán)境下，生物體殘骸被保存下來(lái)的可能性降低”，所以答案選D項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)中chance與原文中的probability又是一組很簡(jiǎn)單的同義替換。對(duì)于本題很多同學(xué)做錯(cuò)的原因在于不認(rèn)識(shí)“deprivation”一詞，因此很難判斷原文中描述的是“有氧環(huán)境”還是“缺氧環(huán)境”以至于答案選錯(cuò)。所以，要做對(duì)事實(shí)信息題，最關(guān)鍵的就是看懂原文，而看懂原文最重要的元素就是考生是否積累了足夠的詞匯量，是否認(rèn)識(shí)豐富的短語(yǔ)和固定搭配，是否能正確分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而這些都需要考生在考前長(zhǎng)期積累，只有達(dá)到這種積累量才能保證做題的正確率，也才能從根本上切實(shí)提高自身的英語(yǔ)水平。
3、事實(shí)信息題錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征
1. 選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了原文中未提及的信息
例題4：
Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts. (OG)
1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus?
○ Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.
○ Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus delays animals’ inborn reaction patterns.
○ Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.
○ Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.
解析：閱讀題干發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難單詞hypothalamus, 則用其去原文中定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句話和第四句話都有涉及hypothalamus, 但是第二句話僅僅是一個(gè)大概的介紹，說(shuō)它是大腦的一個(gè)區(qū)域。仔細(xì)閱讀第四句話，意為“下丘腦(hypothalamus)似乎與動(dòng)物的這種本能反應(yīng)有關(guān)：對(duì)許多動(dòng)物的下丘腦中部分區(qū)域進(jìn)行電激，會(huì)引發(fā)一些它們的常見侵略性行為”。 閱讀選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)C選項(xiàng)跟原文表述相一致，其中涉及一定程度的同義改寫，其中“show increased activity”對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的“electrical stimulation”。對(duì)于本題有一些同學(xué)會(huì)誤選為B選項(xiàng)，是因?yàn)楸灰恍┡c原文中一模一樣的詞所干擾，如“Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus”, “inborn reaction patterns”, 但是忽略了delay這一信息點(diǎn)在原文中并未出現(xiàn)，因此B項(xiàng)為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。
2. 虛假比較。原文定位句中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)一類的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，但是選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了這種比較。
例題5：
Paragraph 4: Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption - that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer. (TPO12 - Passage2)
10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?
○ Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.
○ Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.
○ Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.
○ Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.
解析：本題定位詞為technical problems, 去原文中尋找發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中第二句出現(xiàn)technological inadequacies, 第三句話中出現(xiàn)technical flaws, 都是定位詞的同義替換，則定位到第二三兩句話中，選項(xiàng)根據(jù)其中任何一句話來(lái)設(shè)置都是正確的。精讀完定位句之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)D選項(xiàng)與原文第二句話(意為：早期努力的技術(shù)上的不足將會(huì)再次發(fā)生)意思相一致，則選D項(xiàng)。對(duì)于A選項(xiàng)而言，原文第二句括號(hào)中的信息確實(shí)提及了一些具體的技術(shù)問(wèn)題(poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings)，但原文并未進(jìn)行比較，因此A選項(xiàng)中(… a larger obstacle than …)出現(xiàn)了虛假比較，則為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。
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