雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs
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雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)：General Training B Pterosaurs
A Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonized all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes.
B Until recently, most scientists would not have put pterosaurs in the same class as birds in terms of flying ability. Because pterosaurs were reptiles, generations of researchers imagined that those creatures must have boon cold-blooded, like modern snakes and lizards. This would have made flying awkward, as they would have lacked the endurance to power their muscles for long periods of time.
C In the past three decades, however, a number of fossil discoveries have prompted researchers to re-examine their views. The new picture of pterosaurs reveals that they were unlike any modern reptile. From a fossil discovered in Kazakhstan, scientists suspect that pterosaurs had a covering resembling fur. If so, this detail provides evidence of a warm-blooded body that could maintain the kind of effort needed to stay in the air. Indeed, scientists now believe that many pterosaurs were gifted air?borne predators, built to feed while in flight. And, in fact, such controversy has surrounded pterosaurs since the first discovery of one in the early 1700s.
D Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. Ho named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossils.
E In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilization process
F But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches. This creature would have spread its limbs, and used flaps of skin attached to its limbs and body to help it to land gently on the ground. Over many generations the fourth finger on each of its front "arms" would have grown longer, making the skin surface larger and enabling the animal to glide farther. Meanwhile, the competing argument holds that pterosaurs developed from two-legged reptiles that ran along the ground, perhaps spreading their arms for balance. Through gradual growth, the front arms would then have evolved into wings. This difficult issue w.ill only be resolved with the discovery of earlier forms of pterosaurs.
G It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing/ says Fabio daila Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles. These species have shorter wings than later forms, but there is evidence that they were skilful fliers, capable of catching fish over open water. Proof of this has been found in the fossil of a Eudimorphodon, a 215-million-year- old pterosaur found near Bergamo, Italy. Under a microscope, several fish scales ,can be seen in the abdomen of the specimen - the remains of the pterosaur's last meal.
H A different but equally impressive sight is the life-size model of Quetzalcoatlus northroph which stares down at visitors in the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California. It has a beak the size of a man and wings wider than those of many of the planes exhibited nearby. This pterosaur had wings over 11 meters wide, making it the largest flying animal ever known.
I Quetzalcoatlus represents the height of pterosaur evolution. 'Unlike smaller pterosaurs, it could use natural currents to stay in the air without having to move its wings continuously' said Paul MacCready, an aeronautical engineer. 'As pterosaurs got larger, they discovered the benefits of gliding on air currents, making use of a free energy source. With their hollow bones, these pterosaurs had a very light construction, ideal for such activity.'
J As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aero planes.
Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that one covered parts of Texas.
K The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity - and other events 一 wiped out roughly three quart ers of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs. But before their disappearance, pterosaurs enjoyed unequalled success. They flew into sunny skies before any other vertebrate. For 150 million years they sailed the winds on the strength of a fragile finger. What a glorious ride they had.
Questions 28-34
The text has eleven paragraphs, A-K.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.
28、similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight
29、the identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was
30、conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly
31、the cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet
32、the fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world
33、the first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly
34、concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air
Questions 35-38
Look at the following statements (Questions 35-38) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.
35、He refers to the difficulty of determining how pterosaurs evolved without further evidence.
36、He failed to interpret the evidence before him.
37、He gave an appropriate name to the first pterosaur (hat was discovered.
38、He mentions the ability of pterosaurs to take advantage of their environment.
List of People
A Cosimo Alessandro Collini
B Georges Cuvier
C Fabio dalla Vecchia
D Paul MacCready
Questions 39 and 40
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.
39、So far, evidence of a total of...........................pterosaurs has been discovered.
40、The wings of Quetzalcoatlus measured more than...........................across.
影響雅思閱讀五大基本因素
第一個(gè)影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的因素就是詞匯。必須在閱讀文章中記憶，每篇文章做完題目，要整理一下單詞，然后再運(yùn)用到閱讀其他文章中去，這叫從閱讀中來(lái)，會(huì)閱讀中去。效果比較明顯。不要盲目地?cái)U(kuò)充大量單詞，要有針對(duì)性，針對(duì)雅思閱讀，要知道雅思閱讀?？寄切┰~。這可從廣泛接觸雅思閱讀文章中，對(duì)單詞有感覺(jué)。
第二個(gè)是語(yǔ)法。閱讀中很多題目是在考查語(yǔ)法，都是暗地里考。特別是主觀題，還有題目與原文的一些改寫(xiě)，都是建立在語(yǔ)法的基礎(chǔ)上的。我們要注意一些關(guān)系，比如說(shuō)對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，因?yàn)閮墒挛镆坏┯辛岁P(guān)系，就熱鬧了，就比較好出題了。
第三個(gè)是邏輯關(guān)系。 雅思有個(gè)別難題不光是考查大家的英文水平，同時(shí)還在考查大家的邏輯思維能力。有些題目就是在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出了問(wèn)題，全部單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)，就是題做不對(duì)。這樣的題多是判斷題和單選題。
第四個(gè)是文章的背景。這是影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)最不明顯的因素。雅思閱讀文章的背景我們也要熟悉，比如交通能源污染，這是雅思考試永恒的話題。我們比須積累這方面的常識(shí)，背景。另外還有建筑，動(dòng)植物，醫(yī)療健康，公司管理，高科技等等。
第五個(gè)是雅思閱讀題目的類(lèi)型。其實(shí)這是影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的最明顯的因素。十多種題目類(lèi)型可以進(jìn)行以下劃分，實(shí)力題與技巧題，必考題與選考題，主觀題與客觀題。這樣的話，考生就比較容易把握題目類(lèi)型了，而且可以根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際水平，調(diào)整做題的先后順序。比如說(shuō)，一個(gè)實(shí)力稍微弱點(diǎn)的學(xué)生，就要先去找填圖填表，匹配，簡(jiǎn)答這類(lèi)的題目做。而像判斷題能做就做，如果有的連提干都看不懂，那只能根據(jù)一般規(guī)律去做，也就是蒙。這是沒(méi)有辦法的辦法。但總比你在那浪費(fèi)上十多分鐘強(qiáng)，但也不能空著。
影響雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的這五個(gè)方面，大家都要針對(duì)性很強(qiáng)地下功夫。前期熟悉題型，研究題型，學(xué)會(huì)定位，調(diào)整做題的順序和不太好的習(xí)慣。后期研究雅思文章，積累常考得替換詞，攻破常考得語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)。適當(dāng)背誦甚至默寫(xiě)一定量的重要句子。
雅思閱讀--遇見(jiàn)回答問(wèn)題怎樣兩三詞答對(duì)
回答問(wèn)題是根據(jù)所給文章或圖表回答問(wèn)題。在IELTS閱讀測(cè)試中通常是用下列單詞提問(wèn)：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述單詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)外，有時(shí)會(huì)在答題指引中將所提問(wèn)題列出。
回答問(wèn)題答題步驟：
1. 仔細(xì)查看答題指引，了解回答何種問(wèn)題。
2. 查看例句，確定答題方式。
3. 要確定問(wèn)句的種類(lèi)，一般疑問(wèn)句可按正常形式回答(例如：yes/no)，如果是選擇疑問(wèn)句或者是以wh/how開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句就一定要具體回答
4. 仔細(xì)理解問(wèn)句所提問(wèn)題。
5. 特別要注意問(wèn)句中所提問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)(例如：?jiǎn)螖?shù)、復(fù)數(shù))，以及問(wèn)句中表明數(shù)量、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。
6. 將問(wèn)句中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)與文章中相關(guān)句子中的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行匹配。
7. 確定問(wèn)句與文章中相關(guān)句子含義是否一致，得出答案。
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